Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-5mhkq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-13T19:57:59.526Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Etymology of English boy, beacon, and buoy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2008

Anatoly Liberman
Anatoly Liberman
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota-Twin CitiesDepartment of German, Scandinavian and Dutch205 Folwell Hall9 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455 [liber002@umn.edu]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The words discussed here are vaguely connected, for all three may originally go back to sound complexes designating objects capable of swelling and making frightening noises. In boy, we probably have a blend of *boi ‘devil’ and *bo ‘little brother’. (A close parallel is German Bube.) The etymon of beacon seems to be *bauk-, which, like OE būc ‘stomach’, referred to swelling. Its original meaning was ‘portent’ ‘banner’ and ‘signal fire’ were added to ‘portent, sign’ under the influence of the word for ‘token’. A reflex of another word that denoted an inflatable object is buoy, borrowed from Middle Dutch.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Germanic Linguistics , Volume 12 , Issue 2 , Fall 2000 , pp. 201 - 234
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Germanic Linguistics 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

ÁBM = Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon. 1989. Íslensk orðsifjabók. Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskólans.Google Scholar
AeEW = Holthausen, Ferdinand. 1934. Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. [2nd edn. 1963; 3rd edn. 1974.]Google Scholar
AEW = Vries, Jan de. 1957–1960. Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Leiden: E. J. Brill. [2nd edn. 1962; 3rd edn. 1977.]Google Scholar
Ahlqvist, August. 1875. Die Kulturwörter der westfinnischen Sprachen. Ein Beitrag zu der älteren Kulturgeschichte der Finnen. Helsingfors: Wasenius'sche Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
AMG = Baring-Gould, William S. and Baring-Gould, Ceil (eds.). 1967. The annotated Mother Goose. Nursery rhymes old and new. New York: The World Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1939. Een vijftiende-eeuwse straatroep. De nieuwe taalgids 33.40.Google Scholar
Austin, William M. 1958. Germanie reflexes of Indo-European -Hy- and -Hw- Language 34.203–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, C. J. E. 1970. Review of Klein 1966–1967. Lingua 25.64–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berneker, Erich. 1908–1913. Slavisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Vol. 1. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Bilderdijk, W. 1822. Geslachtlist der Nederdeutsche Naamwoorden, op stellige taalgronden gevestigt. 2 vols. Amsterdam: J. C. Sepp en Zoon.Google Scholar
Bliss, A. J. 1951/1952. Three etymological notes. English and Germanic Studies 4.20–30.Google Scholar
Brouwer, J. H. 1964. Boai, poai, en poalle yn it nijfrysk. Taal en tongval 16.65–67.Google Scholar
Bugge, Sophus. 1888. Etymologische studien ueber germanische lautverschiebung. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 13.167–187.Google Scholar
Campbell, Alistair. 1959. Old English grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Century = Whitney, William D. (ed.). 1889–1911. The century dictionary. New York: The Century Co. [Revised by Smith, Benjamin E., 1911.]Google Scholar
Ciardi, John. 1980. A browser's dictionary and native's guide to the unknown American language. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
C.O.D = McIntosh, E. (ed.). 1964. The concise Oxford dictionary. Etymologies revised by Friedrichsen, G. W. S.. 5th edn.Oxford: Clarendon Press. [6th edn., ed. by Sykes, J. B., 1976; 8th edn., ed. by Allen, R. E., 1990; 10th edn., ed. by Pearsall, Judy, 1999.]Google Scholar
Collinder, Björn. 1932. Wortgeschichtliches aus dem Bereich der germanisch-finnischen und germanisch-lappischen Lehnbeziehungen. Acta Philologica Scandinavica 7.193–225.Google Scholar
