We report the second known case of aggressive angiomyxoma of the larynx.

Case report and a review of the world literature concerning angiomyxoma of the larynx and recent advances in the immunohistochemical, cytogenic and clinical study of its female pelvic counterpart.

Aggressive angiomyxoma is a rare mesenchymal tumour originally thought only to occur in the female pelvis and peritoneum, or rarely in the male genital tract. A 47-year-old man presented with a one-month history of dysphonia. He was found to have a supraglottic mass on endoscopic examination, and underwent a laryngofissure approach excision biopsy and covering tracheostomy. Histological analysis showed a characteristic proliferation of spindle cells widely separated by loose, myxoid stroma with a prominent vascular component. Aggressive angiomyxoma was diagnosed.

To our knowledge, this is the second report in the world literature of aggressive angiomyxoma of the larynx. Comparison with the female pelvic counterpart facilitates diagnosis, aided by recent advances, and suggests that complete surgical excision with a wide margin is the treatment of choice.

To evaluate endoscopic pharyngeal pouch surgery practice in north Glasgow by comparing it to National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence recommendations.

We reviewed the case notes of patients who had undergone pharyngeal pouch surgery from 1998 to 2008. Data obtained included patient demographics, procedures performed, complications and outcomes.

One hundred patient case notes were reviewed. Surgical procedures performed included endoscopic stapling (n = 58), endoscopic laser surgery (26), external excision (one), cricopharyngeal myotomy (two) and pharyngoscopy with dilatation (three). Endoscopic stapling was abandoned in 10 patients (14.7 per cent), three of whom declined further surgery. There was a 2.2 per cent perforation rate for endoscopic procedures. Twenty-one per cent of patients required further surgery.

Our practice was not in keeping with National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence recommendations. Our complication rates were similar to other published series, although our rates for abandoned and revision procedures were higher. We suggest that pharyngeal pouch surgical procedures should be undertaken only by otolaryngologists with a primary head and neck interest.

(1) To present a rare case of stridor secondary to prolonged laryngospasm in a patient with Parkinson's disease, and (2) to review the literature on stridor in Parkinson's disease.

We report a 73-year-old Parkinson's disease patient who developed acute stridor due to prolonged laryngospasm triggered by overspill of excessive secretions. The literature was reviewed, following a Medline search using the keywords ‘Parkinson's disease’ and ‘stridor’ or ‘airway obstruction’ or ‘laryngospasm’ or ‘laryngeal dystonia’ or ‘bilateral vocal cord palsy’.

Only 12 previously reported cases of stridor in Parkinson's disease patients were identified. Causes included bilateral vocal fold palsy (eight cases), laryngospasm (five), and dystonia of the jaw and neck muscles (two). The mechanism of laryngospasm in our patient was similar to ‘dry drowning’, and has not previously been described.

Laryngospasm can be triggered in Parkinson's disease by excessive secretions entering the larynx. The mechanism is similar to ‘dry drowning’. Treatment focuses on reducing secretions. The use of botulinum toxin to reduce spasm is inappropriate in this situation. This case emphasises the importance of recognising different causes of stridor in Parkinson's disease patients, as this affects management.

Superior semicircular canal dehiscence affects the auditory and vestibular systems due to a partial defect in the canal's bony wall. In most cases, sound- and pressure-induced vertigo are present, and are sometimes accompanied by pulse-synchronous tinnitus.

We describe a 50-year-old man with superior semicircular canal dehiscence whose only complaints were head rotation induced tinnitus and autophony. Head rotation in the plane of the right semicircular canal with an angular velocity exceeding 600°/second repeatedly induced a ‘cricket’ sound in the patient's right ear. High resolution temporal bone computed tomography changes, and an elevated umbo velocity, supported the diagnosis of superior semicircular canal dehiscence.

In addition to pulse-synchronous or continuous tinnitus, head rotation induced tinnitus can be the only presenting symptom of superior semicircular canal dehiscence without vestibular complaints. We suggest that, in our patient, the bony defect of the superior semicircular canal (‘third window’) might have enhanced the flow of inner ear fluid, possibly producing tinnitus.

To describe the first published case of superficial angiomyxoma with an epithelial component occurring in the retropharynx.

Case report of a patient with swallowing difficulties caused by a rare case of superficial angiomyxoma in the retropharynx.

Superficial angiomyxoma is a distinct entity among the dermal myxomatous lesions. Superficial angiomyxoma is poorly circumscribed, and local recurrence is common unless the tumour is excised with clear margins. Distinctive histological features include a myxoid mass composed of spindle and stellate-shaped cells and occasional multinucleated cells. There is prominent vasculature and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the stroma, particularly by neutrophil polymorphs. Epithelial structures are seen in about one-third of cases. A case of retropharyngeal tumour with morphological features of superficial angiomyxoma is reported. The tumour cells, including multinucleated ones, were negative for soft tissue differentiation markers. The inflammatory cells included lymphocytes, histiocytes and neutrophil polymorphs.

This case demonstrates that a cutaneous type of angiomyxoma with epithelial-lined structures can occur in deep soft tissue, such as the retropharynx.

To demonstrate the different clinical presentations of tuberculous otitis media and the management of selected cases.

We report four cases of tuberculous otitis media with different clinical presentations, encountered between 1998 and 2002. None of the cases showed improvement with local or systemic antibiotics. The diagnosis, complications and management of these cases are discussed.

A high index of clinical suspicion of tuberculous otitis media is required in patients who do not respond to standard antibiotic therapy for (nontuberculous) chronic middle-ear infection. Early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous otitis media is important to avoid irreversible complications, surgical intervention and propagation of the disease.

Neck abscesses can originate from congenital cervical cysts. Cervical cysts of bronchogenic origin are rare and often asymptomatic. Common symptoms of bronchogenic cysts are stridor, dyspnoea and dysphagia. The reported patient represents the second published case of a bronchogenic cyst causing a neck abscess in an adult.

We report a case of a cervical bronchogenic cyst presenting as a recurrent supraclavicular abscess in a middle-aged woman. During extirpation, a fistula was demonstrated to the right upper lobe of the lung, suspected because the cyst inflated synchronously with respiration.

The symptoms of bronchogenic cysts are due to the effects of compression or fistulas. In the majority of these cysts, a thorough investigation involving history, examination and radiological imaging does not clearly demonstrate a fistula. Therefore, extirpation is both diagnostic and therapeutic.

A bronchogenic cyst is a very rare cause of a recurrent deep neck abscess. Total extirpation is the treatment of choice.

To highlight the importance of pre-operative review of sesta-methoxyisobutylisonitrile imaging before parathyroid surgery.

Technetium-99 m sesta-methoxyisobutylisonitrile scanning is a well established imaging modality undertaken to locate the parathyroid glands prior to parathyroidectomy. Because of the relative lack of detail in the images obtained, the radiological report is normally the most important piece of information used by the surgeon for surgical planning. We report a case that illustrates the importance of surgical image review prior to revision parathyroid surgery. We also present a review of literature highlighting the need for surgical review of such imaging.

We propose that surgeons routinely review sesta-methoxyisobutylisonitrile images pre-operatively.

Pharyngocutaneous fistula is a serious complication following total laryngectomy. We report a simple technique which is useful in assessing the adequacy of pharyngeal closure following total laryngectomy.

Installation of 1.5 per cent hydrogen peroxide into the oral cavity, while observing for leakage at the pharyngeal repair.

We have found this technique to be useful in 22 patients undergoing total laryngectomy with pharyngeal resection and neck dissection.

This method ensures that pharyngeal closure has been technically adequate.

To report a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis occurring as a rare complication of neck dissection, and to present a review of published literature.

A 42-year-old man underwent an elective neck dissection for a tumour stage 2, node stage 2b, tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma, prior to chemoradiotherapy. During surgery, the right internal jugular vein was sacrificed as part of the resection, as tumour was adherent to it. Two weeks after surgery, the patient was readmitted with seizures. Subsequent computed tomography and magnetic resonance venography confirmed a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. The patient was subsequently anticoagulated and underwent radiotherapy without further complication. A review of pre-operative imaging indicated a dominant internal jugular vein, ligation of which may have been a factor in the subsequent sagittal sinus thrombosis.

Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis following neck dissection is a rare occurrence, with little reported in the literature. Dominant internal jugular vein anatomy may be evident on pre-operative imaging. An awareness of this complication may be helpful to surgeons contemplating sacrifice of the internal jugular vein.

To assess the efficacy of excision of nasal dermoids through a closed rhinoplasty incision. This is the first description of the use of this approach for excision of superficial nasal dermoids.

Three boys aged five, nine and 12 years presented with midline nasal dermoids with minimal cutaneous involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated distinct, cystic, superficial nasal masses. The cysts were excised through a closed rhinoplasty approach. In each case, completeness of extirpation was judged by histopathological examination of the excised specimen. Aesthetic outcome was recorded photographically.

All three patients' cysts were completely excised, with excellent cosmetic results.

The closed rhinoplasty incision is another approach in the surgeon's armamentarium for excision of small, superficial nasal dermoid cysts. In well selected cases, this approach gives optimal cosmetic results, provides adequate exposure with minimal dissection, and allows total extirpation.

We describe a case of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo which occurred after use of a whole-body vibration training plate.

Case report and literature review concerning the secondary causes of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and the physiological effects of whole-body vibration training plates.

A 44-year-old woman was referred with classic symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo following use of a whole-body vibration training plate, a popular form of fitness equipment widely used in sports, rehabilitation and beauty treatments. The condition resolved spontaneously after several days. There have been reports of negative side effects in users of this equipment, such as dizziness, headache and a sensation of imbalance; however, there have been no reported cases involving vertigo. Based on a literature review, this equipment may cause side effects, including vertigo, by generating forces that can increase the original amplitude of internal organs, which may potentially cause labyrinthine trauma or dislocation of otoconia, leading to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

We suggest that whole-body vibration training plates may potentially induce benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Manufacturers may need to make users of this equipment aware of this risk, and remind them to use it with caution.

We present the first reported case of primary small cell carcinoma of the lacrimal sac.

A 67-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our department with a two-month history of left medial canthal swelling, epiphora and occasional nasal bleeding. Nasal endoscopy revealed a readily bleeding tumour in the left inferior meatus. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated that the tumour was mainly located in the left lacrimal sac. Histopathological studies of a biopsy specimen revealed small cell carcinoma. The patient was treated with four cycles of chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin and etoposide, in combination with radiotherapy. There was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis for five years.

Small cell carcinoma originating in the head and neck region has been reported to be highly aggressive and to have a poor prognosis. We report a case of primary small cell carcinoma of the lacrimal sac successfully treated with chemo-radiotherapy.

This report describes a novel case in which superior canal dehiscence syndrome was unmasked by successful stapes surgery for otosclerosis.

Case report and literature review regarding superior canal dehiscence syndrome.

Superior canal dehiscence syndrome is a rare but well described condition in which audiovestibular symptoms are caused by noise or straining. A dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal in the floor of the middle cranial fossa is responsible, and acts as a ‘third window’ into the inner ear.

A patient with confirmed otosclerosis underwent second-side stapedotomy, with good audiometric outcomes. Unfortunately, surgery was complicated by immediate post-operative vertigo and persistent auditory symptoms. A diagnosis of superior canal dehiscence syndrome was eventually made, on the basis of low threshold vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and characteristic computed tomography findings. Superior canal resurfacing resulted in complete resolution of symptoms.

The otosclerotic focus in the oval window prevented the development of symptoms from this patient's superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Surgical stapedotomy created a third window and resulted in immediate post-operative imbalance and auditory symptoms.

The diagnosis of superior canal dehiscence syndrome should be considered in patients with persistent audiovestibular symptoms after stapes surgery. High resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone and vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing, if available, are the investigations of choice in confirming the diagnosis.

To describe an unusual case of lateral neck swelling in a patient with a permanent cardiac pacemaker.

We describe a patient who presented with a painful, lateral neck swelling due to an internal jugular vein thrombus. This thrombus originated from around pacemaker wires in the subclavian vein. This case is unusual, as the vast majority of thromboses in patients with cardiac pacemakers are found in the subclavian vein alone. We also review the literature on the relationship between cardiac pacemakers and internal jugular vein thrombosis, and on the management of the latter.

Our patient illustrates a rare cause of a painful, lateral neck swelling: an internal jugular vein thrombus secondary to a cardiac pacemaker. Clinicians should be wary of such pathology in similar patients, in order to ensure early treatment and avoidance of complications.

We report a case of melioidosis presenting as a discharging neck abscess, and we describe the use of a vacuum-assisted closure device in its management.

We report the case of a 44-year-old, Afro-Caribbean woman with melioidosis. We also present the results of a literature search using the search terms ‘melioidosis’, ‘Burkholderia pseudomallei’ and ‘vacuum-assisted closure device’.

Microbiological analysis identified the causative organism as being the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, and its antimicrobial sensitivities to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. A vacuum-assisted closure device was used to manage the patient's melioidosis of the neck; we believe this is the first report of such treatment.

Melioidosis is rare in the UK and western world; however, exposure can occur during travel to endemic areas. We therefore draw attention to this infection as part of the differential diagnosis of a neck abscess. We propose the use of vacuum-assisted closure devices as useful adjuncts to the management of discharging neck wounds.

We report the previously undocumented complication of gustatory itching following superficial parotidectomy.

Case report and review of the English literature concerning Frey's syndrome, complications of superficial parotidectomy and the pathophysiology of itching.

A 49-year-old woman developed gustatory itching following a superficial parotidectomy. Her symptoms were satisfactorily managed with topical and oral antihistamine preparations. We propose a neurophysiological pathway involving acetylcholine and histamine to explain this phenomenon.

To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of gustatory itching following superficial parotidectomy. The use of antihistamine preparations appears to effectively manage this symptom, without the need for invasive procedures.