Certain problems have been encountered using a rigid endoscopic technique for tracheo-oesophageal puncture in voice restoration following laryngectomy. An alternative method is described using a modified curved abdominal forceps which allows quicker and more predictable access to the puncture site.

Intractable epistaxis associated with septal perforation is a difficult problem to treat, particularly if nose-picking appears to be associated. Two such cases are presented in which Young's procedure of nasal closure was used to prevent epistaxis. Although the procedure was fully successful in only one patient. we feel the procedure has a part to play in the management of such cases of epistaxis.

Oral cancers in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia have been observed to occurmostly among patients who have been long-term khat users. In a survey that reviewed cancers for the past two years there were 28 head and neck cancer patients, 10 of whom presented with a history of having chewed khat. One of these was a case of metastatic cervical lymph node and unknown primary, one was a parotid tumour, and the remaining eight presented with oral cancers. All were non-smoking khat chewers and all of them had used itover a period of 25 years or longer. We conclude that this strong correlation between khat chewing and oral cancer warrants attention.

An 18-year-old woman, while suffering from acute acquired toxoplasmosis, experienced sudden deafness and a total loss of vestibular function first in the right ear and three months later also in the left. Following treatment with sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine, hearing was retrieved to such a degree that the patient was enabled to communicate by means of a body-worn hearing aid and lip-reading. Taking the differential diagnostic possibilities into account, we believe that toxoplasmosis was the cause of the severe hearing loss. Since effective treatment seems to be available, we recommend that patients with acute bilateral sensorineural hearing loss of unknown origin are examined for acute toxoplasmosis with a view to instituting chemotherapy.

Removing an acoustic schwannoma using the translabyrinthine approach has previously been considered incompatible with hearing preservation. By modifying the approach and preventing the loss of endolymph, we have successfully removed an intracanalicular acoustic schwannoma, which originated from the inferior vestibular nerve, and preserved hearing in the operated ear. This report represents the preliminary findings using this particular technique in the management of an intracanalicular acoustic tumour.

Sixty-three patients with loss of vision following head injury were subjected to decompression of the optic nerve by the transethmoid route. This paper discusses the criteria for selection of patients for surgery, the results of the operation and the prognostic factors determining the results.

Lymphangiomas of the tongue are rare tumours. Several reports of this interesting condition have appeared in the literature with varying modalities of treatment being employed to control tongue sizew. We present here our experinece with seven children who have lymphagiomas of the head and neck with tongue involvement seen over the past eight years. If the tongue is large with protrusion outside the lip margins, we advocata early tongue reduction so as to promote proper speech and deglutition, reduce of orthodontic problems and achieve good cosmesis. However, the naturel history of these tumours is one of recurrent tongue enlargement secondary to infection and trauman, irrespective of surgical reduction. We describe our technique of surface CO2 laser photocoagulation which has been successfully employed in controlling tongue size and removing superficial lymphangioma in all our patients. We propose therefore that this should be the mainstay of follow-up therapy in lingual lymphangiomas.

Pus obtained by needle aspiration of 91 peritonsillar abscesses was examined microbiologically. A positive culture was obtained in 55 patients (60 per cent). Sixty-four bacteriological isolates were grown. Forty patients had a pure growth of a single organism, of which 21 (53 per cent) were beta Haemolytic streptococci. Pure growths of Staphylococcus aureus were found in only three patients. Fifteen patients had mixed organisms, including anaerobes, in their pus and the resistance to penicillin was low. Only the bacteroides species were generally penicillin resistant. The vast majority of patients made a good recovery following needle drainage of the abscess and treatment with parenteral penicillin. The patients with a mixture of penicillin sensitive and penicillin resistant organisms also made a good clinical recovery following needle drainage and administration of parenteral penicillin. The relevance of these findings in the pathogenesis and management of peritonsillar sepsis is discussed.

The presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes 6, 11, 16 and 33 in 16 patients with laryngopharyngeal carcinomas was examined by means of a polymerase chain reaction. HPV genomes were detected in 75 per cent of cases. In hypopharyngeal carcinoma, HPV 6 and 11 were present in adjacent tissue but absent from the tumour. HPV 16 and 33 were present in 40 per cent of laryngeal tumours and adjacent tissue. These results suggest that HPV 16 and 33 may be closely associated with the development of some laryngopharyngeal carcinomas.

The occurrence of disease in the remaining tonsil after unilateral tonsillectomy à chaudin the treatment of peritonsillar abscess, was studied in 536 patients. No patient had a history of previous severe tonsillitis at the time of the unilateral tonsillectomy, 6.1 per cent of the patients were readmitted for surgery of the remaining tonsil during the follow-up period. Ninety-seven per cent of these patients were younger than 30 years of age. Previous investigations have shown increasing frequency by age of pharyngitis after bilateral tonsillectomy. We suggest bilateral tonsillectomy in all cases of patients younger than 30 years old who suffer from peritonsillar abscess irrespective of previous tonsillar disease. Patients older than 30 should be treated with unilateral ablation, unless there is a clear indication for bilateral tonsillectomy.

Fifty-five patients with deep neck infections treated consecutively over a period of six and a half years between January 1983 and July 1989 were reviewed. Nine of these patients had abscesses localized to the pharapharyngeal space and form the basis of this study. The aetiology of the parapharyngeal abscess was odontogenic in two patients and remained unknown in the other seven. Five patients had associated systemic disease; four were diabetics and one patient had non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

High dosage intravenous antibiotics directed towards the causative micro-organisms, airway control and early surgical intervention was the mainstay of treatment. All patients underwent open surgical drainage of the parapharyngeal abscess within 24 h of admission. Bacteriology results showed Klebsiella sp. to be the dominant micro-organism cultured in four patients. Morbidity was low; seven patients had no post-operative complications and were discharged from the hospital between 7–24d (mean 12.9 d). There were two deaths.

Early open surgical drainage remains the most appropriate method of treating parapharyngeal space infections; it avoids life threatening complications with rapid recovery.

Post-traumatic cholesteatoma often presents many years after the original injury. This case occurred 24 years after a head injury which represents the longest recorded interval. A further interesting feature was that the patient presented with an infected skull prosthesis that was inserted at the time of the original injury.

Complete healing of full-thickness tracheal mucosal wounds of different sizes was studied in three groups of dogs. No stricture was observed when the mucosal wounds were less than 20×15 mm. Obvious stricture, however, occurred when the wounds were 20×25 mm. Normal epithelium regenerated on the wounded areas in all of the three groups within seven weeks.

We present a case of contiguous primary malignant melanoma of the nose and maxillary antrum and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the maxillary antrum. We believe that this association has not been previously recorded; whether this represents divergent differentiation in a single tumour or ‘collision’ of two separate tumours is uncertain.

One hundred and four larynges removed from infants registered as dying fromSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and 20 control larynges from infants of matching ages, were examined histologically. Excessive amounts of subglottic submucosal glandular tissue had reduced the available airway by more than half in 35 per cent of the SIDS larynges within the age group two to four months. In 30 per cent of this group the airway reduction was more than 60 per cent. It is suggested that hyperplasia of subglottic mucous glands is one cause of fatal hypoxia in sudden unexpected infant death.

The clinical and histopathological characteristics of seven cases of Moderately Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (MDNEC) and two cases of Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (PDNEC) have been reviewed. The tumours arose in the supraglottis of predominantly elderly men. Two cases had raised levels of urinary 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid at presentation but no case developed the carcinoid syndrome. PDNEC were histologically identical to the oat cell type carcinoma of the bronchus and were associated with an extremely aggressive clinical course with both patients dying of widespread metastases within one month of registration. MDNEC also metastasized frequently with four of seven cases dying with widespread disease. The tumours have previously been reported as not being radiosensitive; however three cases remain free of disease following biopsy and radiotherapy alone. The place of radiotherapy in the management of these tumours is discussed.

A case of meningitis secondary to acute suppurative otitis media in a previously healthy child is reported. The only organism isolated from blood after aerobic and prolonged anaerobic culture was identified as Fusobacterium necrophorum. Complete recovery followed treatment with surgery and prolonged antibiotic therapy. The role of anaerobes in the development of meningitis, the isolation and identification of Fusobacterium necrophorum, the clinical presentations of F. necrophorum infection and the choice of antibiotics in the treatment of these infections are discussed.

A histological study was performed of biopsies taken from jejunal free grafts used in pharyngeal reconstruction. The main findings were a decreased crypt/villi ratio and a mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate. There was no evidence of metaplastic or dysplastic transformation.

Twenty-one patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the palatine tonsil were studied in an attempt to relate pathological data to clinical outcome. Eleven tumours were classified as low-grade and ten as high-grade on morphological criteria. The results of immunohistochemical investigations are presented; all tumours but one were of B-cell origin. None of the pathological factors studied were found to be useful prognostic indicators.

In this study we analyse our preliminary results after treating 28 patients with locally advanced laryngeal cancer with platinum based induction chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy or surgery.

The median age of our patients was 60 (46–75) years and median performance status was 80 (60–100). In 18 of the 28 patients locoregional treatment was radiation therapy with an overall response of 94.4 per cent.

After a median follow-up of 26 (15–40) months 39.3 per cent of the whole group of patients are alive and disease-free and six (21.4 per cent) patients are alive and disease-free preserving their larynx.

We conclude that although more extensive studies with large groups of patients and longer follow-up is needed to reach definite conclusions, it seems that platinum based induction chemotheraophy can be used successfully in locally advanced laryngeal cancer followed by radiotherapy. In those cases who respond well. the patient's larynx is preserved without compromizing the overall survival.