Sentencing Memorandum by USA at 4-6, USA v. Miles, No. 3:16-cr-00101-AVC (D. Conn. Oct. 31, 2016).Google Scholar

United States Census Bureau, Quick Facts: Connecticut, available at <https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/CT> (last visited January 17, 2018).+(last+visited+January+17,+2018).>Google Scholar

Office of the Chief Medical Examiner [OCME], Connecticut Accidental Drug Intoxication Deaths, March 1, 2018, available at <http://www.ct.gov/ocme/lib/ocme/AccidentalDrugIntoxication2012-2017.pdf> (last visited May 19, 2018).+(last+visited+May+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

OCME, Calendar Year Statistics, August 15, 2017, available at <http://www.ct.gov/ocme/cwp/view.asp?a=2165&q=295120> (last visited February 23, 2018).+(last+visited+February+23,+2018).>Google Scholar

Center for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts, available at <https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm> (last visited January 17, 2018).+(last+visited+January+17,+2018).>Google Scholar

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute, General Statistics, available at <http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/general-statistics/fatalityfacts/state-by-state-overview> (last visited January 17, 2018).+(last+visited+January+17,+2018).>Google Scholar

Katz, J., “The First Count of Fentanyl Deaths: Up 540% in Three Years,” New York Times, September 2, 2017, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/02/upshot/fentanyl-drug-overdose-deaths.html> (last visited January 17, 2018).+(last+visited+January+17,+2018).>Google Scholar

Rudd, R.A. et al., “Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths — United States, 2010–2015,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65, no. 50 & 51 (2016): 1445–1452, at table 2, available at <https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm655051e1.htm> (last visited January 18, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

OCME, Connecticut Accidental Drug Intoxication Deaths, supra note 3.Google Scholar

Blonstein, C., “CT Office of Chief Medical Examiner Has Lost Full Accreditation,” News 8 WTNH, February 15, 2017, available at <http://wtnh.com/2017/02/15/ct-office-of-chief-medical-examiner-has-lost-full-accreditation/> (last visited January 18, 2017).+(last+visited+January+18,+2017).>Google Scholar

See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a) (2012).Google Scholar

Drug Enforcement Administration [DEA], Drug Scheduling, available at <https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml> (last visited February 7, 2018); DEA, Diversion Control Division, Lists of Scheduling Actions, Controlled Substances, Regulated Chemicals, January 2018, available at <https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/orangebook.pdf> (last visited February 7, 2018).+(last+visited+February+7,+2018);+DEA,+Diversion+Control+Division,+Lists+of+Scheduling+Actions,+Controlled+Substances,+Regulated+Chemicals,+January+2018,+available+at++(last+visited+February+7,+2018).>Google Scholar

See 21 U.S.C. § 823 (2012) (Registration Requirements); id. § 829 (Prescriptions).Google Scholar

See id.. § 844.Google Scholar

United States Sentencing Commission [USSC], Weighing the Charges: Simple Possession of Drugs in the Federal Criminal Justice System, September 2016, table 1, available at <https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2016/201609_Simple-Possession.pdf> (last visited January 19, 2018) [hereinafter Weighing the Charges].+(last+visited+January+19,+2018)+[hereinafter+Weighing+the+Charges].>Google Scholar

Department of Justice, Executive Office for the United States Attorneys, “Addressing the Heroin and Opioid Crisis,” United States Attorneys’ Bulletin 64, no. 5 (2016): 1-91, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao/file/895091/download> (last visited January 18, 2017) [hereinafter U.S. Attorneys’ Bulletin].+(last+visited+January+18,+2017)+[hereinafter+U.S.+Attorneys’+Bulletin].>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Id. at 1; see also Memorandum from Lynch, Loretta E., Deputy Attorney General’s Office, “Department of Justice Strategy to Combat Opioid Epidemic,” September 21, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opioidawareness/file/896776/download> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Appendix to Memorandum from Lynch, Loretta E., Deputy Attorney General’s Office, “Department of Justice Strategy to Combat Opioid Epidemic,” September 21, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opioidawareness/file/897231/download> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

These include Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Homeland Security Investigations, Customs and Border Protection, the Department of Defense, and the Intelligence Community, among others. See Federal Efforts to Combat the Opioid Crisis: A Status Update on CARA and Other Initiatives Before the House Committee on Energy & Commerce, 115th Cong. 9 (2017) (statement of Neil D. Doherty, Deputy Assistant Administrator, DEA), available at <https://www.dea.gov/pr/speeches-testimony/2017t/102517t.pdf> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Fentanyl: The Next Wave of the Opioid Crisis Before the House Subcommittee on Oversight & Investigations, 115th Cong. 7 (2017) (statement of Louise D. Milione, Assistant Administrator, DEA), available at <https://www.dea.gov/pr/speeches-testimony/2017t/032117t.pdf> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], Office of Inspector General [OIG], “Enforcement Actions,” available at <https://oig.hhs.gov/fraud/enforcement/index.asp> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

HHS OIG, “Medicare Fraud Strike Force,” available at <https://oig.hhs.gov/fraud/strike-force/index.asp> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of Florida, “Seventy-Seven Charged in Southern District of Florida as Part of Largest Health Care Fraud Action in Department of Justice History,” July 13, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdfl/pr/seventy-seven-charged-southern-district-florida-part-largest-health-care-fraud-action> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

See HHS OIG, “Criminal and Civil Enforcement,” available at <https://oig.hhs.gov/fraud/enforcement/criminal/> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs [DOJ OPA], “Attorney General Sessions Announces Opioid Fraud and Abuse Detection Unit,” August 2, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-announces-opioid-fraud-and-abuse-detection-unit> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