CV = Richard, Cleasby and Vigfusson, Gudbrand. 1957. An Icelandic-English dictionary. 2nd edn.Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Daa, Lewis K. 1856. On the affinities between the languages of the northern tribes of the old and new continents. Transactions of the Philological Society, 251–294.Google Scholar
DEO = Nielsen, Niels Åge. 1966. Dansk etymologisk ordbog. Ordens historie. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. [3rd edn. 1976; 4th edn. 1989.]Google Scholar
Diensberg, Bernhard. 1978. Zur Etymologie von ne. boy. Sprachwissenschaft 3.345–356.Google Scholar
Diensberg, Bernhard. 1981. The etymology of Modern English boy: A new hypothesis. Medium Ævum 50.79–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diensberg, Bernhard. 1985. The lexical fields boy/girl - servant - child in Middle English. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 86.328–336.Google Scholar
Diensberg, Bernhard. 1994. Towards a revision of the Oxford dictionary of English etymology. Symposium on Lexicography VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Lexicography May 7–9, 1992 at the University of Copenhagen, ed. by Hyldgaard-Jensen, Karl and Pedersen, Viggo Hjørnager, 207–233. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietz, Klaus. 1967. Zur neuenglischen Etymologie. Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 204.354–365.Google Scholar
Dietz, Klaus. 1981. Mittelenglisches oi in heimischen Ortsnamen und Personennamen. Beiträge zur Namenforschung n. F. 16.269–340, 361–405.Google Scholar
Diez, Friedrich. 1887. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen. 5th edn.Bonn: Adolph Marcus.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, Eric J. 1940. The etymology and meaning of boy. Medium Ævum 9.121–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, Eric J. 1943. Middle English and Middle Dutch boye. Medium Ævum 12.71–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, Eric J. 1957. English pronunciation 1500–1700. Volume 2: Phonology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
DW = Jacob, und Grimm, Wilhelm. 1854–1971. Deutsches Wörterbuch. Leipzig: S. Hirzel. [Repr. 1965–1989.]Google Scholar
ESRI = Shanskii, N. M. (ed.). 1963-. Etimologicheskii slovar' russkogo iazyka. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta.Google Scholar
ESSI = Trubachev, O. N. (ed.). 1974-. Etimologicheskii slovar' slavianskikh iazykov. Praslavianskii leksicheskii fond. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Ettmüller, Ludovicus. 1851. Vorda vealhstod Engla and Seaxna. Quedlinburg and Leipzig: Gottfried Basse.Google Scholar
EWA = Lloyd, Albert L., Lühr, Rosemarie, and Springer, Otto. 1988-.Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen. Göttingen and Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
EWDS = Kluge, Friedrich. 1883. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 1st/2nd edn.Straßburg: Karl J. Trübner. [3rd edn. (unchanged) 1884; 6th edn. 1899; 11th edn., by Alfred Götze with the assistance of Wolfgang Krause, 1934. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 16th edn., by Alfred Götze, with the assistance of Hans Krahe, completed by Alfred Schirmer, 1953; 21st edn., by Walther Mitzka, 1975 [KM]; 22nd and 23rd edns., by Elmar Seebold, 1989 [KS];23rd edn. 1995.]Google Scholar
Feilitzen, Olof von, and Blunt, Christopher. 1971. Personal names on the coinage of Edgar. England before the conquest: Studies in primary sources presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed. by Clemoes, Peter and Hughes, Kathleen, 183–214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Feist, Sigmund. 1939. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache. 3rd edn.Leiden: E. J. Brill. [4th edn.: Winfred P. Lehmann. 1986. A Gothic etymological dictionary. Based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist. With bibliography prepared under the direction of Helen-Jo J. Hewitt. Leiden: E. J. Brill.]Google Scholar
Feitsma, Tony. 1962. Sproglige berøringer mellem Frisland og Skandinavien. Sprog og kultur 23.97–121.Google Scholar
FEW = Wartburg, Walther von. 1934-[1998]. Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Leipzig and Berlin: B. G. Teubner; Basel: Zbinden.Google Scholar
Fischer, Frank. 1909. Die Lehnwörter des Altwestnordischen. (Palaestra, 85.) Berlin: Mayer & Müller.Google Scholar
