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Evolution of microstructure during the thermal processing of titania and vanadium-modified titania gels

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Francis J. Allison ,
David M. Grant ,
Karen McKinlay ,
Craig Bailey  and
Philip G. Harrison
Francis J. Allison*
Affiliation:
Division of Materials, School of Mechanical, Materials, Manufacturing Engineering and Management, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
David M. Grant
Affiliation:
School of Mechanical, Materials, Manufacturing Engineering and Management, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
Karen McKinlay
Affiliation:
School of Mechanical, Materials, Manufacturing Engineering and Management, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
Craig Bailey
Affiliation:
School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
Philip G. Harrison
Affiliation:
School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: pcxfja@gwmail.nottingham.ac.uk
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Abstract

Sol-gel materials of TiO2 and vanadium-modified TiO2 of nominal composition 4, 8, and 16 wt.% vanadium were prepared by evaporation of aqueous colloidal sols obtained by the hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of titanium(IV) chloride with the appropriate amount of vanadyl oxalate using aqueous ammonia followed by peptization of the resulting hydrated solids using nitric acid. The nature of the sol-gel materials and their behavior on calcinations at temperatures up to 1273 K were investigated using x-ray fluorescence, powder x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electron diffraction and FT-Raman spectroscopy. At 333 K, all the gels comprised small (about 5 ± 1 nm) particles of anatase together with traces of brookite. The particle size changed little on thermal treatment at 573 K, but increased significantly at higher temperatures and was accompanied by transformation to rutile. Incorporation of vanadium in the gels reduced the temperature at which rutile began to appear from 923 K in pure TiO2 to 773 K in the V/TiO2 gels. Only rutile was present at high temperatures, except for the 16 V/TiO2 gel, when small amounts of phase-separated vanadia were also observed. A 2–3% substitutional incorporation of V4+ ions in the tetragonal rutile lattice occurred at high temperatures, but the majority of the vanadium was present in an amorphous, highly dispersed fashion.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 18 , Issue 3 , March 2003 , pp. 594 - 603
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2003

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