Meier, D.E., Emmons, C.A., Wallenstein, S., et al., “A National Survey of Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the United States,” N. Engl. J. Med. 338 (1998): 1193–1201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Emanuel, E.J., Fairclough, D., Clarridge, B., et al., “Attitudes and Practices of U.S. Oncologists Regarding Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide,” Annals of Internal Medicine 133 (2000): 527–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohlwes, R.J., Koepsell, T.D., Rhodes, L.A., and Pearlman, R.A., “Physicians’ Responses to Patients’ Requests for Physician-Assisted Suicide,” Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (2001): 657–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Douglas, C.D., Kerridge, I.H., Rainbird, K.J., et al., “The Intention to Hasten Death: A Survey of Attitudes and Practices of Surgeons in Australia,” Medical Journal of Australia 175 (2001): 511–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuhse, H., Singer, P., Baume, P., et al., “End-of-Life Decisions in Australian Medical Practice,” Medical Journal of Australia 166 (1997): 191–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Magnusson, R.S., Angels of Death: Exploring the Euthanasia Underground (New Haven, Connecticut & London: Yale University Press, 2002).Google Scholar

Magnusson, , supra note 6, at 130–38.Google Scholar

Emanuel, E.J., Daniels, E.R., Fairclough, D.L., et al., “The Practice of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide in the United States: Adherence to Proposed Safeguards and Effects on Physicians” JAMA 280 (1998): 507–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Groenewoud, J.H., van der Heide, A., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B.D., et al., “Clinical Problems with the Performance of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide in the Netherlands,” N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (2000): 551–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hillyard, D., and Dombrink, J., Dying Right: The Death With Dignity Movement (New York: Routledge, 2001): at 186.Google Scholar

Magnusson, , supra note 6, at 9, 168, 208–09.Google Scholar

Kuhse, , supra note 5, at 193.Google Scholar

Emanuel, , supra note 8, at 511.Google Scholar

See, e.g., Miles, S.H., “Physicians and Their Patients’ Suicides,” JAMA 217 (1994): 1786–88; Pollard, B.J., “Can Euthanasia Be Safely Legalized?,” Palliative Medicine, 15 (2001): 61–65; Quill, T., Cassel, C.K., and Meier, D.E., “Care of the Hopelessly Ill: Proposed Clinical Criteria for Physician-Assisted Suicide,” N. Engl. J. Med. 327 (1992): 1380–84; Amarasekara, K., “Euthanasia and the Quality of Legislative Safeguards,” Monash University Law Review 23 (1997): 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Somerville, M., Death Talk: The Case Against Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001): at 54. In fairness to Somerville, she adds that “I am assuming here that hidden euthanasia involves only those who want to be killed and who would be eligible for euthanasia if it were legalized.” I would argue that the evidence does not bear out this assumption. See Magnusson, , supra note 6, at 200–44.Google Scholar

Magnusson, , supra note 6, at 174–99.Google Scholar

Cf. Callahan, D. and White, M., “The Legalization of Physician-Assisted Suicide: Creating a Regulatory Potemkin Village,” University of Richmond Law Review 30 (1996): 1–83, at 8–9.Google Scholar

Lewins, F., “The Development of Bioethics and the Issue of Euthanasia: Regulating, De-regulating or Re-regulating,” Journal of Sociology 34, no. 2 (1998): 123–34, at 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Magnusson, , supra note 6, at 145–47.Google Scholar

See Billings, J.A. and Block, S.D., “Slow Euthanasia,” Journal of Palliative Care 12 (1996): 21–30; Loewy, E.H., “Terminal Sedation, Self-Starvation, and Orchestrating the End of Life,” Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (2001): 329–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Examples include Cohn, F. and Lynn, J., “Vulnerable People: Practical Rejoinders to Claims in Favor of Assisted Suicide,” in Foley, K. and Hendin, H., eds., The Case Against Assisted Suicide (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002): 238–60, at 251–55; Amarasekara, K., “Euthanasia and the Quality of Legislative Safeguards,” Monash University Law Review 23 (1997): 1–42.Google Scholar

New York State Task Force on Life & the Law, When Death is Sought: Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Medical Context (New York: The New York State Task Force on Life & the Law, 1994): at 120 (emphasis added).Google Scholar