Fritzner, Johan. 1973–1979. Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog. 2nd edn.Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
FT = Falk, Hjalmar and Torp, Alf. 1910–1911. Norwegisch-dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Goedel, Gustav. 1902. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Seemannssprache. Kiel and Leipzig: Lipsius & Tischer.Google Scholar
Gottlund, Carl Axel. 1853. Försök att förklara de finska stamordens uppkomst. (Published dissertation, Kejserl. Alexanders Universitet.) Helsingfors: Frenckell & Son.Google Scholar
Güntert, Hermann. 1928. Weiteres zum Begriff “Winkel” im ursprünglichen Denken. Wörter und Sachen 11.124–142.Google Scholar
Gysseling, Maurits. 1987. Substratwörter in den germanischen Sprachen. NOWELE 10.47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. R. Clark. 1984. A concise Anglo-Saxon dictionary. 4th edn., with a supplement by Meritt, Herbert D.. (Medieval Academic Reprints for Teaching, 14.) Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, in association with the Medieval Academy of America.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1984. On criteria for Northwest Germanic. Lingua Posnaniensis 27.7–11.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1985. Old English bēacn ‘beacon’, beckon, etc Comments on Etymology 15.5–6, 9–10.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1988. Footnote to “On criteria for Northwest Germanic.” Lingua Posnaniensis 31.45.Google Scholar
Hellquist, Elof. 1929–1930. Det svenska ordförrådets ålder och ursprung. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup.Google Scholar
Hilmer, Hermann. 1918. The origin and growth of language. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 17.21–50.Google Scholar
HL = Horn, Wilhelm. 1954. Laut und Leben, ed. by Lehnert, Martin. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Holthausen, Ferdinand. 1900. Kegel und Verwandtes. Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 105.365–366.Google Scholar
Holthausen, Ferdinand. 1903. Review of: Walter Skeat. 1901. A concise etymological dictionary of the English language. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Anglia Beiblatt 14.33–40.Google Scholar
IEW = Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern and Munich: Francke.Google Scholar
ISEW = Jóhannesson, Alexander. 1956. Isländisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern and Munich: Francke.Google Scholar
Iago, W. 1903. Anglo-Saxon names and titles. Notes and Queries (series 9) 12.268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. 1999. Comparative notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European. UCLA Indo-European Studies 1, ed. by Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. and Vine, Brent, 147–264. Los Angeles: UCLA Program in Indo-European Studies.Google Scholar
Jakobsen, Jakob. 1921. Etymologisk ordbog over det norrøne sprog på Shetland. Copenhagen: Vilhelm Priors KgI. Hofboghandel.Google Scholar
Johansson, K. F. 1900. Anlautendes indogerman. b. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 36.342–390.Google Scholar
Jordan, Richard. 1906. Eigentümlichkeiten des anglischen Wortschatzes. Eine wortgeographische Untersuchung mit etymologischen Anmerkungen. (Anglistische Forschungen, 17.) Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Jordan, Richard. 1968. Handbuch der mittelenglischen Grammatik. Lautlehre. 3rd edn. by Matthes, H. Ch., with a bibliographical supplement by Klaus Dietz. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Kaestner, Walter. 1970. Boofke und Piefke. Korrespondenzblatt des Vereins für Niederdeutsche Sprachforschung 77.10–11.Google Scholar
Kauffmann, Friedrich. 1887. Zur geschichte des germanischen consonantismus. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 12.504–547.Google Scholar
KL = Kluge, Friedrich and Lutz, Frederick. 1899. English etymology: A select glossary serving as an introduction to the history of the English language. London: Blackie & Son; Boston, New York, and Chicago: D. C. Heath & Co.Google Scholar
Klaeber, Fr. 1912. Die christlichen Elemente im Beowulf. Anglia 35.111–136.Google Scholar
