Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T23:27:43.774Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Work environment and work-to-family conflict: examining the mediating role of heavy work investment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 June 2019

Audrey Babic Open the ORCID record for Audrey Babic [Opens in a new window] ,
Florence Stinglhamber ,
Marie Barbier  and
Isabelle Hansez
Audrey Babic*
Affiliation:
Human Resources Development Unit, University of Liege, 2, Quartier Agora Place des Orateurs (Bât.32), 4000 Sart Tilman – Liège, Belgium
Florence Stinglhamber
Affiliation:
Psychological Sciences Research Institute (IPSY), Catholic University of Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier, 10, bte 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Marie Barbier
Affiliation:
National Fund for Scientific Research, Human Resources Development Unit, University of Liege, 2, Quartier Agora Place des Orateurs (Bât.32), 4000 Sart Tilman – Liège, Belgium
Isabelle Hansez
Affiliation:
Human Resources Development Unit, University of Liege, 2, Quartier Agora Place des Orateurs (Bât.32), 4000 Sart Tilman – Liège, Belgium
*
*Corresponding author. Email: audrey.babic@ulg.ac.be
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This research examined the relationships between work environment (i.e., workload and development opportunities), heavy work investment (i.e., work engagement and workaholism) and work-to-family conflict (WFC) over time. A three-wave longitudinal study was conducted among 464 employees from a Belgian public administration. Workload and opportunities for development at Time 1 were found to be respectively negatively and positively associated with work engagement at Time 2, which in turn was negatively associated with WFC at Time 3. Only workload at Time 1 was positively associated with workaholism at Time 2 which, in turn, was positively associated with WFC at Time 3. In the interests of both organizational effectiveness and employees’ well-being, it is important to identify the work-related variables that influence perceptions of WFC. Moreover, in order to manage human resources effectively in companies, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which the work environment influences WFC.

Keywords

workloadopportunities for developmentwork engagementworkaholismwork-to-family conflict
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Management & Organization , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , March 2022 , pp. 398 - 421
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a work addiction scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(3), 265–272. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00947.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J., & Pallesen, S. (2013). Workaholism and work-family spillover in a cross-occupational sample. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 78–87. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2011.626201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Astakhova, M., & Hogue, M. (2013). A heavy work investment typology: A biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29, 81–99. doi:10.1108/JMP-05-2013-0140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babic, A., Stinglhamber, F., Bertrand, F., & Hansez, I. (2017). Work-home interface and well-being: A cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 16, 46–55. doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babic, A., Stinglhamber, F., & Hansez, I. (2015). Organizational justice and perceived organizational support: Impact on negative work-home interference and well-being outcomes. Psychologica Belgica, 55(3), 134–158. doi:10.5334/pb.bk.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baeriswyl, S., Krause, A., Elfering, A., & Berset, M. (2016). How workload and coworker support relate to emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of sickness presenteeism. International Journal of Stress Management. Advance online publication, 24, 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/str0000018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands-resources theory. In Chen, P. Y. & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.), Work and wellbeing: Wellbeing: A complete reference guide (Vol. III; pp. 37–64). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Burke, R. (2009). Workaholism and relationship quality: A spillover-crossover perspective. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 23–33. doi:10.1037/a0013290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 274–284. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.2.274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, A. B., Shimazu, A., Demerouti, E., Shimada, K., & Kawakami, N. (2014). Work engagement versus workaholism: A test of the spillover-crossover model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29, 63–80. doi:10.1108/JMP-05-2013-0148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, A. B., ten Brummelhuis, L. L., Prins, J.T., & van der Heijden, F. M. M. A. (2011). Applying the job demands–resources model to the work–home interface: A study among medical residents and their partners. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 170–180. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balducci, C., Cecchin, M., Fraccaroli, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Exploring the relationship between workaholism and workplace aggressive behavior: The role of job-related emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 629–634. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balogun, A. G., & Afolabi, O. A. (2018). Examining the moderating roles of job demands and resources on the relation between work engagement and work–family conflict. South African Journal of Psychology, 1–12. doi:10.1177/0081246318818382.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In Baltes, P. B. & Baltes, M. M. (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1–34). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbier, M., Monseur, C., Bertrand, F., & Hansez, I. (2012). Measuring positive and negative occupational states at work: A structural and differential item functioning analysis. Psychologica Belgica, 52, 3–17. doi:10.5334/pb-52-1-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, T. E., Atinc, G., Breaugh, J. A., Carlson, K. D., Edwards, J. R., & Spector, P. E. (2016). Statistical control in correlational studies: 10 essential recommendations for organizational researchers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 157–167. doi:10.1002/job.2053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckers, D. G., Van der Linden, D., Smulders, P. G., Kompier, M. A., van Veldhoven, M. J., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Working overtime hours: Relations with fatigue, work motivation, and the quality of work. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46, 1282–12897. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000147210.95602.50.Google ScholarPubMed
Benbow, N. (1996). Survival of the fittest: A survey of managers, experience of and attitudes to work in the post-recession economy. Corby, UK: Institute of Management.Google Scholar
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boz, M., Martínez-Corts, I., & Munduate, L. (2016). Types of combined family-to-work conflict and enrichment and subjective health in Spain: A gender perspective. Sex Roles, 74, 136–153. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0461-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, R. J. (2001). Workaholism in organizations: The role of organizational values. Personnel Review, 30(6), 637–645. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000005977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, R. J., & Koksal, H. (2002). Workaholism among a sample of turkish managers and professionals: An exploratory study. Psychological Reports, 91, 60–68. doi:10.2466/PR0.91.5.60-68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Taylor and Francis Group.Google Scholar
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169–198. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Stevens, G. W., Howell, J. W., & Scruggs, R. S. (2014). Workaholism, work engagement and work–home outcomes: Exploring the mediating role of positive and negative emotions. Stress and Health, 30, 287–300. doi:10.1002/smi.2511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coetzer, C. F., & Rothmann, S. (2007). Job demands, job resources and work engagement of employees in a manufacturing organization. Southern African Business Review, 11, 17–32. Retrieved from http://www.ianrothmann.com/pub/engagement_coetzer.pdf.Google Scholar
Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 558–577. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. doi:10.117710149206305279602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Líbano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). About the dark and bright sides of self-efficacy: Workaholism and work engagement. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 688–701. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands–resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demerouti, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hox, J. (2009). Present but sick: A three-wave study on job demands, presenteeism and burnout. Career Development International, 14, 50–68. doi:10.1108/13620430910933574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dugan, A. G., Matthews, R. A., & Barnes-Farrell, J. L. (2012). Understanding the roles of subjective and objective aspects of time in the work-family interface. Community, Work & Family, 15(2), 149–172. doi:10.1080/13668803.2011.609656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25, 178–199. doi:10.5465/AMR.2000.2791609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In Quick, J. C. & Tetrick, L. E. (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143–162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65–78. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.77.1.65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fry, L. W., & Cohen, M. P. (2009). Spiritual leadership as a paradigm for organizational transformation and recovery from extended work hours cultures. Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 265–278. doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9695-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, J., & Blum, T. C. (1996). Assessing the non-random sampling effects of subject attrition in longitudinal research. Journal of Management, 22(4), 627–652. doi: 10.1177/014920639602200405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorgievski, M. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2008). Work can burn us out or fire us up: Conservation of resources in burnout and engagement. In Halbesleben, J. R. B. (Ed.), Handbook of stress and burnout in health care (pp. 7–22). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88. doi: 10.5465/AMR.1985.4277352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work–family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72–92. doi:10.5465/AMR.2006.19379625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grzywacz, J. G., & Butler, A. B. (2005). The impact of job characteristics on work-to-family facilitation: Testing a theory and distinguishing a construct. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 97–109. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250–279. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakanen, J. J., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2015). How do work engagement, workaholism, and the work-to-family interface affect each other? A 7-year follow-up study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(6), 601–609. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakanen, J. J., Peeters, M. C. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Different types of employee well-being across time and their relationships with job crafting. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(2), 289–301. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/ocp0000081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. M. (2012). Too good to be true? Similarities and differences between engagement and workaholism among Finnish judges. Ciencia y Trabajo, 14, 72–80. Retrieved from http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10234/63410/55687.pdf.Google Scholar