DOJ OPA, “Pittsburgh-Area Doctor Charged With Unlawfully Distributing Opioids,” October 26, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/pittsburgh-area-doctor-charged-unlawfully-distributing-opioids> (last visited January 18, 2018); NBC Washington, “Justice Department’s Federal Opioid Fraud Squad Gets 1st Indictment,” October 27, 2017, available at <https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/national-international/Sessions-Federal-Opioid-Fraud-Squad-Gets-First-Indictment-453702133.html> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018);+NBC+Washington,+“Justice+Department’s+Federal+Opioid+Fraud+Squad+Gets+1st+Indictment,”+October+27,+2017,+available+at++(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

White House Press Office, “President Donald J. Trump is Taking Action on Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis,” October 26, 2017, available at <https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/10/26/president-donald-j-trump-taking-action-drug-addiction-and-opioid-crisis> (last visited January 18, 2018). This declaration was a long time coming, and included no specific police recommendations, such as providing every first responder with naloxone, as Chris Christie, chair of the President’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis, had hoped. See G. Korte, “Trump Orders Public Health Emergency for Opioids, a Partial Measure to Fight Drug Epidemic,” USA Today, October 26, 2017, available at <https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/10/26/exclusive-trump-declare-public-health-emergency-opioid-crisis-partial-measure-figh/796797001/> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).+This+declaration+was+a+long+time+coming,+and+included+no+specific+police+recommendations,+such+as+providing+every+first+responder+with+naloxone,+as+Chris+Christie,+chair+of+the+President’s+Commission+on+Combating+Drug+Addiction+and+the+Opioid+Crisis,+had+hoped.+See+G.+Korte,+“Trump+Orders+Public+Health+Emergency+for+Opioids,+a+Partial+Measure+to+Fight+Drug+Epidemic,”+USA+Today,+October+26,+2017,+available+at++(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

DEA, Public Affairs, “DEA Establishes Six New Heroin Enforcement Teams,” October 27, 2017, available at <https://www.dea.gov/divisions/hq/2017/hq102717.shtml> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

USSC, Amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines, April 30, 2018, available at <https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/amendment-process/reader-friendly-amendments/20180430_RF.pdf> (last visited May 13, 2018).+(last+visited+May+13,+2018).>Google Scholar

U.S. Attorneys’ Bulletin, supra note 16.Google Scholar

Khazan, O., “A Shocking Decline in American Life Expectancy,” Atlantic, December 21, 2017, available at <https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2017/12/life-expectancy/548981/> (last visited February 7, 2018).+(last+visited+February+7,+2018).>Google Scholar

Meier, B., “In Guilty Plea, OxyContin Maker to Pay $600 Million,” New York Times, May 10, 2007, available at <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/business/11drug-web.html> (last visited January 18, 2018); see also USA v. Purdue Frederick Co., No. 1:07-cr-00029-JPJ (W.D. VA July 23, 2007), available at <http://www.vawd.uscourts.gov/OPINIONS/JONES/107CR00029.PDF> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018);+see+also+USA+v.+Purdue+Frederick+Co.,+No.+1:07-cr-00029-JPJ+(W.D.+VA+July+23,+2007),+available+at++(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

See, e.g., Meier, B., “U.S. Maker of OxyContin Painkiller to Pay $600 Million in Guilty Plea,” New York Times, May 11, 2007, available at <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-oxy.1.5665287.html> (last visited April 20, 2018) (noting drug industry criticism that “while the fines sent an important message, the amounts were far too low, given the vast profits from OxyContin sales and the problems caused by the drug”).+(last+visited+April+20,+2018)+(noting+drug+industry+criticism+that+“while+the+fines+sent+an+important+message,+the+amounts+were+far+too+low,+given+the+vast+profits+from+OxyContin+sales+and+the+problems+caused+by+the+drug”).>Google Scholar

See e.g., HHS OIG, “Spotlight on…Drug Diversion,” available at <https://oig.hhs.gov/newsroom/spotlight/2013/diversion.asp> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

See United States Sentencing Commission, 2016 Annual Report and Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics, at table 33 (Primary Drug Type of Offenders Sentenced Under Drug Guidelines), available at <https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/annual-reports-and-sourcebooks/2016/Table33.pdf> (last visited January 19, 2018) [hereinafter USSC 2016 Annual Report and Sourcebook].+(last+visited+January+19,+2018)+[hereinafter+USSC+2016+Annual+Report+and+Sourcebook].>Google Scholar

See USSC, 2016 U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, Chapter 2, pt. D, at 160 (Offenses Involving Drugs and Narco-Terrorism), November 2016, available at <https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/guidelines-manual/2016/CHAPTER_2_D.pdf> (last visited February 14, 2018) [hereinafter USSC Sentencing Guidelines Chapter 2D].+(last+visited+February+14,+2018)+[hereinafter+USSC+Sentencing+Guidelines+Chapter+2D].>Google Scholar

See USSC 2016 Annual Report and Sourcebook, supra note 38, at table 42A (Base Offense Levels For Drug Trafficking Offenders In Each Drug Type), available at <https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/annual-reports-and-sourcebooks/2016/Table42A.pdf> (last visited February 14, 2018).+(last+visited+February+14,+2018).>Google Scholar