Klaeber, Fr. (ed.). 1950. Beowulf and the fight at Finnsburg. 3rd edn. with first and second supplements. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath & Co.Google Scholar
Klein, Ernest. 1966. A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Kluge, Friedrich. 1901. Geschichte derenglischen Sprache. Grundriss der germanischen Philologie. 2nd edn. by Paul, Hermann, 926–1151. Straßburg: Karl J. Trübner.Google Scholar
KM See EWDS, 21st edn.Google Scholar
KS See EWDS, 22nd and 23rd edns.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Hans. 1938. Das Zeugnis der Sprache über Alter und Ursprung der Runenschrift. Beiträge zur Runenkunde und nordischen Sprachwissenschaft. Gustav Neckel zum 60. Geburtstag, 54–74. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. [Repr. in Kuhn 1969–1978, III: 469–85.]Google Scholar
Kuhn, Hans. 1952. Heldensage vor und ausserhalb der Dichtung. Edda, Skalden, Saga. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Felix Genzmer, ed. by Schneider, Hermann. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. [Repr. 1961 in Zur germanisch-deutschen Heldensage: sechzehn Aufsätze zum neuen Forschungsstand, ed. by Karl Hauck, 173–194. (Wege der Forschung, 14.) Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; and in Kuhn 1969–1978, II: 102–118.]Google Scholar
Kuhn, Hans. 1969–1978. Kleine Schriften, ed. by Hofmann, Dietrich with the assistance of Wolfgang Lange and Klaus von See. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. [Vol. 2 1971; vol.3 1972.]Google Scholar
Laistner, Ludwig. 1888. Über den Butzenmann. Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur 32.145–195.Google Scholar
Leendertz, P. Jr. 1918. Kenne, kene, boye, kier. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Taal- en Letterkunde 37.296–270.Google Scholar
Loewenthal, John. 1916. Zur germanischen Wortkunde. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 32.270–301.Google Scholar
Makovskii, M. M. 1977. Sootnoshenie neobkhodimosti i svobody v leksikosemanticheskikh preobrazovaniiakh. Voprosy iazykoznaniia 3.55–72.Google Scholar
Makovskii, M. M. 2000. Review Jazyk i rechevaia deiatel'nost', 1–2. St. Petersburg University, 1998. Voprosy iazykoznaniia 3.132–148.Google Scholar
Mandel, Jerome. 1975. “Boy” as devil in Chaucer. Papers on Language and Literature 11.407–411.Google Scholar
Markey, Thomas L. 1976. A North Sea Germanic reader. Munich: Wilhelm Fink.Google Scholar
Markey, Thomas L. 1980. Review of Piergiuseppe Scardigli, Teresa Gervasi, Avviamento all' etimologia inglese e tedesca. Dizionario comparativo dell'elemento germanico comune ad entrambe le lingue. Firenze: Le Monnier, 1978. Colloquia Germanica 13.177–179.Google Scholar
Markey, Thomas L. 1983. Gmc. *baina- ‘bone’ and other monstrosities. NOWELE 2.93–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minsheu, (Minschæus) John, . 1617. Ductor in linguas (Guide into the tongues) and Vocabularium hispanicolatinum. Publ. by the author. [Repr. 1978 as Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 321. Delmar, NY: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, Inc.]Google Scholar
Modéer, Ivar. 1937. Namn- och ordgeografiska studier. (Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift, 1937/12.) Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells boktryckeri A.-B.Google Scholar
Modéer, Ivar. 1943. Fvn. bákn, sv. båken och besläktade ord. Namn och Bygd 31.131–149.Google Scholar
Möller, Hermann. 1879. Epenthese vor k–lauten im germanischen als wirkung des velaren oder palatalen charakters des wurzellautes. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 24.427–522.Google Scholar
Mossé, Fernand. 1933. Review of AeEW, 1–3. English Studies 15.60–65.Google Scholar
Müller, Ernst E. 1968. Synchronie—Diachronie an einem Beispiel aus der Wortgeschichte: Knabe, Bube, Junge. Sprache, Gegenwart und Geschichte. Probleme der Synchronie und Diachronie. Sprache der Gegenwart. Jahrbuch 1968, 129–146. (Schriften des Instituts für deutsche Sprache, 5.) Düsseldorf: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann.Google Scholar
Muller, J. W. 1938–1939. Booi. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Taal-en Letterkunde 58.177–184.Google Scholar