Id., at 120.Google Scholar

Pollard, B., “Can Euthanasia Be Safely Legalized?” Palliative Medicine 15 (2001): 61–65, at 62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Callahan, D., “When Self-Determination Runs Amok” Hastings Center Report 22 (1992): 52–55, at 53. See also Callahan, D., “Reason, Self-Determination and Physician-Assisted Suicide” in Foley, K. and Hendin, H., eds., The Case Against Assisted Suicide (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002): 52–68, at 60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Callahan, D., “Regulating Physician-Assisted Death,” N. Engl. J. Med. 331 (1994): 1656.Google Scholar

Byock, , for example, claims that “with the skillful application of psychosocial and spiritual support, dying often becomes an extremely important, valuable and, not rarely, a privileged time in life.” Byock, I., “The Hospice Clinician’s Response to Euthanasia/Physician Assisted Suicide,” The Hospice Journal 9 (1994): 1–8, at 6. See also Magnusson, R.S., “Challenges and Dilemmas in the ‘Aging and Euthanasia’ Policy Cocktail,” in Weisstub, D. H., Thomasma, D. C., Gauthier, S., and Tomossy, G., eds., Aging: Decisions at the End of Life (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001): at 113–14, 121–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foley, K. and Hendin, H., “The Oregon Experiment,” in Foley, K. and Hendin, H., eds., The Case Against Assisted Suicide (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002): 144–74, at 150.Google Scholar

Id. at 148.Google Scholar

See id. at 151, 160–61, 164, respectively.Google Scholar

See Cook, D.J., Guyatt, G., Jaeschke, R., Reeve, J. Spanier, A. et al., “Determinants in Canadian Health Care Workers of the Decision to Withdraw Life Support from the Critically Ill,” Journal of the American Medical Association 273 (1995): 703–08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caplan, A. L., Snyder, L., and Faber-Langendoen, K., for the University of Pennsylvania Center for Bioethics Assisted Suicide Consensus Panel, “The Role of Guidelines in the Practice of Physician-Assisted Suicide,” Annals of Internal Medicine 132 (2000): 476–81, at 478–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Callahan, , supra note 26, at 1656.Google Scholar

Hillyard and Dombrink note that all physician reports were in full compliance with the law in 1998. See Hillyard, and Dombrink, , supra note 10, at 186. In 1999 Sullivan and colleagues reported full compliance “as best we could determine”: Sullivan, A.D., Hedberg, K., and Fleming, D.W., “Legalized Physician-Assisted Suicide in Oregon — The Second Year,” N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (2000): 598–604, at 603. One physician was reported in 2000. Id. at 605–07.Google Scholar

Jochemsen surveys evidence of non-compliance with the criteria required to be established for the purposes of the necessity defense, prior to the introduction of the Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act: Jochemsen, H., “Why Euthanasia Should Not Be Legalized,” in Weisstub, D.H., Thomasma, D.C., Gauthier, S. and Tomossy, G., eds., Aging: Decisions at the End of Life (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001): 67–90, at 71–78. Similarly, see Hendin, H., “The Dutch Experience,” in Foley, K. and Hendin, H., eds., The Case Against Assisted Suicide (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002): 97–121, at 103ff; Keown, J., Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument Against Legalization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002): at 103–24. Although initially acknowledged in case law, guidance as to the scope of the necessity defense was also found in the statutory notification procedure that applied to euthanasia deaths under burial legislation. That procedure included some fifty criteria which acted as guidelines for the public prosecutor when assessing doctors’ reports. See, further, Griffiths, J., Bood, A., and Weyers, H., Euthanasia & the Law in the Netherlands (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1998): 114–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

van der Wal, G., van der Maas, P.J., Bosma, J.M., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B.D., Willems, D.L., et al., “Evaluation of the Notification Procedure for Physician-Assisted Death in the Netherlands,” N. Engl. J. Med. 335 (1996): 1706–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B.D., van der Wal, G., Kostense, P.J., and van der Maas, P.J., “Consultants in Cases of Intended Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide in the Netherlands,” Medical Journal of Australia 170 (1999): 360–363 (confirming that the consultant saw the patient in 88 percent of cases).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hendin, H., “Euthanasia Consultants or Facilitators?” Medical Journal of Australia 170 (1999): 351–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen-Almagor, R., “An Outsider’s View of Dutch Euthanasia Policy and Practice,” Issues in Law & Medicine 17 (2001): 35–68, at 66.Google Scholar