USSC Sentencing Guidelines Chapter 2D, supra note 39.Google Scholar

U.S. Attorneys’ Bulletin, supra note 16, at 39-41; see also U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Kentucky [USAOEDKY], “Drug Abuse,” available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-edky/drug-abuse> (last visited January 19, 2018); USAO-EDKY, “United States Attorney’s Office Announces Successful Results From Overdose Prosecution Initiative,” August 16, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usaoedky/pr/united-states-attorneys-office-announces-successful-results-overdose-prosecution> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+USAO-EDKY,+“United+States+Attorney’s+Office+Announces+Successful+Results+From+Overdose+Prosecution+Initiative,”+August+16,+2016,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Ohio [USAO-NDOH], “Heroin Epidemic,” available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndoh/heroin-epidemic> (last visited January 19, 2018); see also USAO-NDOH, “Cleveland Man Indicted for Distributing Fentanyl that Killed Woman,” March 23, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndoh/pr/cleveland-man-indicted-distributing-fentanyl-killed-woman> (last visited January 19, 2018); USAO-NDOH, “Berea man indicted for selling heroin that killed Lakewood man,” June 14, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndoh/pr/berea-man-indicted-selling-heroin-killed-lakewood-man> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+see+also+USAO-NDOH,+“Cleveland+Man+Indicted+for+Distributing+Fentanyl+that+Killed+Woman,”+March+23,+2016,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+USAO-NDOH,+“Berea+man+indicted+for+selling+heroin+that+killed+Lakewood+man,”+June+14,+2016,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Bloch, M. and Park, H., “How the Epidemic of Drug Overdose Deaths Rippled Across America,” New York Times, January 19, 2016, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/07/us/drug-overdose-deaths-in-the-us.html> (last visited January 19, 2018); see, e.g., U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Tennessee [USAO-EDTN], “Appalachian High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area,” available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-edtn/criminal-division/appalachian-high-intensity-drug-trafficking-area> (last visited January 19, 2018); see also Appalachia HIDTA, “Heroin Response Strategy,” available at http://ahidta.org/content/heroin-response-strategy (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+see,+e.g.,+U.S.+Attorney’s+Office+for+the+Eastern+District+of+Tennessee+[USAO-EDTN],+“Appalachian+High+Intensity+Drug+Trafficking+Area,”+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+see+also+Appalachia+HIDTA,+“Heroin+Response+Strategy,”+available+at+http://ahidta.org/content/heroin-response-strategy+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

.S. Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Virginia, “Harrisonburg Man Indicted on Heroin Charge,” July 19, 2012, available at <https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/vaw/news/alvarado_19jul2012.html> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

See e.g., USAO-EDTN, “Drug Dealer Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Distribute Heroin Resulting In Death And Distribution of Heroin Resulting in Death,” June 29, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-edtn/pr/drug-dealer-pleads-guilty-conspiracy-distribute-heroin-resulting-death-and-distribution> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

See, e.g., U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York [USAO-SDNY], “Narcotics Dealer Pleads Guilty To Sale Of Heroin And Fentanyl That Resulted in Manhattan Man’s Overdose Death,” July 14, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/narcotics-dealer-pleads-guilty-sale-heroin-and-fentanyl-resulted-manhattan-man-s> (last visited January 19, 2018); USAO-SDNY, “Manhattan U.S. Attorney And NYPD Commissioner Announce Arrest of Narcotics Dealer Responsible for Heroin Overdose Death,” February 3, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/manhattan-us-attorney-and-nypd-commissioner-announce-arrest-narcotics-dealer> (last visited January 19, 2018); USAO-SDNY, “Alleged Heroin Dealer Charged with Distributing Fatal Dose,” March 16, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/alleged-heroin-dealer-charged-distributing-fatal-dose> (last visited January 19, 2018); U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia, “Hampton Man Sentenced to 22 Years in Overdose Resulting in Death Case,” January 13, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/pr/hampton-man-sentenced-22-years-overdose-resulting-death-case> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+USAO-SDNY,+“Manhattan+U.S.+Attorney+And+NYPD+Commissioner+Announce+Arrest+of+Narcotics+Dealer+Responsible+for+Heroin+Overdose+Death,”+February+3,+2017,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+USAO-SDNY,+“Alleged+Heroin+Dealer+Charged+with+Distributing+Fatal+Dose,”+March+16,+2016,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+U.S.+Attorney’s+Office+for+the+Eastern+District+of+Virginia,+“Hampton+Man+Sentenced+to+22+Years+in+Overdose+Resulting+in+Death+Case,”+January+13,+2016,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Burrage v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 881 (2014).Google Scholar

U.S. Attorneys’ Bulletin, supra note 16, at 47-51. Applicable cases the authors found during our own research include United States v. Waldrip, 859 F.3d 446 (7th Cir. 2017); Krieger v. United States, 842 F.3d 490 (7th Cir. 2016); United States v. Lawler, 818 F.3d 281 (7th Cir. 2016); United States v. Alvarado, 816 F.3d 242 (4th Cir. 2016); United States v. Salyers, 661 Fed. Appendix. 862 (2016); United States v. Ford, 750 F.3d 952 (8th Cir. 2014).Google Scholar

U.S. Attorneys’ Bulletin, supra note 16, at 51-52.Google Scholar

U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York, “Medical Doctor Indicted for Causing Patient’s Overdose Death in Staten Island,” December 21, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/medical-doctor-indicted-causing-patient-s-overdose-death-staten-island> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Nevada [USAO-NV], “Reno Doctor Robert Rand Pleads Guilty to Involuntary Manslaughter of Patient and Unlawful Distribution of Nearly 24,000 Oxycodone Pills,” July 17, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-nv/pr/reno-doctor-robert-rand-pleads-guilty-involuntary-manslaughter-patient-and-unlawful> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