NEW = de Vries, Jan. 1971. Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Nigra, C. 1903. Lat. bŏa, bŏva; fr. bouée. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 27.341–343.Google Scholar
Noreen, Adolf. 1894. Abriss der urgermanischen Lautlehre mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die nordischen Sprachen, zum Gebrauch bei akademischen Vorlesungen. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.Google Scholar
NS = Napier, A. S. and Stevenson, W. H.. 1895. Anecdota Oxoniensia: The Crawford collection of early charters and documents now in the Bodleian Library. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
O.D.E.E. = Onions, C. T. et al. (eds.). 1966. The Oxford dictionary of English etymology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
O.E.D. = The Oxford English dictionary. 1992. 2nd edn.Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Okasha, Elisabeth. 1976. “Beacen” in Old English poetry. Notes and Queries 221.200–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinkerton, Edward C. 1982. Word for word. Essex, CT: Verbatim.Google Scholar
Polomé, Edgar C. 1985. Problems in Germanic etymology. Comments on Etymology 15.3–4, 6–13.Google Scholar
Princi, Braccini Giovanna. 1984. Recupero di un lemma germanico e connesse questioni etimologiche (wala-paus in Rotari, wala nel Beowulf, francese galon, italiano gola, e tedesco posse). AION—Filologia germanica 27.135–205.Google Scholar
Ramat, Paolo. 1963. I problemi della radice indoeuropea *bhāg-. AION—Sezione linguistica 5.33–57.Google Scholar
Ritter, Otto. 1910. Etymologieen. Anglia 33.471–479.Google Scholar
Rocchi, Luciano. 1989. A. nord. pika, baltofinn. *piika “ragazza; serva”. Dialettologia e varia linguistica per Manlio Cortelazzo, ed. by Borgato, GianLuigi and Zamboni, Alberto, 301–306. (Quaderni Patavini di linguistica. Monografie, 6.) Padua: Publicazione del Dipartimento di Linguistica dell'Università di Padova e del Centro per gli Studi di Fonetica del C. N. R., Unipress.Google Scholar
Roelandts, Karel. 1966. Familiarismen met anorganische konsonant (types Jakke, Witte, Pelle enz.). Verslagen en mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde, 213–298.Google Scholar
Roelandts, Karel. 1984. De etymologie von Fries boai, Engels boy en Middelnederlands boye. Miscellanea Frisica. In nije bondel Fryske stúdzjes. Een nieuwe bundel Friese studies. A new collection of Frisian studies, ed. by Århammar, N. R. et al. , 123–136. (Fryske Akademy, 634.) Assen: Van Gorcum.Google Scholar
Rooth, Erik. 1960/1962. Mittelniederländische Wortstudien. Niederdeutsche Mitteilungen 16/18.5–82.Google Scholar
Sauvageot, Aurélien. 1930. Recherches sur Ie vocabulaire des langues ouraloaltaïques. (Collection Linguistique publiée par La Société de Linguistique de Paris, 30.) Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion.Google Scholar
SB = Brunner, Karl. 1965. Altenglische Grammatik, nach der angelsächsischen Grammatik von Eduard Sievers. 3rd edn.Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo. 1901. Franz, bouée = mhd. bouchen. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 25.345–347.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo. 1903. Zur Methodik der Wortgeschichte. Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 27.609–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senn, Alfred. 1933. Nachträge zu Kluges Wörterbuch. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 32.504–529.Google Scholar
SEO = Hellquist, Elof. 1939. Svensk etymologisk ordbok. 2nd edn.Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup.Google Scholar
Skeat, Walter W. 1882. An etymological dictionary of the English language. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [2nd edn. 1884; 3rd edn. 1897; 4th edn. 1910.]Google Scholar
Skinner, Stephen. 1671. Etymologicum linguæ anglicanæ. London: T. Roycroft. [Repr. 1970. Los Angeles: Sherwin & Freutel.]Google Scholar
S.O.D. = The shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. 1944. 3rd edn.Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Stave, Joachim. 1965. Raffke—Piefke—Boofke. Ein Sprachbeitrag zum Bilde des häßlichen Deutschen. Wirkendes Wort 15.127–137.Google Scholar
