^{page 171 note 1} For Pinkerton, see above in this Journal, xix. 58–63.

^{page 171 note 2} See Walsh, R., A Residence at Constantinople, London 1836, i. 243Google Scholar.

^{page 171 note 3} See the Missionary Register for 1819, 407–9.

^{page 171 note 4} Letter of 8 February 1821, B.F.B.S., 17th Report, 1821, 66–7.

^{page 171 note 5} The opinions of those consulted are given in B.F.B.S., 20th Report, 1824, 126–55.

^{page 172 note 1} B.F.B.S., 20th Report, 1824, 125.

^{page 172 note 2} This was the 1810 edition of Seraphim of Antalya's translation of the Psalter: Ψαλтριον Δαβσ Πατισσχ β Παγαμπɛρν τɛσπιχατλαριλàν πɛραπρ, Venice 1810.

^{page 172 note 3} Lee, S., Remarks on Dr. Henderson's Appeal to the Bible Society on the subject of the Turkish version of the New Testament printed at Paris in 1819 … Cambridge 1824, 30Google Scholar.

^{page 172 note 4} Henderson, E., The Turkish New Testament incapable of defence, and the true principles Biblical translation vindicated: in Answer to Professor Lee's ‘Remarks on Dr. Henderson's Appeal to the Bible Society …’, London 1825, 80–1Google Scholar. See also Henderson's initial protest, An Appeal to the members of the British and Foreign Bible Society on the subject of the Turkish New Testament printed at Paris in 1819; containing a view of its history, an exposure of its errors, and palpable proofs of the necessity of its suppression, London 1824Google Scholar, and Lee's final rejoinder, Some additional remarks on Dr. Henderson's Appeal to the Bible Society …, Cambridge 1826.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 5} See for example the title pages of the 1758, 1780 and 1799 editions of Seraphim of Antalya's Προσκυνητριον and the Ἀπνθισμα τς Φριστιανικς Πστεως, Constantinople 1803, 81, where Anthimos, Patriarch of Jerusalem, is described as κοὺτσ σερηφν πατριγ.

^{page 173 note 1} R. Walsh, op. cit., i. 324.

^{page 173 note 2} According to F. W. Hasluck there were eleven inland Greek villages near Bursa at the turn of the present century, four Greek-speaking and seven Turkish-speaking; see Cyzicus, Cambridge 1910, 148. B. Adamantiadis records that, in the years before the Exchange of Populations, nine of the thirteen Orthodox communities in the Eparchy of Bursa were Greek-speaking, the rest Turkish-speaking; ῊΈκκλησιαστικ ΈπαρΧα Προσης, Μικρασιατικà Χρονικá viii (1959), 100.

^{page 173 note 3} Extract from Barker's Journal, B.F.B.S., 20th Report, 1824, 80.

^{page 174 note 4} This must have been Ὴ Μον τν Ταξιαρχν. See Kyrillos, Ἰστοικ Περιγαφ, Constantinople 1815, 12Google Scholar; Moysis, of Adana, , Μουτενεβ ἰλιυλερν τζυαλ, Smyrna 1836, 154Google Scholar; Hamilton, W. J., Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, and Armenia …, London 1842, ii. 264–5Google Scholar; and Ioannidis, I., Καισρεια Μητροπολιτλερ, Constantinople 1896, 66Google Scholar.

^{page 174 note 1} B.F.B.S., 20th Report, 1824, 83.

^{page 174 note 2} See above, 66.

^{page 174 note 3} B.F.B.S., ibid., 83. This move of residence reflected the much larger number of Orthodox Christians to be found in the region of Niğde. See Rizos, N. S., καpi;παςοκικ, Constantinople 1856, 102Google Scholar, and Phosteris, D. P., Τ Ἀραβνιον Ἀραβανιώτικα Παραμὺθια, Μικραασιατικ Χρονικ, v (1952), 133Google Scholar.

^{page 174 note 4} B.F.B.S., ibid., 73.

^{page 174 note 5} Letter of 10 March 1824 in T. Pell Platt's MS., ‘An account of all the translations circulated by the Society, stating the reasons which led to their adoption, or the history of the translating and editing of those which were new and revised versions, viii. Turkish Armenian and Turco-Greek’, p. 7. Platt included in his account many extracts of letters not published in full in the Society's reports.

^{page 175 note 1} Letter of 25 March 1824 in Platt, ‘Turco-Greek’, 2.

^{page 175 note 2} Letter of 10 May 1824 in Platt, ibid., 2. The Orthodox community at Mihaliç was Turkish speaking, see, for example, Mordtmann, A. D., Anatolien, Skizzen und Reisebriefe aus Kleinasien (1850–1859), ed. Babinger, F., Hannover 1925, 12Google Scholar.

^{page 175 note 3} Letter of 24 June 1824 in B.F.B.S., 21st Report, 1825, 59.

^{page 175 note 4} B.F.B.S., ibid., 59.