Jochemsen, , supra note 35, at 77.Google Scholar

See van der Maas, P.J., van der Wal, G., Haverkate, I., de Graaff, C.L.M., Kester, J.G.C., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B.D., et al., “Euthanasia, Physician-Assisted Suicide, and Other Medical Practices Involving the End of Life in the Netherlands, 1990–1995,” N. Engl. J. Med. 335 (1996): 1699–1705; van der Maas, P.J., van Delden, J. J.M., Pijnenborg, L., “Euthanasia and Other Medical Decisions Concerning the End of Life,” The Lancet 338 (1991): 669–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuhse, H., Singer, P., Baume, P. et al. , supra note 5.Google Scholar

Griffiths, J., “Human Rights and Euthanasia,” MBPSL Newsletter, no. 5 (2001): at 2, available at <http://www.rug.nl/law/research/programmes/mbpsl/researchprogram/newsletters/> (accessed July 22, 2004).Google Scholar

Ward, B.J., and Tate, P.A., “Attitudes Among NHS Doctors to Requests for Euthanasia,” British Medical Journal 308 (1994): 1332–34. Thirty-eight respondents (9 percent) responded affirmatively to the question: “Have you ever taken active steps to bring about the death of a patient who asked you to do so?”.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keown, J., Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument Against Legalization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002): at 61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Id. at 62.Google Scholar

Meier, , supra note 1; Douglas, , supra note 4, respectively.Google Scholar

Keown, , supra note 45, at 61.Google Scholar

Chochinov, H.J., Tataryn, D., Clinch, J.J., and Dudgeon, D., “Will to Live in the Terminally Ill,” The Lancet 354 (1999): 816–19; see also Emanuel, E.J., Fairclough, D.L., Emanuel, L.L., “Attitudes and Desires Related to Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Among Terminally Ill Patients and their Caregivers,” JAMA 284 (2000): 2460–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pollard, B.J., “Can Euthanasia Be Safely Legalized?” Palliative Medicine 15 (2001): 61–65 at 63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Downey, M., “Care for Dying ‘Needs Millions More Dollars,’” Sydney Morning Herald, March 26, 1997, at 6. Later, following pressure from churches and the Australian Medical Association, a further cut was avoided: Brough, J. and Alcorn, G., “Howard Guarantees Palliative Care Funds,” Sydney Morning Herald, March 27, 1997, at 6.Google Scholar

Dworkin, R., “Assisted Suicide: The Philosophers’ Brief,” The New York Review of Books, March 27, 1997: 41–47.Google Scholar

Ganzini, L., Nelson, H.D., Schmidt, T.A., Kraemer, D.F., Delorit, M.A., and Lee, M.A., “Physicians’ Experiences with the Oregon Death with Dignity Act,” N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (2000): 557–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ganzini, L., Nelson, H.D., Lee, M.A., Kraemer, D.F., Schmidt, T.A., and Delorit, M.A., “Oregon Physicians’ Attitudes About and Experiences With End-of-Life Care Since Passage of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act,” JAMA 285 (2001): 2363–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ganzini, L., Harvath, T.A., Jackson, A., Goy, E.R., Miller, L.L., and Delorit, M.A., “Experiences of Oregon Nurses and Social Workers with Hospice Patients Who Requested Assistance with Suicide,” N. Engl. J. Med 347 (2002): 582–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ganzini, , supra note 53, at 562.Google Scholar

Ganzini, , supra note 55.Google Scholar

Veldink, J.H., Wokke, J.H.J., van der Wal, G., de Jong, V., van den Berg, L.H., “Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Among Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Netherlands,” N. Engl. J. Med, 346 (2002): 1638–44 (reporting on a Dutch study which found that, between 1994 and 1999, 20 percent of 203 patients with ALS died by euthanasia or assisted suicide); Bindels, P.J.E., Krol, A.,van Ameijden, E., Mulder-Folkerts, D.K.F., van den Hoek, J. A. R., et al., “Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide in Homosexual Men with AIDS,” The Lancet 347 (1996): 499–505 (reporting on a Dutch study in which 22 percent of men with AIDS died through assisted suicide or euthanasia, 12 times the national euthanasia rate of 2.1 percent).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

See Battin, M., Ethical Issues in Suicide (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995): at 201, 225.Google Scholar

Emanuel, , supra note 49.Google Scholar

New York State Task Force on Life & the Law, supra note 22 (Executive Summary). See also id. at 120ff.Google Scholar

Nielsen, T.O., “Guidelines for Legalized Euthanasia in Canada: A Proposal,” in Somerville, M., ed., Death Talk: The Case Against Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001): 144–53, at 145.Google Scholar

Fitzgerald, J., “Bioethics, Disability and Death: Uncovering Cultural Bias in the Euthanasia Debate,” in Jones, J. and Marks, Basser L.A., eds., Disability, Divers-ability, and Legal Change (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1999): 267–81, at 272.Google Scholar

Miles, , supra note 14, at 1787 and 1786, respectively. See also New York State Task Force on Life & the Law, supra note 22, at 121–24.Google Scholar

Somerville, , supra note 15, at 24–85.Google Scholar

Callahan, D., “Good Strategies and Bad: Opposing Physician-Assisted Suicide,” Commonweal 126 (December 3, 1999): 7.Google Scholar

Byock, , supra note 27, at 2. Ian Maddocks, an Australian pioneer in palliative care, states that “What I do not want … is to see a brisk new expectation arise in our society that a quick death is a noble one, that for the sake of the family, the health budget or the stress upon carers, it will be best to elect euthanasia. This is because I feel that some of the excellent sharing and exchanges of love that inspire and comfort the rest of us will be lost in accepting that fatal attraction, and our society will be the poorer for it.” Maddocks, I., “Hope in Dying: Palliative Care and a Good Death,” in Morgan, J., ed., An Easeful Death? Perspectives on Death, Dying and Euthanasia (Sydney: Federation Press, 1996): 57–70, at 70.Google Scholar

Pollard and Winton argue, for example, that “Killing the failures of medical or social care would be negative, in that it would not contribute to finding solutions to their problems”: Pollard, B. and Winton, R., “Why Doctors and Nurses Must Not Kill Patients,” Medical Journal of Australia 158 (1993): 426–29, at 428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

den Hartogh, G., “The Slippery Slope Argument,” in Kuhse, H., and Singer, P., eds., A Companion to Bioethics (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Inc, 1998): 280–290, at 289.Google Scholar

Hartogh, den, supra note 69, at 287.Google Scholar

Somerville, , supra note 15, at 54.Google Scholar

Somerville, , supra note 15, at 56.Google Scholar

Magnusson, , supra note 6, at 200–29.Google Scholar

See Hillyard, and Dombrink, , supra note 10.Google Scholar

See Muskin, P.R., “The Request to Die: Role for a Psychodynamic Perspective on Physician-Assisted Suicide,” JAMA 279 (1998): 323–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hillyard, and Dombrink, , supra note 10, at 167–74.Google Scholar

Hillyard, and Dombrink, quote Dr Greg Hamilton, a Portland psychiatrist, who stated “I suppose in the death camps in various military movements there have been rules and guidelines about how to carry out the procedures at death camps, but that doesn’t make it right”: Hillyard and Dombrink, supra note 10, at 173. See, further, Hamilton, N.G., “Oregon’s Culture of Silence,” in Foley, K. and Hendin, H., eds., The Case Against Assisted Suicide (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002): 175–91.Google Scholar

Hillyard, and Dombrink, , supra note 10, at 174.Google Scholar

See Tulsky, J.A. Ciampa, R. Rosen, E.J., for the University of Pennsylvania Center for Bioethics Assisted Suicide Consensus Panel, “Responding to Legal Requests for Physician-Assisted Suicide. Annals of Internal Medicine 132 (2000): 494–99; Snyder, L. and Caplan, A.L., “Assisted Suicide: Finding Common Ground,” Annals of Internal Medicine 132 (2000): 468–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

See, e.g., Asch, D., “The Role of Critical Care Nurses in Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide,” N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (1996): 1374–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keown, , supra note 45, at 63.Google Scholar