Szemerényi, Oswald. 1989. Germanica II (6–10). Indogermanica Europea. Festschrift für Wolfgang Meid zum 60. Geburtstag am 12.11.1989, 367–384. Graz: Grazer Linguistische MonographienGoogle Scholar
ten Doornkaat Koolman, J. 1879–1884. Wörterbuch der ostfriesischen Sprache. Norden: Herm. Braams.Google Scholar
Thomsen, Vilhelm. 1869. Den gotiske sprogklasses indflydelse på den finske. En sproghistorisk undersøgelse. [Repr. 1920 in Samlede afhandlinger 2.49–238 (with a postscript 239–264). København and Kristiania: Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk forlag.]Google Scholar
Tobler, Adolf. 1896. Etymologisches. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 851–872.Google Scholar
Üçok, Necip. 1938. Über die Wortgruppen weltanschaulichen und religiösen Inhalts in der Bibelübersetzung Ulfilas. (Published dissertation, University of Heidelberg.) Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
UED = Wyld, Henry C. (ed.). 1932. The universal dictionary of the English language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Uhlenbeck, Christianus C. 1905. Bemerkungen zum gotischen Wortschatz. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 30.252–327.Google Scholar
van den Berg, B. 1938. Een amsterdamsche scheldroep uit de 15de eeuw. De nieuwe taalgids 32.366–367.Google Scholar
van den Helm, G. L. 1861. Eymologische onderzoekingen. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Taal? en Letterkunde 3.203–210.Google Scholar
Vercoullie, J. 1920. Etymologisch kleingoed. Verslagen en mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde, 789–795.Google Scholar
Vermeer, Hans J. 1971. “Indisch” boy. Donum indogermanicum. Festgabe für Anton Scherer zum 70. Geburtstag, ed. by Schmitt-Brandt, Robert, 70–81. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Vidos, B. E. 1957. Étymologie organique. Revue de linguistique romane 21.93–105.Google Scholar
Voyles, Joseph. 1968. Gothic and Germanic. Language 44.720–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VV = Verwijs, E. and Verdam, J., completed by Stoett, F. A.. 1885–1941. Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek. 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Wadstein, Elis. 1918–1922. Friesische Lehnwörter im Nordischen. Skrifter utgifna af K. Humanistiska Vetenskap-Samfundet i Uppsala 21:3. Uppsala: A.-B. Akademiska Bokhandeln; Leipzig: Otto Harassowitz.Google Scholar
Wadstein, Elis. 1925. Norden och Västeuropa i gammal tid. Populärt vetenskapliga föreläsningar vid Göteborgs Högskola n. f. 22. Stockholm: Albert Bonnier.Google Scholar
Wadstein, Elis. 1932. Våra förfader och de gamla friserna. Från vår historias gryningstid. Historisk tidskrift 52.81–88.Google Scholar
Webster, Noah. 1828. An American dictionary ofthe English language. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company.Google Scholar
Webster, Noah. 1864. An American dictionary ofthe English language. Revised edn. by Goodrich, Chauncey A. and Porter, Noah. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company.Google Scholar
Wedgwood, Hensleigh. 1859. A dictionary of English etymology. London: Trübner & Co.Google Scholar
Weigand, Friedrich L. K.Deutsches Wörterbuch. 3rd edn.Gießen: Alfred Töpelmann.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WH = Weigand, Friedrich L. K.. 1909–1910. Deutsches Wörterbuch. 5th edn.Gießen: J. Ricker (formerly Alfred Töpelmann). [Repr. 1968 Berlin: de Gruyter.]Google Scholar
Whiter, Walter. 1825. Etymologicum universale. VoI. 3. Cambridge: J. Smith for Geo.B.Whittaker.Google Scholar
Widdowson, John. 1971. The bogeyman: Some preliminary observations on frightening figures. Folklore 82.99–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Francis A. 1904. Some derived meanings. Modern Language Notes 19.1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Francis A. 1923. Augurs and omens, gods and ghosts. The Manly anniversary studies in language and literature, 328–339. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
WP = Walde, Alois and Pokorny, Julius. 1927–1932. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen. Berlin and Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Zupitza, Ernst. 1900. Über doppelkonsonanz im irischen. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 36.202–245.Google Scholar