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Harvey, J., & Bolino, C. (2009). Too engaged? A conservation of resources view of the relationship between work engagement and work interference with family. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1452–1465. doi: 10.1037/a0017595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansez, I., Etienne, A. M., & Geurts, S. (2006). Le questionnaire d'interaction travail-famille de Nijmegen : Résultats préliminaires et intérêt pour la clinique. Revue Francophone de Clinique Comportementale et Cognitive, 11(2), 1–13.Google Scholar
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337–421. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307–324. doi:10.1037//1089-2680.6.4.307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resources caravans and engaged settings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 116–122. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02016.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huyghebaert, T., Fouquereau, E., Lahiani, F. J., Baltou, N., Gimenes, G., & Gillet, N. (2016). Examining the longitudinal effects of workload on ill-being through each dimension of workaholism. International Journal of Stress Management. Advance online publication, 25(2), 144–162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/str0000055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilies, R., Huth, M., Ryan, A. M., & Dimotakis, N. (2015). Explaining the links between workload, distress, and work–family conflict among school employees: Physical, cognitive, and emotional fatigue. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(4), 1136–1149. doi:10.1037/edu0000029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilies, R., Liu, X. Y., Liu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2017). Why do employees have better family lives when they are highly engaged at work? Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(6), 956–970. doi:10.1037/apl0000211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ilies, R., Schwind, K. M., Wagner, D. T., Johnson, M. D., DeRue, D. S., & Ilgen, D. R. (2007). When can employees have a family life? The effects of daily workload and affect on work-family conflict and social behaviors at home. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1368–1379. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnstone, A., & Johnston, L. (2005). The relationship between organizational climate, occupational type and workaholism. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34(3), 181–188.Google Scholar
Kanai, A., & Wakabayashi, M. (2001). Workaholism among Japanese blue-collar employees. Industrial Journal of Stress Management, 8(2), 129–145. doi:10.1023/A:1009529314121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karasek, R. (1985). Job content questionnaire and user's guide. Lowell: University of Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (2001). Creating authentizotic organizations: Well-functioning individuals in vibrant companies. Human Relations, 54, 101–111. doi:10.1177/0018726701541013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kline, R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3th ed.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Landis, R. S., Beal, D. J., & Tesluk, P. E. (2000). A comparison of approaches to forming composite measures in structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 3(2), 186–207. doi:10.1177/109442810032003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Listau, K., Christensen, M., & Innstrand, S. T. (2017). Work engagement: A double-edged sword? A study of the relationship between work engagement and the work-home interaction using the ARK research platform. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2(1), 1–13. doi:10.16993/sjwop.20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151–173. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, J., Teevan, P., & Walters, M. (1992). Who's managing the managers? The reward and career development of middle managers in a flat organization. Corby: Institute of Management.Google Scholar
Mache, S., Bernburg, M., Vitzthum, K., Groneberg, D. A., Klapp, B. F., & Danzer, G. (2015). Managing work–family conflict in the medical profession: Working conditions and individual resources as related factors. BMJ Open, 5:e006871. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magee, C. A., Stefanic, N., Caputi, P., & Iversion, D. C. (2012). The association between job demands/control and health in employed parents: The mediating role of work-to-family interference and enhancement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(2), 196–205. doi:10.1037/a0027050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mäkikangas, A., Schaufeli, W. B., Tolvanen, A., & Feldt, T. (2013). Engaged managers are not workaholics: Evidence from a longitudinal person-centered analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29, 135–143. doi:10.5093/tr2013a19.Google Scholar
Markos, S., & Sridevi, M. S. (2010). Employee engagement: The key to improving performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5, 89–96. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v5n12p89.Google Scholar
Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42, 921–936. doi:10.2307/2094577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, J., & Northern, N. (1995). Organizational codependency: The creation and maintenance of closed systems. Management Communication Quarterly, 9, 6–45. doi:10.1177/0893318995009001002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, L. H. W., O'Driscoll, M. P., & Burke, R. J. (2003). Workaholism: A review of theory, research, and future directions. In Cooper, C. L. & Robertson, I.T. (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 18, pp. 167–189). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In Drenth, P. J. D. & Thierry, H. (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology: Vol. 2. Work psychology (pp. 5–33). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 215–232. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689–725. doi:10.1002/job.695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molino, M., Bakker, A. B., & Ghislieri, C. (2016). The role of workaholism in the job demands-resources model. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 29, 400–414. doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1070833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molino, M., Cortese, C. G., Bakker, A. B., & Ghislieri, C. (2015). Do recovery experiences moderate the relationship between workload and work-family conflict? Career Development International, 20(7), 686–702. doi:10.1108/CDI-01-2015-0011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molino, M., Ghislieri, C., & Cortese, C. G. (2013). When work enriches family-life: The mediational role of professional development opportunities. Journal of Workplace Learning, 25(2), 98–113. doi:10.1108/13665621311299780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.Google Scholar
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400–410. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, D. A. (2014). Missing data: Five practical guidelines. Organizational Research Methods, 17(4), 372–411. doi: 10.1177/1094428114548590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, T. W. H., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 111–136. doi:10.1002/job.424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opie, T., & Henn, C. M. (2013). Work-family conflict and work engagement among mothers: Conscientiousness and neuroticism as moderators. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 39(1), 1–12. doi:10.4102/sajip.v39i1.1082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, A. S., Bowler, M. C., Bowler, J. L., & Methe, S. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of workaholism. International Journal of Business and Management, 7, 2–17. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v7n11p2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pleck, J. H. (1977). The work-family role system. Social Problems, 24, 417–427. doi:10.2307/800135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, G. (1996). Organizational impact of workaholism: Suggestions for researching the negative outcomes of excessive work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 70–84. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.1.1.70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, G. (2001). Workaholic tendencies and the high potential for stress among co-workers. International Journal of Stress Management, 8, 147–164. doi:10.1023/A:1009581330960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rantanen, J., Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., & Tement, S. (2013). Patterns of conflict and enrichment in work-family balance: A three-dimensional typology. Work & Stress, 27, 141–163. doi:10.1080/02678373. 2013.791074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rego, A., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2009). Do the opportunities for learning and personal development lead to happiness? It depends on work-family conciliation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(3), 334–348. doi:10.1037/a0014248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samra, J., Gilbert, M., Shain, M., & Bilsker, D. (2012). Guardingminds@work. Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addictions. Vancouver, Canada.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. doi:10.1002/job.248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893–917. doi:10.1002/job.595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2010). How to improve work engagement? In Albrecht, S. (Ed.), The handbook of employee engagement: Perspectives, issues, research and practice (pp. 399–415). Northampton, MA: Edwin Elgar.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmative confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. doi:10.1023/A:1015630930326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., & Taris, T. W. (2009). Being driven to work excessively hard. The evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in the Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(4), 320–348. doi:10.1177/1069397109337239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2006). Dr. Jeckyll or Mr. Hyde? On the differences between work engagement and workaholism. In Burke, R. J. (Ed.), Research companion to working time and work addiction (pp. 193–217). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T., & Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind of three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 173–203. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00285.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, K. S., Moore, K. S., & Miceli, M. P. (1997). An exploration of the meaning and consequences of workaholism. Human Relations, 50(3), 287–314. doi:10.1177/001872679705000304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seybold, K. C., & Salomone, P. R. (1994). Understanding workaholism: A review of causes and counseling approaches. Journal of counseling and development, 73, 4–9. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb01702.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shockley, K. M., & Singla, N. (2011). Reconsidering work–family interactions and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 37(3), 861–886. doi:10.1177/0149206310394864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sieber, S. D. (1974). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39, 567–578. doi:10.2307/2094422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stinglhamber, F., & Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Favorable job conditions and perceived support: The role of organizations and supervisors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 1470–1493. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02015.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sussman, S. (2012). Workaholism: A review. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 1(6), 1–10. doi:10.4172/2155-6105.S6-001.Google Scholar