USAO-NV, “Reno Doctor Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison for Involuntary Manslaughter of Patient and Unlawful Distribution of Large Quantities of Prescription Drugs,” November 20, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-nv/pr/reno-doctor-sentenced-10-years-prison-involuntary-manslaughter-patient-and-unlawful> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

USAO-NV, “Medical Assistant Sentenced to 20 Years in Prison for Distribution of Large Quantities of Oxycodone,” September 26, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-nv/pr/medical-assistant-sentenced-20-years-prison-distribution-large-quantities-oxycodone> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

USAO-NV, “Physician Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison for Distribution of Oxycodone,” August 1, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-nv/pr/physician-sentenced-10-years-prison-distribution-oxycodone> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

U.S. Attorneys’ Bulletin, supra note 16, at 1.Google Scholar

Id. at 2.Google Scholar

Estep, B., “Central Kentucky Families of Overdose Victims Give Top U.S. Prosecutor Plenty To Think About,” Lexington Herald Leader, September 20, 2016, available at <http://www.kentucky.com/news/politics-government/article102892382.html> (last visited January 19, 2018); B. Warren, “AG Loretta Lynch Hears Ky’s Heroin Heartbreak,” Courier Journal, September 20, 2016, available at <http://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2016/09/20/heroin-crisis-brings-ag-loretta-lynch-ky/90437604/> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+B.+Warren,+“AG+Loretta+Lynch+Hears+Ky’s+Heroin+Heartbreak,”+Courier+Journal,+September+20,+2016,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

U.S. Attorneys’ Bulletin, supra note 16, at 2Google Scholar

Id., at 42; see also USAO-EDKY, “USA HEAT,” available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-edky/heat> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Memorandum from Loretta E. Lynch, supra note 18, at 7-9.Google Scholar

Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (November 14, 2017).Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

DEA, “Significant Fentanyl Seizures of More than 1 Kilogram, January 2016-June 2017,” available at <https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/MAP-SignificantFentanylSeizures.pdf> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

WNTH Staff, “Derby Police Recover $1.5 million Worth of Fentanyl in Route 34 Traffic Stop,” WNTH, December 21, 2016, available at <http://wtnh.com/2016/12/21/derby-police-recover-1-5-million-worth-of-fentanyl-in-route-34-traffic-stop> (last visited January 19, 2018); K. Hamilton, “55 Pounds of Death,” Vice News, December 22, 2016, available at <https://news.vice.com/story/fentanyl-bust-connecticut> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+K.+Hamilton,+“55+Pounds+of+Death,”+Vice+News,+December+22,+2016,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Luck, B., “Major Drug Bust Leads to Discovery of Heroin, Fentanyl in Hartford Apartment,” NBC Connecticut, June 29, 2017, available at <https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/multimedia/Major-Drug-Bust-Leads-to-Discovery-of-Heroin-Fentanyl-in-Hartford-Apartment-431572993.html> (last visited January 19, 2018); U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Connecticut [USAO-CT], “DEA Task Force Investigation Dis-mantles Hartford-Based Heroin and Fentanyl Distribution Ring,” June 29, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/dea-task-force-investigation-dismantles-hartford-based-heroin-and-fentanyl-distribution> (last visited January 19, 2018) [hereinafter “DEA Task Force Dismantles Hartford Distribution Ring”].+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+U.S.+Attorney’s+Office+for+the+District+of+Connecticut+[USAO-CT],+“DEA+Task+Force+Investigation+Dis-mantles+Hartford-Based+Heroin+and+Fentanyl+Distribution+Ring,”+June+29,+2017,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018)+[hereinafter+“DEA+Task+Force+Dismantles+Hartford+Distribution+Ring”].>Google Scholar

See, e.g., Luck, supra note 68; “DEA Task Force Dismantles Hartford Distribution Ring,” supra note 68.Google Scholar

See e.g., “DEA Task Force Dismantles Hartford Distribution Ring,” supra note 68 (quoting DEA Special Agent in Charge Michael J. Ferguson).Google Scholar

Then-United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut Deirdre M. Daly and Assistant United States Attorney Robert M. Spector, interview by authors (October 11, 2017) [hereinafter Interview with U.S. Attorney Daly].Google Scholar

USAO-CT, “Doctor Sentenced to 7 Years in Prison for Illegally Prescribing Narcotics, Defrauding Government Programs,” November 4, 2015, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/doctor-sentenced-7-years-prison-illegally-prescribing-narcotics-defrauding-government> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

In fact, between November 2011 and October 2013, the doctor was the eight highest prescriber of Schedule II through IV controlled substances in Connecticut, on a list that included hospitals. See id.Google Scholar

The conspiracy count and money laundering count each carries a maximum term of imprisonment of 20 years. The health care fraud offense carries a maximum term of imprisonment of 10 years. See USAO-CT, “Norwalk Doctors Charged with Operating ‘Pill Mill,’ Health Care Fraud and Money Laundering,” July 13, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/norwalk-doctors-charged-operating-pill-mill-health-care-fraud-and-money-laundering> (last visited January 18, 2018); USAO-CT, “Indictment Charges Doctors with Drug Distribution, Health Care Fraud and Money Laundering Offenses,” July 26, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/indictment-charges-doctors-drug-distribution-health-care-fraud-and-money-laundering> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018);+USAO-CT,+“Indictment+Charges+Doctors+with+Drug+Distribution,+Health+Care+Fraud+and+Money+Laundering+Offenses,”+July+26,+2017,+available+at++(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

