English Influence on the Church at Odense in the Early Middle Ages

Peter King

doi:10.1017/S0022046900068299

English Influence on the Church at Odense in the Early Middle Ages

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 March 2011

Peter King

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Peter King: Affiliation:
Institute of Historical Research, London

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A round 960 king Harald Bluetooth ‘made the Danes Christians’. But for another hundred years outsiders would have found the Danish Church provincial and backward. Until the end of the eleventh century Denmark had no cathedral schools and few of its native clergy were learned men. There were no influential monasteries until 1089 and, therefore, no party in the Church to counteract the influence of the married clergy and champion the ideas of reform favoured by the Roman Curia. It was not until 1054 that king Sven Estridsøn divided his kingdom into nine bishoprics and the ecclesiastical map of the kingdom began to assume its medieval shape. It took even longer for these bishoprics to acquire adequate endowments. The churches of Denmark were so poor that simony was often a necessity. Finally, Denmark had no metropolitan authority of its own until the beginning of the twelfth century. Throughout the eleventh century its bishops owed obedience to the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen and the efforts of Sven Estridsøn to establish a native archbishopric were unsuccessful.

Type: Articles
Information: The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 13 , Issue 2 , October 1962 , pp. 145 - 155

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022046900068299 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1962

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^{page 145 note 1} S. Anselmi Opera, ed. Schmitt, F. S., Edinburgh 1946–51, v. 394Google Scholar.

^{page 145 note 2} Adami canonici Bremensis Gesta Pontificum Hamaburgensium, P.L. 146, col. 624.

^{page 146 note 1} Odense Bys Historie, ed. Holbeck, H. S., Odense, 1924–6, 31–2Google Scholar.

^{page 146 note 2} See Knowles, M. D., The Monastic Order, Cambridge 1949, 68, on this episodeGoogle Scholar.

^{page 146 note 3} Adami canonici Bremensis Gesta Pontificum Hamaburgensium, P.L. 146, col.

^{page 146 note 4} Ibid. col. 616, 623, 627–8 (schol. 114).

^{page 146 note 5} Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, ed. Gertz, M. C., Copenhagen 1908, 60–3Google Scholar.

^{page 146 note 6} Vaughan, R., Matthew Paris, Cambridge 1958, 203Google Scholar.

^{page 146 note 7} Passio Sancti Kanuti Regis et Martyris, Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, 68.

^{page 147 note 1} Gesta Swenomagni Regis et Filiorum eitts et Passio Gloriosissimi Canuti Regis et Martyris, Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, 116–17. (Cited hereafter as Gesta Swenomagni).

^{page 147 note 2} Ibid. 124.

^{page 147 note 3} Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, 68, 129.

^{page 147 note 4} Gesta Swenomagni, Vitæ Sanctorum Danorum, 120.

^{page 147 note 5} Ibid.

^{page 147 note 6} See R. Vaughan, Matthew Paris, 201.

^{page 147 note 7} Gertz, M. C., Knud den Helliges Martyrhistorie, Copenhagen 1907, 119–20Google Scholar.

^{page 147 note 8} Chronicon Episcoporum Fionensium ineditum. Copenhagen Royal Library, Add. MS. 178 p. 5.

^{page 147 note 9} See M. C. Gertz, Knud den Helliges Martyrhistorie, on the medieval literature about Cnut.

^{page 147 note 10} Ibid. 26.

^{page 147 note 11} Leach, H. G., Angevin Britain and Scandinavia, Cambridge (Mass.) 1921, 78.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 1} Passion Sancti Kanuti, Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, 70.

^{page 148 note 2} Ibid., 67.

^{page 148 note 3} Gesta Swenomagni, Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, 77.

^{page 148 note 4} Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, 44.

^{page 148 note 5} Gesta Swenomagni, Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, 133.

^{page 148 note 6} Ibid., 134.

^{page 148 note 7} Ibid., 129.

^{page 148 note 8} The modern Roman Catholic church of St. Alban occupies the site of the medieval building.

^{page 148 note 9} See Appendix 154–5 below.

^{page 149 note 1} Scriptores rerum Danicarum, Copenhagen, 1772–1878, vii. 217 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 149 note 2} Necrologium Lundense, Corpus codicum Danicorum Medii Aevi, Copenhagen 1960—, i. 328Google Scholar.

^{page 149 note 3} Gesta Swenomagni, Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, 133, 134.

^{page 149 note 4} Appendix.

^{page 149 note 5} M. D. Knowles, The Monastic Order in England, 163.

