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Stable–streamlined and helical cavities following the impact of Leidenfrost spheres

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2017

M. M. Mansoor Open the ORCID record for M. M. Mansoor [Opens in a new window] ,
I. U. Vakarelski ,
J. O. Marston ,
T. T. Truscott Open the ORCID record for T. T. Truscott [Opens in a new window]  and
S. T. Thoroddsen
M. M. Mansoor*
Affiliation:
Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
I. U. Vakarelski
Affiliation:
Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
J. O. Marston
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA
T. T. Truscott
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4130, USA
S. T. Thoroddsen
Affiliation:
Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
*
†Email address for correspondence: mohammad.mansoor@kaust.edu.sa
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Abstract

We report results from an experimental study on the formation of stable–streamlined and helical cavity wakes following the free-surface impact of Leidenfrost spheres. Similar to the observations of Mansoor et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 743, 2014, pp. 295–326), we show that acoustic ripples form along the interface of elongated cavities entrained in the presence of wall effects as soon as the primary cavity pinch-off takes place. The crests of these ripples can act as favourable points for closure, producing multiple acoustic pinch-offs, which are found to occur in an acoustic pinch-off cascade. We show that these ripples pacify with time in the absence of physical contact between the sphere and the liquid, leading to extremely smooth cavity wake profiles. More importantly, the downward-facing jet at the apex of the cavity is continually suppressed due to a skin-friction drag effect at the colliding cavity-wall junction, which ultimately produces a stable–streamlined cavity wake. This streamlined configuration is found to experience drag coefficients an order of a magnitude lower than those acting on room-temperature spheres. A striking observation is the formation of helical cavities which occur for impact Reynolds numbers $Re_{0}\gtrsim 1.4\times 10^{5}$ and are characterized by multiple interfacial ridges, stemming from and rotating synchronously about an evident contact line around the sphere equator. The contact line is shown to result from the degeneration of Kelvin–Helmholtz billows into turbulence which are observed forming along the liquid–vapour interface around the bottom hemisphere of the sphere. Using sphere trajectory measurements, we show that this helical cavity wake configuration has 40 %–55 % smaller force coefficients than those obtained in the formation of stable cavity wakes.

JFM classification

Drops and Bubbles: Cavitation Interfacial Flows (free surface): Contact lines Flow Control: Drag reduction
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 823 , 25 July 2017 , pp. 716 - 754
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© 2017 Cambridge University Press 

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Mansoor et al. supplementay movie

Video of the (a) unstable and (b) stable-streamlined cavity wake formation shown in figure 1.

Download Mansoor et al. supplementay movie(Video)
Video 6.1 MB

Mansoor et al. supplementay movie

The stable-streamlined cavity wake observed in the depth range b of figure 3.

Download Mansoor et al. supplementay movie(Video)
Video 2.1 MB

Mansoor et al. supplementay movie

Video of the helical cavity wake shown in figure 8.

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Video 2.5 MB