USAO-CT, “Norwalk Doctors Charged with Operating ‘Pill Mill,’ Health Care Fraud and Money Laundering,” supra note 74.Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Presentation by AUSA Spector to “Law and the Opioid Crisis” Seminar, Yale Law School, September 18, 2017.Google Scholar

Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (January 23, 2018). Additionally, eleven Connecticut state arrests resulted from investigations in which DEA was involved during that period. Id. (November 6, 2017). See infra notes 82-88 and accompanying text for further States Attorney’s statistics and discussion.Google Scholar

Id.; see also Brian D. Boyle, Assistant Special Agent in Charge of the New England Field Division, DEA, interview by authors (October 25, 2017); Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (November 1, 2017). For further overdose statistics prosecuted by USAO-CT, see our separate sidebar, Press Releases on Overdose-Death Prosecutions, 2013-2017.Google Scholar

The United States Sentencing Guidelines are a complex set of sentencing recommendations that are not binding on sentencing judges, but which judges often follow. See USSC Sentencing Guidelines Chapter 2D, supra note 39. The offense levels of these minor distributors (and their corresponding sentences) are significantly below that of major distributors. See USSC, 2016 U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Sentencing Table, available at <https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/guidelines-manual/2016/Sentencing_Table.pdf> (last visited January 19, 2018); See also Interview with U.S. Attorney Daly, supra note 71.+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+See+also+Interview+with+U.S.+Attorney+Daly,+supra+note+71.>Google Scholar

USAO-CT, “Statewide Initiative Targets Distributors of Heroin and Opioids That Cause Overdose Deaths,” April 13, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/statewide-initiative-targets-distributors-heroin-and-opioids-cause-overdose-deaths> (last visited April 13, 2016).+(last+visited+April+13,+2016).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (November 15, 2017).Google Scholar

Personal communication from Judicial District of Middlesex Inspector Mark Miele to author (RLR) (December 4, 2017).Google Scholar

Of course, this made it difficult to compile our own data set. See personal communication from New Haven Assistant State’s Attorney Karen Anne Roberg to author (RLR) (January 10, 2018); personal communication from Windham State’s Attorney Anne F. Mahoney to author (RLR) (January 12, 2018); see also personal communication from Danbury State’s Attorney Stephen J. Sedensky III to author (RLR) (January 10, 2018); personal communication from Ansonia-Milford State’s Attorney Kevin D. Lawlor to author (RLR) (January 10, 2018).Google Scholar

Personal communication from Fairfield State’s Attorney John C. Smriga to author (RLR) (January 11, 2018).Google Scholar

Personal communication from New London State’s Attorney Michael L. Regan to author (RLR) (January 11, 2018).Google Scholar

Personal communication from Ansonia-Milford State’s Attorney Kevin D. Lawlor to author (RLR) (January 10, 2018).Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (November 14, 2017).Google Scholar

Id. (January 23, 2018).Google Scholar

Sentencing Memorandum by USA at 4, USA v. Miles, No. 3:16-cr-00101-AVC (D. Conn. Oct. 31, 2016).Google Scholar

See Complaint at 1, Miles (D. Conn. Jan. 25, 2016); see also USAO-CT, “Two Charged with Distributing Heroin Involved in Overdose Deaths,” February 26, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/two-charged-distributing-heroin-involved-overdose-deaths> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Sentencing Memorandum by USA at 1, Miles (D. Conn. Oct. 31, 2016); Bisaro, Anna, “Waterbury Man Gets 3 Years for Role in Fatal Heroin Overdose,” Register Citizen, November 3, 2016, available at <http://www.registercitizen.com/news/article/Waterbury-man-gets-3-years-for-role-in-fatal-11999570.php> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Connecticut Open Data, “Accidental Drug Deaths, 2012-2016,” available at <https://data.ct.gov/Health-and-Human-Services/Accidental-Drug-Related-Deaths-2012-2016/ecj5-r2i9> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

See “Statewide Initiative Targets Distributors of Heroin and Opioids That Cause Overdose Deaths,” supra note 81.Google Scholar

Interview with U.S. Attorney Daly, supra note 70. For statistics on the rapid increase in overdose-death prosecutions, see our separate sidebar on press releases, Press Releases on Opioid-Overdose Death Prosecutions, 2013-2017.Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

See generally Bisaro, Anna, “Targeting Dealers in Connecticut Overdose Cases Making a Difference,” New Haven Register, August 10, 2017, available at <http://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Targeting-dealers-in-Connecticut-overdose-cases-11746405.php> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Transcript of Sentencing at 20, USA v. Ocasio, No. 3:17-cr-00043-AWT (D. Conn. Aug. 28, 2017).Google Scholar

See, e.g., USAO-CT, “Wethersfield Man Sentenced to Prison for Distributing Heroin Involved in 19-Year-Old’s Overdose Death,” May 22, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/wethersfield-man-sentenced-prison-distributing-heroin-involved-19-year-olds-overdose> (last visited January 19, 2018) (ordering restitution to the victim’s family to cover the victim’s funeral expenses in addition to a prison sentence); USAO-CT, “Hartford Man Who Distributed Fentanyl Involved in Overdose Death of East Haddam Teen Sentenced to Prison,” September 20, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/hartford-man-who-distributed-fentanyl-involved-overdose-death-east-haddam-teen-sentenced> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018)+(ordering+restitution+to+the+victim’s+family+to+cover+the+victim’s+funeral+expenses+in+addition+to+a+prison+sentence);+USAO-CT,+“Hartford+Man+Who+Distributed+Fentanyl+Involved+in+Overdose+Death+of+East+Haddam+Teen+Sentenced+to+Prison,”+September+20,+2017,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Interview with U.S. Attorney Daly, supra note 71.Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Transcript of Sentencing at 39, USA v. Ocasio, No. 3:17-cr-00043-AWT (D. Conn. Aug. 28, 2017).Google Scholar

