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Integrative taxonomy suggests that South American freshwater nematodes Echinocephalus and their host stingrays co-originated in late Oligocene to early Miocene

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 September 2022

M. I. Müller ,
E. A. Adriano Open the ORCID record for E. A. Adriano [Opens in a new window] ,
M. S.B. Oliveira  and
L. L. Corrêa
M. I. Müller
Affiliation:
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Rua Arthur Riedel 275, Jd Eldorado, Diadema, SP CEP09972-270, Brazil
E. A. Adriano*
Affiliation:
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Rua Arthur Riedel 275, Jd Eldorado, Diadema, SP CEP09972-270, Brazil Department of Animal Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
M. S.B. Oliveira
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal do Amapá. (UNIFAP), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km2, Macapa, Amapa CEP68903-419, Brazil
L. L. Corrêa
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas (ICTA), Santarém, PA CEP68040-255, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence: E.A. Adriano, E-mail: adriano@unifesp.br
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Abstract

Nematoda of the genus Echinocephalus Molin, 1858 include species from the Gnathostomatidae family, the adult stages of which parasitize the stomach and spiral intestine of elasmobranchs as their final hosts. In the present study, we describe Echinocephalus spinosus n. sp. found parasitizing the spiral valve of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro from the Tapajós River, in the Amazon Basin, in the state of Pará, Brazil. In the study we performed morphological (light and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular (small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rDNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I sequencing) analyses. E. spinosus n. sp. is only the second species of the Echinocephalus genus described from a strictly freshwater environment. The SSU rDNA based phylogenetic analyses showed Echinocephalus clade as a sister lineage of Gnathostoma, and that the new species arises as a sister to Echinocephalus cf. pseudouncinatus. Time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis revealed that the origin of the freshwater Echinocephalus coincides with the recently proposed origin of the freshwater host potamotrygonin stingray, namely the late Oligocene to early Miocene, when the western Amazon was dominated by the Pebas wetlands, an epicontinental marine/freshwater system.

Keywords

NematodeGnathostomatidaetime-calibrated phylogenyPotamotrygoninaePotamotrygon motoroAmazon
Type
Research Paper
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 96 , 2022 , e68
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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