^{page 149 note 6} Ibid., 164 and n. 1.

^{page 149 note 7} Dugdale, , Monasticon Anglicanum, 2nd. edition, London 1817–30, ii. 37Google Scholar.

^{page 149 note 8} Thorkelin, G. J., Diplomatarium Arna—Magnaeanum, Copenhagen 1786, i. 243Google Scholar.

^{page 149 note 9} Appendix.

^{page 150 note 1} Thorkelin, Diplomatarium Arna—Magnaeanum, i. 261.

^{page 150 note 2} Koch, H., Den Danske Kirkes Historie, Copenhagen 1950–8, i. 131Google Scholar.

^{page 150 note 3} Thorkelin, Diplomatarium Arna—Magnaeanum, i. 156, 285.

^{page 150 note 4} Liber Donationum Monasterii Sorensis, Scriptores rerum Danicarum, iv. 466.

^{page 150 note 5} See Lorenzen, V., De Danske Benediktinerklostres Bygningshistorie, Copenhagen 1933, 99–100Google Scholar.

^{page 150 note 6} Thorkelin, Diplomatarium Arna—Magnaeanum, i. 4.

^{page 150 note 7} Appendix.

^{page 150 note 8} Ibid.

^{page 151 note 1} Series Episcoporum Otthoniensium, Scriptores rerum Danicarum, vii. 219.

^{page 151 note 2} Necrologium Lundense, Corpus codicum Danicorum Medii Aevi, i. 328 (fol. 163).

^{page 151 note 3} Series Episcoporum Otthoniensium, loc. cit.

^{page 151 note 4} Thorkelin, Diplomatarium Arna—Magnaeanum, i. 245–6.

^{page 151 note 5} Ibid., i. 247.

^{page 151 note 6} Ibid., 247.

^{page 151 note 7} See documents edited by Holtzmann, W., ‘Urkunden zur Geschichte des Domklosters von Odense’, Schriften des Vereins für Schleswig—Holsteinische Kirchengeschichte. 2 Reihe, 9 Band, Kiel 1930–5, 64Google Scholar. Cited hereafter as ‘Urkunden des Domklosters von Odense’.

^{page 151 note 8} Ibid., 63.

^{page 151 note 9} Thorkelin, Diplomatarium Arna—Magnaeanum, i. 245–6.

^{page 152 note 1} Series Episcoporum Otthoniensium, Scriptores rerum Danicarum, vii. 219.

^{page 152 note 2} Pontopiddan, E., Annales Ecclesiae Danicae Diplomatici, Copenhagen 1741–7, ii. 174–5Google Scholar.

^{page 152 note 3} Thorkelin, Diplomatarium Arna—Magnaeanum, i. 245–6, 253–4. On the exemptions of Odense, see Koch, H., ‘De aeldste Danske Klostres Stilling in Kirke og Samfund indtil 1221’, Dansk Historisk Tidsskrift, 10, iii (1936), 522, 533–4Google Scholar.

^{page 152 note 4} ‘Urkunden des Domklosters von Odense’, 59–65.

^{page 153 note 1} There is, however, no mention of Odense monks in the fragmentary Evesham Obit books in the British Museum—Lansdowne MS. 427, Cott. MSS. Vit. E xii and xvii. No Obit book of Odense has survived.

^{page 153 note 2} ‘Urkunden des Domklosters von Odense’, 62, 63.

^{page 153 note 3} Ibid., 63–4.

^{page 153 note 4} Thorkelin, Diplomatarium Arna—Magnaeanum, i. 245–6, 253–4.

^{page 153 note 5} ‘Urkunden des Domklosters von Odense’, 64–5.

^{page 153 note 6} Krarup, A., Bullarium Danicum, Copenhagen 1932, i. No. 205Google Scholar.

^{page 153 note 7} Copenhagen Rigsarkiv; Upsala University Library, de la Gardie's Donation, No. 39.

^{page 153 note 8} See Appendix.

^{page 154 note 1} Thorkelin, Diplomatarium Arna—Magnaeanum, i. 244.

^{page 154 note 2} Upsala University Library, de la Gardie's Donation, No. 39.

^{page 154 note 3} Erslev, K. S. A., Repertorium Diplomaticum Regni Danici Mediaevalis, Copenhagen 1894–1912, i. 1; iv. 38Google Scholar.

^{page 154 note 4} See C. A. Jensen, ‘Kirkens Bygningshistorie’, in Odense Bys Historie, 496.

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