Taris, T. W., Geurts, S. A. E., Schaufeli, W. B., Blonk, R. W. B., & Lagerveld, S. E. (2008). All day and all of the night: The relative contribution of two dimensions of workaholism to well-being in self-employed workers. Work & Stress, 22(2), 153–165. doi:10.1080/02678370701758074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Verhoeven, L. C. (2005). Workaholism in the Netherlands: Measurement and implications for job strain and work-non work conflict. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(1), 37–60. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00195.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taris, T. W., Van Beek, I., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). The beauty versus the beast: On the motives of engaged and workaholic employees. In Harpaz, I. and Snir, R. (Eds.), Heavy work investment: Its nature, sources, outcomes, and future directions (pp. 121–138). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). Staying engaged during the week: The effect of off-job activities on next day work engagement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(4), 445–455. doi:10.1037/a0029213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Job crafting: Towards a new model of individual job redesign. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, 36(2), 1–9. doi:10.4102/sajip.v36i2.841.Google Scholar
Tomic, M, & Tomic, E. (2010). Existential fulfilment, workload and work engagement among nurses. Journal of Research in Nursing, 16(5), 468–479. doi:10.1177/1744987110383353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Travaglianti, F., Orianne, J.F., Pichault, F., & Hansez, I. (2015). Construction d'une méthodologie exploratoire concernant les besoins des travailleurs: L'exemple des besoins de flexibilité au travail et de sécurité d'emploi des travailleurs à contrat permanent. Revue Internationale de Psychosociologie et de Gestion des Comportements Organisationnel, 21(52), 119–143. Retrieved from https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-psychosociologie-de-gestion-descomportements-organisationnels-2015-Supplément-page-119.htm.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Beek, I., Hu, Q., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Schreurs, B. H. (2012). For fun, love, or money: What drives workaholic, engaged, and burned-out employees at work? Applied Psychology, 61, 30–55. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00454.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Beek, I., Taris, T. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Workaholic and work engaged employees: Dead ringers or worlds apart? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(4), 468–482. doi:10.1037/a0024392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Beek, I., Taris, T.W., Schaufeli, W.B., & Brenninkmeijer, V. (2014). Heavy work investment: Its motivational make-up and outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 49, 46–62. doi:10.1108/JMP-06-2013-0166.Google Scholar
Van Wijhe, C., Peeters, M. C. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). Irrational beliefs at work and their implications for workaholism. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 23(3), 336–346. doi:10.1007/s10926-012-9416-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wijhe, C., Peeters, M., Schaufeli, W., & Ouweneel, E. (2013). Rise and shine: Recovery experiences of workaholic and nonworkaholic employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(4), 476–489. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2012.663527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Wijhe, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2010). Understanding and treating workaholism: Setting the stage for successful interventions. In Burke, R. J. & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.), Risky Business: Psychological, Physical and Financial costs of High Risk Behavior in Organizations (pp. 107–134). Farnham UK: Gower Publishing.Google Scholar
Wang, P. (2018). Reconsidering the costs and benefits of work engagement on work–family interaction and turnover intention: The antecedents and outcomes. Community, Work & Family, 1–23. doi:10.1080/13668803.2018.1492906.Google Scholar
Wilczek-Ruzyczka, E., Basinska, B. A., & Dåderman, A. (2012). How I manage home and work together: Occupational demands, engagement, and work-family conflict among nurses. Paper presented at the 10th European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology Conference, April, Zürich, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Wojdylo, K., Baumann, N., Buczny, J., Owens, G., & Kuhl, J. (2013). Work craving: A conceptualization and measurement. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(6), 547–568. doi:10.1080/01973533.2013.840631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 235–244. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.11.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yucel, D. (2018). Job autonomy and schedule flexibility as moderators of the relationship between work-family conflict and work-related outcomes. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1–18. doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9659-3.Google Scholar
Zapf, D., Dormann, C., & Frese, M. (1996). Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: A review of the literature with reference to methodological issues. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(2), 145–169. doi:10.1037//1076-8998.1.2.145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed