Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T19:25:03.773Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Digital image correlation shows localized deformation bands in inelastic loading of fibrolamellar bone

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

Gunthard Benecke ,
Michael Kerschnitzki ,
Peter Fratzl  and
Himadri S. Gupta
Himadri S. Gupta*
Affiliation:
Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
*
b)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: h.gupta@qmul.ac.uk
Get access

Abstract

Irreversible or plastic deformation in bone is associated with both permanent plastic strain as well as localized microdamage. Whereas mechanisms at the molecular and mesoscopic level have been proposed to explain aspects of irreversible deformation, a quantitative correlation of mechanical yielding, microstructural deformation, and macroscopic plastic strain does not exist. To address this issue, we developed and applied a two-dimensional image correlation technique to the tensile deformation of bovine fibrolamellar bone, to determine the spatial distribution of strain fields at the length scale of 10 μm to 1 mm in bone during irreversible tensile deformation. We find that tensile deformation is relatively homogeneous in the elastic regime and starts at the yield point, showing regions of locally higher strain. Multiple regions of high deformation can exist at the same time over a length scale of 1 to 10 mm. Macroscopic fracture always occurs at one of the locally highly deformed regions, but the selection of which region cannot be predicted. Locally, strain rates can be enhanced by a factor of 3 to 10 over global strain rates in the highly deformed zones and are lower but always positive in all other regions. Light microscopic imaging shows the onset of structural “banding” in the regions of high deformation, which is most likely correlated to microstructural damage at the inter- and intrafibrillar level.

Keywords

BoneFractureToughness
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 24 , Issue 2 , February 2009 , pp. 421 - 429
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Currey, J.D.: Bones—Structure and Mechanics 2nd ed.(Princeton University Press Princeton 2002)Google Scholar
2.Nicolella, D.P., Moravits, D.E., Gale, A.M., Bonewald, L.F., Lankford, J.: Osteocyte lacunae tissue strain in cortical bone. J. Biomech. 39, 1735 (2006)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Zioupos, P.: On microcracks, microcracking, in-vivo, in-vitro, in-situ and other issues. J. Biomech. 32, 209 (1999)Google ScholarPubMed
4.Nalla, R.K., Kinney, J.H., Ritchie, R.O.: Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone. Nat. Mater. 2, 164 (2003)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Fantner, G., Hassenkam, T., Kindt, J.H., Weaver, J.C., Birkedal, H., Pechenik, L., Cutroni, J.A., Cidade, G.A.G., Stucky, G.D., Morse, D.E., Hansma, P.K.: Sacrificial bonds and hidden length dissipate energy as mineralized fibrils separate during bone fracture. Nat. Mater. 4, 612 (2005)Google Scholar
6.Gupta, H.S., Seto, J., Wagermaier, W., Zaslansky, P., Boesecke, P., Fratzl, P.: Cooperative deformation of mineral and collagen in bone at the nanoscale. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 17741 (2006)Google Scholar
7.Gupta, H.S., Wagermaier, W., Zickler, G.A., Aroush, D.R.B., Funari, S.S., Roschger, P., Wagner, H.D., Fratzl, P.: Nanoscale deformation mechanisms in bone. Nano Lett. 5, 2108 (2005)Google Scholar
8.Gupta, H.S., Fratzl, P., Kerschnitzki, M., Benecke, G., Wagermaier, W., Kirchner, H.O.K.: Evidence for an elementary process in bone plasticity with an activation enthalpy of 1 eV. J. R. Soc. Interface 4, 277 (2007)Google Scholar
9.Tai, K., Ulm, F.J., Ortiz, C.: Nanogranular origins of the strength of bone. Nano Lett. 6, 2520 (2006)Google Scholar
10.Nalla, R.K., Kruzic, J.J., Ritchie, R.O.: On the origin of the toughness of mineralized tissue: Microcracking or crack bridging? Bone 34, 790 (2004)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Thurner, P.J., Erickson, B., Schriock, Z., Langan, J., Scott, J., Zhao, M., Weaver, J.C., Fantner, G.E., Turner, P., Kindt, J.H., Schitter, G., Morse, D.E., Hansma, P.K.: High-speed photography of the development of microdamage in trabecular bone during compression. J. Mater. Res. 21, 1093 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Zioupos, P., Currey, J.D., Sedman, A.J.: An examination of the micromechanics of failure of bone and antler by acoustic-emission tests and laser-scanning-confocal-microscopy. Med. Eng. Phys. 16, 203 (1994)Google Scholar
13.Currey, J.D., Zioupos, P., Sedman, A.J.: Microstructure-property relation in vertebrate bony hard tissues: Microdamage and toughnessBIOMIMETICS Design and Processing of Materials edited by M. Sarikaya and I.A. Aksay (Woodbury NY 1995)Google Scholar
14.Sedman, A.J.: Mechanical Failure of Bone and Antler: The Accumulation of Damage(University of York York 1993)Google Scholar
15.Burgert, I., Fruhmann, K., Keckes, J., Fratzl, P., Stanzl-Tschegg, S.E.: Microtensile testing of wood fibers combined with video extensometry for efficient strain detection. Holzforschung. 57, 661 (2003)Google Scholar
16.Zaslansky, P., Currey, J.D., Friesem, A.A., Weiner, S.: Phase shifting speckle interferometry for determination of strain and Young's modulus of mineralized biological materials: A study of tooth dentin compression in water. J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 024020 (2005)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Kim, D.G., Brunski, J.B., Nicolella, D.P.: Microstrain fields for cortical bone in uniaxial tension: Optical analysis method. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H 219, 119 (2005)Google Scholar
18.Nicolella, D., Moravits, D.M., Lankford, J., Bonewald, L.F.: Bone matrix strain is amplified at osteocyte lacunae in cortical bone. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19, S72 (2004)Google Scholar
19.Nicolella, D., Nicholls, A.E., Bonewald, L.F., Lankford, J.: Mechanical properties of bone from mice lacking 5-lipoxygenase differ significantly from normal mice. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12, 223 (1997)Google Scholar
20.Sachs, C., Fabritius, H., Raabe, D.: Experimental investigation of the elastic -plastic deformation of mineralized lobster cuticle by digital image correlation. J. Struct. Biol. 155, 409 (2006)Google Scholar
21.Berfield, T.A., Patel, J.K., Shimmin, R.G., Braun, P.V., Lambros, J., Sottos, N.R.: Micro- and nanoscale deformation measurement of surface and internal planes via digital image correlation. Exp. Mech. 47, 51 (2007)Google Scholar
22.Ebacher, V., Wang, R.: A unique microcracking process associated with the inelastic deformation of haversian bone. Adv. Funct. Mater.(2008 in press )Google Scholar
23.Nicolella, D.P., Nicholls, A.E., Lankford, J., Davy, D.T.: Machine vision photogrammetry: A technique for measurement of microstructural strain in cortical bone. J. Biomech. 34, 135 (2001)Google Scholar
24.Cowin, S.C., Weinbaum, S., Zeng, Y.: A case for bone canaliculi as the anatomical site of strain generated potentials. J. Biomech. 28, 1281 (1995)Google Scholar
25.Currey, J.D.: Stress concentrations in bone. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 103, 111 (1962)Google Scholar
26.Hung, P-C., Voloshin, A.S.: In-plane strain measurement by digital image correlation. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 25, 215 (2003)Google Scholar
27.Schaffler, M.B., Choi, K., Milgrom, C.: Aging and matrix microdamage accumulation in human compact bone. Bone 17, 521 (1995)Google Scholar
28.Zioupos, P., Currey, J.D.: The extent of microcracking and the morphology of microcracks in damaged bone. J. Mater. Sci. 29, 978 (1994)Google Scholar
29.Diab, T., Condon, K.W., Burr, D.B., Vashishth, D.: Age-related change in the damage morphology of human cortical bone and its role in bone fragility. Bone 38, 427 (2006)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Almer, J.D., Stock, S.R.: Internal strains and stresses measured in cortical bone via high-energy x-ray diffraction. J. Struct. Biol. 152, 14 (2005)Google Scholar
31.Green, D.J.: An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics(Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK 1998)Google Scholar
32.Reilly, G.C., Currey, J.D.: The effects of damage and microcracking on the impact strength of bone. J. Biomech. 33, 337 (2000)Google Scholar
33.Mercer, C., He, M.Y., Wang, R., Evans, A.G.: Mechanisms governing the inelastic deformation of cortical bone and application to trabecular bone. Acta Biomater. 2, 59 (2006)Google Scholar
34.Wagermaier, W., Gupta, H.S., Gourrier, A., Paris, O., Roschger, P., Burghammer, M., Riekel, C., Fratzl, P.: Scanning texture analysis of lamellar bone using microbeam synchrotron x-ray radiation. J. Appl. Cryst. 40, 115 (2007)Google Scholar
35.Gourrier, A., Wagermaier, W., Burghammer, M., Lammie, D., Gupta, H.S., Fratzl, P., Riekel, C., Wess, T.J., Paris, O.: Scanning x-ray imaging with small-angle scattering contrast. J. Appl. Cryst. 40, S78 (2007)Google Scholar
36.Hull, D., Clyne, T.W.: An Introduction to Composite Materials 2nd ed.(Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK 1996)Google Scholar
37.Rubin, M.A., Jasiuk, L., Taylor, J., Rubin, J., Ganey, T., Apkarian, R.P.: TEM analysis of the nanostructure of normal and osteoporotic human trabecular bone. Bone 33, 270 (2003)Google Scholar
38.Gupta, H.S., Wagermaier, W., Zickler, G.A., Hartmann, J., Funari, S.S., Roschger, P., Wagner, H.D., Fratzl, P.: Fibrillar level fracture in bone beyond the yield point. Int. J. Fract. 139, 425 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar