Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T11:34:31.656Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On the Use of Geographic Information Systems in Economic History: The American Transportation Revolution Revisited

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2013

Jeremy Atack
Jeremy Atack*
Affiliation:
Professor of Economics and Professor of History, Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University, Box 351819 Station B, Nashville, TN 37235. E-mail: jeremy.atack@vanderbilt.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Transportation improvements in the nineteenth century loom large in the historiography of the profession during the twentieth century. This article describes the ongoing construction of a historical geographic information systems (GIS) transportation database designed to provide new insights into the impact of the transportation and communications revolution in the continental United States by providing evidence on the spatial dimensions of those changes over time. It also reviews some preliminary findings and reinterpretations based upon these data.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Economic History , Volume 73 , Issue 2 , June 2013 , pp. 313 - 338
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Appleton, D. and Company. Appletons’ Illustrated Railway and Steam Navigation Guide. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1862.Google Scholar
Atack, Jeremy. National Historical Transportation Database. (as of January 2012).Google Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, and Bateman, Fred. National Sample from the 1880 Census of Manufacturing. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2004a.Google Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, and Bateman, Fred. State Samples from the 1880 Census of Manufacturing. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2004b.Google Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, Bateman, Fred, Haines, Michael, and Margo, Robert. “Did Railroads Induce or Follow Economic Growth? Urbanization and Population Growth in the American Midwest, 1850–60.” Social Science History 34, no. 2 (2010): 171–97.Google Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, Bateman, Fred, and Margo, Robert. “Skill Intensity and Rising Wage Dispersion in Nineteenth-Century American Manufacturing.” The Journal of Economic History 64, no. 1 (2004): 172–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, Bateman, Fred, and Margo, Robert. “Capital Deepening and the Rise of the Factory: The American Experience During the Nineteenth Century.” The Economic History Review 58, no. 3 (2005): 586–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, Bateman, Fred, and Weiss, Thomas. National Samples from the Census of Manufacturing: 1850, 1860, and 1870. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2006.Google Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, Haines, Michael, and Margo, Robert. “Railroads and the Rise of the Factory: Evidence for the United States, 1850–1870.” Economic Evolution and Revolutions in Historical Time, edited by Rhode, P.; Rosenbloom, J. et al. 162–79. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, Haites, Erik F., Mak, James, and Walton, Gary M.. “The Profitability of Steamboating on Western Rivers: 1850.” The Business History Review 49, no. 3 (1975): 346–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, Jaremski, Matthew, and Rousseau, Peter L.. “American Banking and the Transportation Revolution Before the Civil War.” Unpublished Working Paper, Vanderbilt University and Colgate University, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, and Margo, Robert “‘Location, Location, Location!’ The Price Gradient for Vacant Urban Land: New York, 1835 to 1900.” The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 16, no. 2 (1998): 151–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, and Margo, Robert. “The Impact of Access to Rail Transportation on Agricultural Improvement: The American Midwest as a Test Case, 1850–1860.” Journal of Transportation and Land Use 4, no. 2 (2011): 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, and Margo, Robert. “Land Ownership and the Coming of the Railroad in the American Midwest, 1850–1860.” Railroads in Historical Context: Construction, Costs and Consequences, edited by McCants, A. and Beira, E., 151–77. Portugal, Foz Tua/EFP/MIT: 2012.Google Scholar
Atack, Jeremy, Margo, Robert, and Perlman, Elisabeth. The Impact of Railroads on School Enrollment in Nineteenth Century America, Unpublished Working Paper, Boston University, 2012.Google Scholar
Bateman, Fred, and Foust, James D.. Agricultural and Demographic Records for Rural Households in the North, 1860. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1984.Google Scholar
Bateman, Fred, and Foust, James D.. Agricultural and Demographic Records of 21,118 Rural Households Selected from the 1860 Manuscript Censuses. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1989.Google Scholar