Id. at 24.Google Scholar

Id. at 25-26.Google Scholar

See Transcript of Sentencing Hearing at 28, USA v. Commer-ford, No. 3:16-cr-00089-AWT (D. Conn. Sept. 12, 2016).Google Scholar

See e.g., Transcript of Sentencing at 38-40, Ocasio (D. Conn. Aug. 28, 2017) (noting the defendant’s substance abuse and rehabilitation challenges); Judgment, USA v. Pina, No. 3:16-cr-00150-MPS (D. Conn. Nov. 30, 2016) (including in the sentence a “somewhat longer-than-usual period of supervised release to facilitate the defendant’s efforts to stay drug-free following his release”); Judgment at 2, USA v. Mignani, No. 3:17-cr-00059-JAM (D. Conn. June 22, 2017) (recommending to Bureau of Prisons that “the defendant be designated to a facility that has a residential drug abuse treatment program”).Google Scholar

Transcript of Sentencing at 40, Ocasio (D. Conn. Aug. 28, 2017).Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

USA v. Russow, No. 3:14-cr-00084-JBA, 2015 BL 63735, slip op. at 1 (D. Conn. Mar. 10, 2015) (citing Plea Agreement).Google Scholar

Id. at 1-2.Google Scholar

See id. at 1; United States Sentencing Commission, 2016 U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, at § 5K2.1 (Departure for Death), available at <https://www.ussc.gov/guidelines/2016-guidelines-manual/2016-chapter-5#5k21f> (last visited January 19, 2018) [hereinafter U.S. Sentencing Guidelines § 5K2.1]. Guidelines section 5k2.1 is essentially an upward departure, and USAO-CT applies the Burrage standard for the departure. If the Office has “but-for” causation, it uses the enhancement. If the Office does not have “but-for” causation, the Office will argue for an upward variance under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) (“factors to be considered in imposing a sentence”). Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (January 23, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018)+[hereinafter+U.S.+Sentencing+Guidelines+§+5K2.1].+Guidelines+section+5k2.1+is+essentially+an+upward+departure,+and+USAO-CT+applies+the+Burrage+standard+for+the+departure.+If+the+Office+has+“but-for”+causation,+it+uses+the+enhancement.+If+the+Office+does+not+have+“but-for”+causation,+the+Office+will+argue+for+an+upward+variance+under+18+U.S.C.+§+3553(a)+(“factors+to+be+considered+in+imposing+a+sentence”).+Personal+communication+from+AUSA+Spector+to+authors+(January+23,+2018).>Google Scholar

Russow, slip op. at 6 (D. Conn. Mar. 10, 2015) (citing United States v. Cordoba-Murgas, 233 F.3d 704, 710 (2d Cir. 2000)).Google Scholar

Cordoba-Murgas, 233 F.3d 704, at 710.Google Scholar

Russow, slip op. at 7-8 (D. Conn. Mar. 10, 2015). The Government agreed, see Sentencing Memorandum by USA at 5, Russow (D. Conn. Feb. 12, 2015).Google Scholar

See 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(a), 3661 (2012); United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005).Google Scholar

See USA. v. Commerford, No. 3:16-cr-00089-AWT (D. Conn. Aug. 12, 2016).Google Scholar

See Plea Agreement, USA v. Mignani, No. 3:17-cr-00059-JAM (D. Conn. Mar. 28, 2017); USAO-CT, “Bethel Man Pleads Guilty to Heroin and Cocaine Distribution Charge Stemming from 2 Overdose Deaths,” March 28, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/bethel-man-pleads-guilty-heroin-and-cocaine-distribution-charge-stemming-2-overdose> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

For the story of Lukas Breton’s addiction, see Goslee, K., “Crackdown on Drug Dealers Linked to Overdose Deaths Ramping Up,” Fox 61, November 6, 2017, available at <http://fox61.com/2017/11/06/crackdown-on-drug-dealers-linked-to-overdose-deaths-ramping-up/> (last visited Jan. 19, 2018).+(last+visited+Jan.+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (January 23, 2018).Google Scholar

Id. (November 29, 2017).Google Scholar

USAO-CT, “The Opioid Crisis Hits Home: Stories from Connecticut,” January 13, 2017, available at <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKWr1izNHlo> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

See Sentencing Memorandum by USA at 8, USA v. Esposito, No. 3:16-cr-00209-AVC (D. Conn. Jan. 20, 2017).Google Scholar

Id. at 11.Google Scholar

Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (November 29, 2017).Google Scholar

See, e.g., 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(i) (2012) (weight enhancements); id. § 851 (2012) (second offender enhancement); id. § 859 (2012) (distribution to persons under twenty-one years of age); id. § 860 (2012) (distribution within 1,000 feet of a protected location).Google Scholar

Plea Agreement, USA v. Pina, No. 3:16 cr-00150-MPS (D. Conn. Aug. 4, 2016); Judgment, Pina, (D. Conn. Nov. 30, 2016).Google Scholar

USAO-CT, “New Haven Man Sentenced to 87 Months for Distributing Fentanyl-Laced Cocaine Involved in Spate of Overdoses,” November 29, 2016, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/new-haven-man-sentenced-87-months-distributing-fentanyl-laced-cocaine-involved-spate> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Judgment, USA v. Pina, No. 3:16-cr-00150-MPS (D. Conn. Nov. 30, 2016); Plea Agreement, Pina (D. Conn. Aug. 4, 2016);Google Scholar

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines § 5K2.1, supra note 113.Google Scholar

Judgment, Pina (D. Conn. Nov. 30, 2016); Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (January 23, 2018).Google Scholar

Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (November 29, 2017).Google Scholar

Id. See Tang, M., “New Haven Homicides Hit New Low,” Yale Daily News, January 17, 2018, available at <https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2018/01/17/new-haven-homicides-hit-newlow/> (last visited January 19, 2018); L. Mack, “First New Haven Homicide in 2018 After City’s Record Low Murder Number,” WNPR, January 3, 2018, available at <http://wnpr.org/post/first-new-haven-homicide-2018-after-citys-record-low-murder-number> (last visited January 19, 2018); see also “Homicide, Non-Fatal Shooting Victims & Shots Fired: Jan 1 – Dec 31 Comparison (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 & 2017),” available at <http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/wnpr/files/201801/murder_shooting_shotsfired_chart-data-jan_-_dec-2011-2012-2013-2014-2015-2016_2017.pdf> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+L.+Mack,+“First+New+Haven+Homicide+in+2018+After+City’s+Record+Low+Murder+Number,”+WNPR,+January+3,+2018,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+see+also+“Homicide,+Non-Fatal+Shooting+Victims+&+Shots+Fired:+Jan+1+–+Dec+31+Comparison+(2011,+2012,+2013,+2014,+2015,+2016+&+2017),”+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

See supra notes 48-49 and accompanying text.Google Scholar

See, e.g., Connecticut General Statutes § 21a-277(a) (2017) (sale of narcotics); id. § 21a-278(b) (sale of narcotics by non-drug dependent person); id. § 53a-20 (cruelty to persons); id. § 53a-21(a)(1) (risk of injury); id. § 53a-58 (criminally negligent homicide); id. § 53a-63 (reckless endangerment).Google Scholar

Connecticut General Statutes § 53a-55a(3) (2017).Google Scholar

State v. Wade, 942 A.2d 1085 (Conn. App. 2008).Google Scholar

Connecticut General Statutes § 53a-56(a)(1) (2017).Google Scholar

See OCME, Connecticut Accidental Drug Intoxication Deaths, supra note 9.Google Scholar

Personal communication from Danbury State’s Attorney Stephen J. Sedensky III to author (RLR) (January 10, 2018) (referencing the case State v. Patrick Hackett-DBD-CR16-0153050-S, which was disposed on January 3, 2018).Google Scholar

Florin, K., “Griswold Tackling Heroin Problem from New Angle,” The Day, August 5, 2017, available at <http://www.theday.com/article/20170805/NWS01/170809632> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

See USAO-CT, “Connecticut U.S. Attorney’s Office Celebrates Community Policing Awards,” October 25, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/connecticut-us-attorneys-office-celebrates-community-policing-awards-0> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Steinhagen, J., “State Police Roll Out Local Drug Referral Initiative,” Hartford Courant, June 23, 2017, available at <http://www.courant.com/community/griswold/hc-kn-0706-griswold-drug-crisis-initiative-20170623-story.html> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

See “The Opioid Crisis Hits Home: Stories from Connecticut,” supra note 123.Google Scholar

USAO-CT, “Federal, State and Local Law Enforcement Officials Promote DEA Prescription Drug Take-Back Day,” April 25, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/federal-state-and-local-law-enforcement-officials-promote-dea-prescription-drug-take-back> (last visited Jan. 18, 2018).+(last+visited+Jan.+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

USAO-CT, “HEAT,” available at <https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/heat> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

See American Society of Addiction Medicine, Opioid Addiction 2016 Facts & Figures, available at <https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/advocacy/opioid-addiction-disease-facts-figures.pdf> (last visited January 19, 2018); HHS, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, P.K. Muhuri et al., CBHSQ Data Review: Associations of Non-medical Pain Reliever Use and Initiation of Heroin Use in the United States, August 2013, available at <https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/DR006/DR006/nonmedical-pain-reliever-use-2013.htm> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018);+HHS,+Substance+Abuse+and+Mental+Health+Services+Administration,+P.K.+Muhuri+et+al.,+CBHSQ+Data+Review:+Associations+of+Non-medical+Pain+Reliever+Use+and+Initiation+of+Heroin+Use+in+the+United+States,+August+2013,+available+at++(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Daly, D. M., “Guest Column: The Perfect Storm,” Valley Independent Sentinel, September 19, 2016, available at <http://valley.newhavenindependent.org/archives/entry/guest_column_the_perfect_storm/> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

The Office maintains that “[r]esources are not being diverted away from other investigations or other cases” for HEAT presentations. Rather, an effort has been made by the AUSAs — who view the present situation “as an emergency” — to volunteer their time “on top of their regular workload.” Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (January 24, 2018).Google Scholar

The Office averages about 500 students per presentation. Id. There have been news stories about the presentations as well. See, e.g., Goslee, K., “US Attorney’s Office Taking Opioid Abuse Prevention into Schools across Connecticut,” Fox 61, November 3, 2017, available at <http://fox61.com/2017/11/03/us-attorneys-office-taking-opioid-abuse-prevention-into-schools-across-connecticut/> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], “Chasing the Dragon: The Life of an Opiate Addict,” available at <https://www.fbi.gov/video-repository/newss-chasing-the-dragon-the-life-ofan-opiate-addict/view> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Interview with U.S. Attorney Daly, supra note 71.Google Scholar

HHS, Office of the Surgeon General, Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health, November 2016, at 3-30 [hereinafter Surgeon General’s Report].Google Scholar

Menders, S., “Griswold Students Hear of Opioid Addiction’s Impact,” Norwich Bulletin, January 23, 2018, available at <http://www.norwichbulletin.com/news/20180123/griswold-students-hear-of-opioid-addictions-impact> (last visited January 24, 2018).+(last+visited+January+24,+2018).>Google Scholar

Rosenberg, Chuck, Former Acting Administrator, DEA, keynote address of The Opioid Crisis in Connecticut Conference, Yale Law School, September 29, 2017 [hereinafter Rosenberg Keynote].Google Scholar

Torelli, M., “Educating Public On Dangers Of Opiates The Goal Of HEAT Program,” Cheshire Herald, April 6, 2017, available at <https://www.cheshireherald.com/articles/educating-public-on-dangers-of-opiates-the-goal-of-heat-program/> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

The first of eleven PSAs was posted on November 13, 2017, available at <https://www.facebook.com/KyleReyesCEO/videos/1560626660697438/?hc_ref=ARQmIP4edzFG88LP7JvMzqU89-AI-0BfFvrh7jb-WuiH23J-CjOwXS0JSBRCnO5jeBx0> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Arkowitz, H. and Lilienfeld, S. O., “Why ‘Just Say No’ Doesn’t Work,” Scientific American, January 1, 2014, available at <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-just-sayno-doesnt-work/> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Nordrum, A., “The New D.A.R.E. Program — This One Works,” Scientific American, September 10, 2014, available at <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-d-a-re-program-this-one-works/> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

Surgeon General’s Report, supra note 159, at 3-27.Google Scholar

Id. at 3-14.Google Scholar

Id. at 3-12; id. at 3-32.Google Scholar

The Connecticut Office has not received grant money for HEAT. Thus, the volunteer-based program has no financial resources to pay for success measuring techniques, such as long-term tracking of students, though the Office would welcome this kind of evaluation. Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (January 24, 2018).Google Scholar

FBI and DEA, “Chasing the Dragon: The Life of an Opiate Addict Discussion Guide,” available at <https://www.dea.gov/media/OPA-CTD%20Booklet06.pdf> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

See Surgeon General’s Report, supra note 159, at 3-29; see also Partnership for Drug-Free Kids News Service Staff, “Teen-Targeted Substance Abuse Prevention Campaign Focuses on Digital, Social Media,” July 17, 2013, available at <https://drugfree.org/learn/drug-and-alcohol-news/teen-targeted-substance-abuse-prevention-campaign-focuses-on-digital-social-media/> (last visited January 19, 2018).+(last+visited+January+19,+2018).>Google Scholar

Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (February 5, 2018).Google Scholar

See Surgeon General’s Report, supra note 159, at 3-1.Google Scholar

Personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (January 24, 2018). For examples, see supra note 163.Google Scholar

See, e.g., personal communication from AUSA Spector to authors (Feb. 5, 2018). Connecticut’s Local Prevention Councils, for instance, were specifically formed to “increase public awareness of [alcohol, tobacco and other drug] prevention and stimulate the development and implementation of local prevention activities primarily focused on youth.” DMHAS Funded Local Prevention Councils/Coalitions, November 30, 2017, available at <http://www.ct.gov/dmhas/cwp/view.asp?a=2912&q=335150> (last visited February 5, 2018).+(last+visited+February+5,+2018).>Google Scholar

DOJ OPA, “Attorney General Sessions and Acting DEA Administrator Patterson Announce New Tools to Address Opioid Crisis,” November 29, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-and-acting-dea-administrator-patterson-announce-new-tools-address> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

DOJ OPA, “Attorney General Sessions Announces Director of Opioid Enforcement and Prevention Efforts,” December 20, 2017, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-announces-director-opioid-enforcement-and-prevention-efforts> (last visited January 18, 2018).+(last+visited+January+18,+2018).>Google Scholar

See DOJ OPA, “Attorney General Sessions Announces Opioid Fraud and Abuse Detection Unit,” supra note 27.Google Scholar

See, e.g., DOJ OPA, “Attorney General Sessions Announces New Tool to Fight Online Drug Trafficking,” January 29, 2018, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-announces-new-tool-fight-online-drug-trafficking> (last visited May 24, 2018); DOJ OPA, “Attorney General Sessions Announces New Prescription Interdiction & Litigation Task Force,” February 27, 2018, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-announces-new-prescription-interdiction-litigation-task-force> (last visited May 24, 2018); DOJ OPA, “Department of Justice Files Motion in Multi-District Opioid Case,” April 2 2018, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-files-motion-multi-district-opioid-case> (last visited May 24, 2018); DOJ OPA, “Attorney General Sessions Announces Changes in DEA Opioid Limit Rules,” April 17, 2018, available at <https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-announces-changes-dea-opioid-limit-rules> (last visited May 24, 2018).+(last+visited+May+24,+2018);+DOJ+OPA,+“Attorney+General+Sessions+Announces+New+Prescription+Interdiction+&+Litigation+Task+Force,”+February+27,+2018,+available+at++(last+visited+May+24,+2018);+DOJ+OPA,+“Department+of+Justice+Files+Motion+in+Multi-District+Opioid+Case,”+April+2+2018,+available+at++(last+visited+May+24,+2018);+DOJ+OPA,+“Attorney+General+Sessions+Announces+Changes+in+DEA+Opioid+Limit+Rules,”+April+17,+2018,+available+at++(last+visited+May+24,+2018).>Google Scholar

Rosenberg Keynote, supra note 161.Google Scholar