Bateman, Fred, Weiss, Thomas, and Atack, Jeremy. State Samples from the Census of Manufacturing: 1850, 1860, and 1870. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2006.Google Scholar
Berry, Thomas Senior. Western Prices Before 1861: A Study of the Cincinnati Market. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1943.Google Scholar
Bezanson, Anne, Gray, Robert D., and Hussey, Miriam. Prices in Colonial Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, James Ernest. Chicago Wheat Prices for Eighty-One Years, Daily, Monthly and Yearly Fluctuations and Their Causes. Ithaca, NY: s.n., 1922.Google Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen N., and Irwin, Douglas A.. “Labor Productivity in the United States and the United Kingdom During the Nineteenth Century.” Explorations in Economic History 43, no. 2 (2006): 257–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burr, David H.Map of the United States of North America with Parts of the Adjacent Countries London: J. Arrowsmith, 1839.Google Scholar
Burr, Henry A. Disturnell's New Map of the United States and Canada Showing All the Canals, Rail Roads, Telegraph Lines, and Principal Stage Routes. Drawn by Henry A. Burr. New York, J. Disturnell, 1851.Google Scholar
Carter, Susan B. et al. Historical Statistics of the United States Millennial Edition Online. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Chappell, Sally A. Kitt. “Urban Ideals and the Design of Railroad Stations.” Technology and Culture 30, no. 2 (1989): 354–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobb, Charles. American Railway Guide, and Pocket Companion for the United States … Together with a Complete Railway Map. New York, C. Dinsmore & Co., 1853.Google Scholar
Coffman, Chad, and Gregson, Mary Eschelbach. “Railroad Development and Land Value.” The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 16, no. 2 (1998): 191–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, Arthur Harrison. Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States, 1700–1861. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, Arthur Harrison. Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States, 1700–1861: Statistical Supplement, Actual Wholesale Prices of Various Commodities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938b.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colton, G. W. Colton's Railroad Map (Intermediate Size) of the United States Reduced from “Colton's Railroad and Commercial Map of the United States. New York, G. W. & C. B. Colton & Co., 1870.Google Scholar
Colton, G. W. Colton's Intermediate Railroad Map of the United States. New York: G. W. & C. B. Colton & Co., 1882.Google Scholar
Colton, J. H. Colton's New Railroad & County Map of the United States and the Canadas & C. New York: J. H. Colton, 1860.Google Scholar
Conzen, Michael P., and Carr, Kay J.. The Illinois & Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor: A Guide to Its History and Sources. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Craig, Lee A., Palmquist, Raymond, and Weiss, Thomas. “Transportation Improvements and Land Values in the Antebellum United States: A Hedonic Approach.” Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 16, no. 2 (1998): 173–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cram, George F. Standard American Atlas of the World. Chicago: G. F. Cram, 1887.Google Scholar
Cronon, William. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton, 1991.Google Scholar
Della Portella, Ivana. The Appian Way: From Its Foundation to the Middle Ages. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2004.Google Scholar
Dilts, James D. The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828–1853. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Disturnell, John. Disturnell's Guide through the Middle, Northern, and Eastern States Containing a Description of the Principal Places, Canal, Railroad, and Steamboat Routes, Tables of Distances, Etc.: Compiled from Authentic Sources. New York: J. Disturnell, 1847.Google Scholar
Doggett, John. Doggett's Railroad Guide and Gazetteer for—1848—with Sectional Maps of the Great Routes of Travel. New York, John Doggett Jr. proprietor 64 Liberty Street. Also for sale by … 14 others in 12 cities: S.W. Benedict stereotyper and printer 16 Spruce Street, 1848.Google Scholar
Donaldson, Dave. “Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure.” NBER Working Paper No. 16487, Cambridge, MA, October 2010.Google Scholar
Donaldson, Dave, and Hornbeck, Richard. “Railroads and American Economic Growth: A “Market Access” Approach.” Working Paper, Harvard University, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duran, Xavier. “Was the First Transcontinental Railroad Expected to Be Profitable? Evidence from Entrepreneur's Declared Expectations, an Empirical Entry Decision Model, and Ex-Post Information.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Economic History, London School of Economics, 2010.Google Scholar
Ensign, Bridgman & Fanning. Railroad Map of the United States, Showing the Depots & Stations. New York, Ensign, Bridgman & Fanning, 1856.Google Scholar
Felis-Rota, Marta, Jordi Marti Henneberg, and Mojica, Laia. “A GIS Analysis of the Evolution of the Railway Network and Population Densities in England and Wales, 1851–2000.” Unpublished Working Paper, Autonomous University of Madrid and University of Lieda, 2012.Google Scholar
Fishlow, Albert. American Railroads and the Transformation of the Antebellum Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert William. The Union Pacific Railroad: A Case in Premature Enterprise. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert William. “A Quantitative Approach to the Study of Railroads in American Economic Growth: A Report of Some Preliminary Findings.” The Journal of Economic History 22, no. 2 (1962): 163–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogel, Robert William. Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert W. Personal communication. 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodrich, Carter. Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800–1890. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodrich, Carter. Canals and American Economic Development. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Carter. The Government and the Economy, 1783–1861. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967.Google Scholar
Grossman, James R., Keating, Ann Durkin, and Reiff, Janice L.. The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Haites, Erik F., Mak, James, and Walton, Gary M.. Western River Transportation: The Era of Early Internal Development, 1810–1860. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Haney, Lewis H. A Congressional History of Railways in the United States. New York: A. M. Kelley, 1968.Google Scholar
Harley, Knick C. “Transportation, the World Wheat Trade, and the Kuznets Cycle, 1850–1913.” Explorations in Economic History 17, no. 3 (1980): 218–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Healey, Richard G. The Pennsylvania Anthracite Coal Industry, 1860–1902: Economic Cycles, Business Decision-Making and Regional Dynamics. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Healey, Richard G., and Stamp, Trem R.. “Historical GIS as a Foundation for the Analysis of Regional Economic Growth: Theoretical, Methodological, and Practical Issues.” Social Science History 24, no. 3 (2000): 575–612.Google Scholar
Hunter, Louis C. Steamboats on the Western Rivers: An Economic and Technological History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1949.Google Scholar
Kim, Sukkoo. “Expansion of Markets and the Geographic Distribution of Economic Activities: The Trends in U.S. Regional Manufacturing Structure, 1860–1987.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, no. 4 (1995): 881–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Sukkoo. “Urban Development in the United States, 1690–1990.” Southern Economic Journal 66, no. 4 (2000): 855–80.Google Scholar
Knowles, Anne Kelly. Past Time, Past Place: GIS for History. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Kutler, Stanley I. Privilege and Creative Destruction: The Charles River Bridge Case. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1971.Google Scholar
Louisiana State University Department of Geography and Anthropology. “LSU Geography & Anthropology: In Memory of Carville Earle (1942–2003),” 2004.Google Scholar
Landis, Charles I. “History of the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike: The First Long Turnpike in the United States.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 42, no. 1 (1918a): 1–28.Google Scholar
Landis, Charles I. “History of the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike: The First Long Turnpike in the United States (Continued).” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 42, no. 4 (1918b): 358–60.Google Scholar
Landis, Charles I. “History of the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike: The First Long Turnpike in the United States (Continued).” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 42, no. 2 (1918c): 127–40.Google Scholar
Landis, Charles I. “History of the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike: The First Long Turnpike in the United States (Continued).” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 43, no. 2 (1919a): 182–190.Google Scholar
Landis, Charles I. “History of the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike: The First Long Turnpike in the United States (Continued).” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 43, no. 1 (1919b): 84–90.Google Scholar
Landis, Charles I., Webb, Will, et al. “History of the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike: The First Long Turnpike in the United States (Continued).” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 42, no. 3 (1918): 235–58.Google Scholar
Library of Congress. Geography and Map Division. and Andrew M. Modelski. Railroad Maps of the United States: A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Original Nineteenth-Century Maps in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress. Washington, The Library: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., USGPO, 1975.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. Lloyd's American Guide: Containing New Arranged Time Tables, So Simple and Correct That a Child Can Understand Them. Philadelphia: E. Lloyd, 1857.Google Scholar
Mercer, Lloyd J. “Land Grants to American Railroads: Social Cost or Social Benefit?” The Business History Review 43, no. 2 (1969): 134–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, David W. “Teaching Students to Think Like Historians—Great American History Machine.” Journal of Computing in Higher Education 7, no. 1 (1995): 33–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, David W., and Modell, John. “Teaching United States History with the Great American History Machine.” Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 21, no. 3 (1988): 121–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, Douglass C. “Location Theory and Regional Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 63, no. 3 (1955): 243–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, Douglass C. The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790–1860. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1961.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. Growth and Welfare in the American Past: A New Economic History. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966.Google Scholar
O'Rourke, Kevin H., Taylor, Alan M., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. “Factor Price Convergence in the Late Nineteenth Century.” International Economic Review 37, no. 3 (1996): 499–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Rourke, Kevin H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. “Late Nineteenth-Century Anglo-American Factor-Price Convergence: Were Heckscher and Ohlin Right?” The Journal of Economic History 54, no. 4 (1994): 892–916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Rourke, Kevin H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy. Cambridge, MA; London, MIT Press: 1999 (1 online resource xii, 343 p.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovenden, Mark. Railway Maps of the World. New York: Viking, 2011.Google Scholar
Paxson, Frederic L. (1914). “The Railroads of the “Old Northwest” Before the Civil War.” Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 17(Part 1): 247–74.Google Scholar
Persson, Karl. “Law of One Price.” EH.Net Encylopedia, 2008. Available at http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/persson.LOOP (Retrieved January 20, 2013).Google Scholar
Poor, Henry Varnum. History of the Railroads and Canals of the United States of America. New York: A. M. Kelley, 1970.Google Scholar
Puffert, Douglas J. “The Economics of Spatial Network Externalities and the Dynamics of Railway Gauge Standardization.” Ph.D. diss., Department of Economics, Stanford University, 1991.Google Scholar
Puffert, Douglas J. “The Standardization of Track Gauge on North American Railways, 1830–1890.” The Journal of Economic History 60, no. 4 (2000): 933–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rand Mcnally and Company; National General Ticket Agents’ Association, et al. The Rand-Mcnally Official Railway Guide and Hand Book. Chicago: National Railway Publication Co., 1879.Google Scholar
Riley, B. F. History of Conecuh County, Alabama. Embracing a Detailed Record of Events from the Earliest Period to the Present; Biographical Sketches of Those Who Have Been Most Conspicuous in the Annals of the County: A Complete List of the Officials of Conecuh, Besides Much Valuable Information Relative to the Internal Resources of the County. Columbus, GA: T. Gilbert, printer, 1881.Google Scholar
Ronk, S. E. “Prices of Farm Products in New York.” Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 643, 1936.Google Scholar
Rowell Geo. P. & Co. Geo. P. Rowell & Co's Gazetteer, Containing a Statement of the Industries, Characteristics, Population and Location of All Towns in the United States and British America, in Which Newspapers Are Published. New York, G.P. Rowell & Co., 1873.Google Scholar
Sage, J. J. Sage & Son's New & Reliable Rail Road Map Comprising All the Railroads of the United States and Canadas with Their Stations and Distances, Compiled from the Most Acurate Statistics. Buffalo: J. Sage & Sons, 1858.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Matthew J. “The Antebellum Transportation Revolution and Factor-Price Convergence.” NBER Working Paper No. W5303, Cambridge, MA, October 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slaughter, Matthew J. “Does Trade Liberalization Converge Factor Prices? Evidence from the Antebellum Transportation Revolution.” The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 10, no. 3 (2001): 339–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stover, John F. History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Tanner, Henry Schenk. Map of the Canals & Rail Roads of the United States Reduced from the Large Map of the U.S. By H. S. Tanner. Philadelphia: J. Knight, 1830.Google Scholar
Tanner, Henry Schenk. A New Map of Kentucky with Its Roads & Distances from Place to Place, Along the Stage & Steam Boat Routes. Philadelphia: H. S. Tanner, 1836.Google Scholar
Taylor, George Rogers. “Wholesale Prices at Charleston, SC, 1732–91.” Journal of Economic aand Business History 4 (February 1932): 356–77.Google Scholar
Taylor, George Rogers. The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1951.Google Scholar
Taylor, George Rogers, and Neu, Irene D.. The American Railroad Network, 1861–1890. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trescott, Paul B. “The Louisville and Portland Canal Company, 1825–1874.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 44, no. 4 (1958): 686–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Congress. House; U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers, et al. Engineer's Report of Certain Rivers and Harbors. Letter from the Secretary of War, Transmitting Reports of the Chief Engineer Upon the Improvement of Certain Rivers and Harbors. February 21, 1871. 41st Cong., 3d Sess. H. Exec Doc. 60, pt. 5. U.S. Serial Set 1453, 1871.Google Scholar
U.S. Congress. Senate and U.S. Department of the Treasury. Roads and Canals: Communicated to the Senate, April 6, 1808. 10 Cong. 1s sess, Publication No. 250. American State Papers 037, 1808.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Transportation. Bureau of Transporation Statistics. “National Transportation Atlas Database” (retrieved February 17, 2013). Available online at http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_atlas_database/2012/index.html, 2012.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Office; Francis Amasa Walker, et al. Statistical Atlas of the United States Based on the Results of the Ninth Census 1870: With Contributions from Many Eminent Men of Science and Several Departments of the Government. New York, Julius Bien, lith., 1874.Google Scholar
U.S. Supreme Court; Proprietors of Charles River Bridge, et al. (1837). Opinions of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Case of the Proprietors of Charles River Bridge vs. The Proprietors of Warren Bridge and Others: Delivered at the January Term For the Court at Washington, 1837. Making of Modern Law Trials. Boston, Otis, Broaders and Co.: 115 p.Google Scholar
Vanderbilt University. Engineering Center for Transportation Operations and Research. National Waterway Network, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Navigation Data Center, 1999.Google Scholar
Warren, George F., Pearson, Frank A., and Stoker, Herman M.. Wholesale Prices for 213 Years, 1720 to 1932. Ithaca, NY: Published by the University, 1932.Google Scholar
Waugh, Thomas C., and Healey, Richard G.. Advances in GIS Research: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. London; Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis, 1995.Google Scholar
Webber, Mabel L. “Col. Senf's Account of the Santee Canal.” The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 28, no. 1 (1927a): 8–21.Google Scholar
Webber, Mabel L. “Col. Senf's Account of the Santee Canal.” The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 28 no. 2 (1927b): 112–31.Google Scholar
Whitford, Noble E. History of the Canal System of the State of New York, Together with Brief Histories of the Canals of the United States and Canada. Supplement to the Annual Report of the Engineer and Surveyor of the State of New York. Albany: Brandow Printing Co., 1906.Google Scholar
Whitford, Noble E. “History of the Barge Canal of New York State” (Supplement to the Annual Report). New York: Annual Report of the State Engineer and Surveyor. Albany: J.B. Lyon Company, 1922.Google Scholar
Whitney, William Dwight, and Smith, Benjamin E.. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia, with a New Atlas of the World. New York: The Century Co., 1911.Google Scholar
Wilson, William H. The Columbia-Philadelphia Railroad and Its Successor. New York: American Canal and Transportation Center, 1985.Google Scholar
Wright, Carroll D. History and Growth of the United States Census. Washington DC: GPO, 1900.Google Scholar
Wright, Gavin. “The Origins of American Industrial Success, 1879–1940.” American Economic Review 80, no. 4 (1990): 651–68.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Jeremy Atack supplementary material

Supplementary movies and maps

Download Jeremy Atack supplementary material(File)
File 28.3 MB