^{page 175 note 5} B.F.B.S., 21st Report, 1825, 61. Theoctistus was very likely the ‘Θεοκτστος διδσκαλος’, translator of the Μεχροὺμ Νικηφρος Θεοτκηνην, Constantinople 1817.

^{page 175 note 6} Letter of 23 July 1824 in Platt, ‘Turco-Greek’, 3. The first part of it is published in B.F.B.S., 21st Report, 62.

^{page 175 note 7} Letter of 23 November 1824 in Platt, ibid., 4. The first part of it is published in B.F.B.S., 21st Report, 63.

^{page 176 note 1} See H. O. Dwight, Die amerikanischen Missionen in der asiatischen Türkei (in English) appended to R. Oberhummer and Zimmerer, H., Dutch Syrien und Kleinasien, Berlin 1899, 451Google Scholar and Jäschke, G., ‘Die christliche Mission in der Türkei’, Saeculum, vii (1956), 70Google Scholar.

^{page 176 note 2} R. Walsh, op. cit., ii. 501, Appendix 6. See also Southgate, H., Narrative of a tour through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia, London 1840, i. 140Google Scholar.

^{page 176 note 3} See 38th Annual Report of the Religious Tract Society, London 1837, 101. Jetter engaged in a lively controversy with the Orthodox Ecclesiastical Committee in Smyrna. See the Ἀλληλογραφα τς ν Σμρνῃ Ἐκκλησιστικς Ἐπιτροπς μετ τοῖ αὐτθι πεοταλμνου παρ70; τς Εὐαγγελικς Ἐταιρας κα Ἐφρου τς σχολς K. Γτερ and the Ἀπντησις εἰς τς κατ Ἂγγλων κα Ἐγγλαμερικνν ποστλων παρατηρσες τς ν Σμρνη, Ἐκκλησιαστικς Ἐπιτρπς …, both published in Smyrna in 1836. In the latter Jetter again refers to the burning of ‘copies of the word of God’. His confidence in the Tightness of his own cause was supreme; he ended a letter to the Committee with a Biblical warning, ‘Lest haply ye be found even to fight against God’.

^{page 177 note 1} Alexander Helladius, Status praesens Ecclesiae Graecae, Nürnberg ?, Altdorf ? 1714, 247.

^{page 177 note 2} Cutter, W., Missionary Efforts of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in History of American Missions to the Heathen from their commencement to the present time, Worcester, Mass. 1840, 585Google Scholar. The passage is also quoted in Saloutos, T., ‘American Missionaries in Greece: 1820–1869’, Church History, xxiv (1955), 166–7Google Scholar. The original text is published in Gedeon, M., Κανονικα διατξεις…, Constantinople 1889, ii. 261–3Google Scholar. This synodal letter (Gedeon, ibid., 248–280) was published separately in two editions, Constantinople 1836 and Athens 1837. Other patriarchal decrees against Protestant missionary effort are to be found in Gedeon, ibid., 197–202 and 287–92.

^{page 178 note 1} Letter of 8 October 1824, in Platt, ‘Turco-Greek’, 4. Leeves added that this, of course, could not be printed.

^{page 178 note 2} B.F.B.S., 21st Report, 1825, 3.

^{page 178 note 3} Letters of 25 April, 10 June, 25 October 1825, in Platt, ibid., 5.

^{page 178 note 4} B.F.B.S., 22nd Report, 1826, 99.

^{page 178 note 5} This was the Bible Society's first Karamanli edition. There was no edition of the Psalms published under its auspices in 1822, as has sometimes been suggested; see, for instance, Cooper, A. A., The Story of the (Osmanli) Turkish version with a brief account of related versions, London 1901, 43, 58Google Scholar and Salaville, S. and Dalleggio, E., Karamanlidika, Bibliographie analytique d'ouvrages en langue turque imprimés en caractères grecs, i (1584–1850), Athens 1958, 202Google Scholar.

^{page 178 note 6} See Eckmann, J., Tunan harfli Karamanli imlâsi hakkinda in Turk dili ve tarihi hakkinda araştirmalar, ed. Eren, H. and Kun, T. Halasi, Ankara 1950, 29–30Google Scholar and the same author's ‘Anadolu Karamanli ağizlanna ait araştirmalar, I Phonetica’, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafva Fakültesi Dergisi, viii (1950), 172Google Scholar.

^{page 179 note 1} Letter of 2 September 1826, B.F.B.S., 23rd Report, 1827, 89.

^{page 179 note 2} Slade, A., An Historical Catechism of the Church of England, London 1883.Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 1} Slade, A., Records of Travels in Turkey …, London 1833, ii. 462–3, 476–7Google Scholar. K. N. Lamprulos quoted some of Slade's remarks to good effect in his attack on Protestant missionary activity, Ὁ Μισσιοναρισμς κα Προτεσταντισμς εἰς Ανατολς, Smyrna 1836, p. κθ’ For a contemporary Orthodox criticism directed more specifically at the Bible Society, see Oikonomos, K., Ἐπκρισις εἰς τν περ νεοελληνικς Ἐκκλησας σντομον πντησιν το … Νεοφτου Βμβα, Athens 1838Google Scholar.

^{page 180 note 2} Letter of 8 February 1827, B.F.B.S., 23rd Report, 1827, 74.

^{page 180 note 3} Ibid. The copies which Leeves sent back to the Committee are presumably those now in the Bible House Library.

^{page 180 note 4} For Argyrammos's activities as director of the Patriarchal Press, see Didot, A. Firmin, Notes d'un voyage fait dans le Levant en 1816 et 1817, Paris 1826, 83–5.Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 5} Letter of 8 February 1827, B.F.B.S., 23rd Report, 1827, 74.

^{page 180 note 6} See Platt, ‘Turkish-Armenian and Turco-Greek’, 10.

^{page 181 note 1} Letter of 7 November 1826, B.F.B.S., 23rd Report, 1827, 59–60.

^{page 181 note 2} In that Theoctistus's translation was based on Seraphim of Antalya's earlier version, C. Huart was correct in assuming this edition to be the third of Seraphim's Psalter; see ‘Note sur un psautier turc en caractères grecs’, Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, xii (1902), 84Google Scholar.

^{page 181 note 3} Letter of 8 February 1827, B.F.B.S., 23rd Report, 1827, 74.

^{page 181 note 4} Platt, op. cit., 9.

^{page 181 note 5} Letter of 10 October 1825, B.F.B.S., 22nd Report, 1826, 100.

^{page 181 note 6} Letter of 10 December 1825 in Platt, ‘Turco-Greek’, 5.

^{page 181 note 7} Platt, ibid., 7.

^{page 181 note 8} Letter of 8 February 1827, B.F.B.S., 23rd Report, 1827, 74–5.

^{page 182 note 1} Platt, ‘Turco-Greek’, 8.

^{page 182 note 2} In 1838 Leeves was appointed ‘Chaplain to the British Residents at Athens’. See Miller, W., ‘The Finlay Papers’, The English Historical Review, xxxix (1924), 393CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 182 note 3} The accounts in the Society's annual reports of its activities in publishing Karamanli translations are less detailed for the 1830s than for the 1820s. This seems at least partly to have been the result of shortage of space in the annual reports consequent on the world wide expansion of the Society's activities. Moreover, the Society had been fully apprised of the need for Karamanli translations, and had taken the necessary decisions to enable them to be published. The early editions had proved successful and the Committee was now content to allow Leeves, whose experience and competence were beyond doubt, to carry on his work with less need to refer to the Committee for authority.

^{page 182 note 4} The S.P.C.K. also published three Turkish editions of The Book of Common Prayer, two in Arabic characters (Leipzig 1842 and London 1883) and one in Armenian characters, Ingilterenin velrlandamn birlešmis kiliselerinin sabah ve aksam dualanmn, London 1880.Google Scholar

^{page 182 note 5} R. Burgess, Greece and the Levant…, London 1835, ii. 3.

^{page 182 note 6} Ibid., 3–4.

^{page 183 note 1} See First Four Years of the American Independent Smyrna Mission, under the Patronage of the New Haven Ladies' Greek Association, Smyrna 1834, 19Google Scholar.

^{page 183 note 2} B.F.B.S., 28th Report, 1832, liv; 35th Report, 1839, 50.

^{page 183 note 3} B.F.B.S., 26th Report, 1830, lvi. Robertson was the agent of the ‘Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church’, see Shaw, P. E., American Contacts with the Eastern Churches, 1820–1870, Chicago 1937, 17Google Scholar.

^{page 183 note 4} Presumably the same metropolitan of Caesarea, Paisios, who in the preface to the Τογροὺ τινγν ταλιμ, Constantinople 1839Google Scholar, expressed his hostility to Protestant missionary activity in his diocese. See below, 190. Paisios, a native of Pharasa, was consecrated metropolitan of Caesarea in 1832, see Levidis, A. M., Ἰστορικν δοκμιον … τς Καππαδοκας, i. Ἐκκλησιαστικ Ἰστορα, Athens 1885, 193, 209.Google Scholar

^{page 184 note 1} B.F.B.S., 30th Report, 1834, lxii.

^{page 184 note 2} A. Helladius, op. cit., 289, 138. See also Deny, J., ‘A propos des traductions en ture osmanli des textes religieux Chrétiens’, Die Welt des Islams, n.s. iv (1956), 35Google Scholar. The edition referred to by Helladius was very probably the Turkish New Testament in Arabic characters in the translation of William Seaman, Domini nostri Jesu Christi Testamentum Novum Turcice redditum, Oxford 1666. Apart from a specimen edition, consisting of the three Epistles of St. John, Specimen Turcicum SS. Scripturae: sive tres epistolae S. Johannis Apostoli Turcice redditae, Oxford 1659, Seaman's was the first and, indeed, the only edition of the complete New Testament until the Kieffer/Bobowski version, Paris 1819. Deny makes the interesting suggestion that Seaman, who was employed in the service of Sir Peter Wyche, British Ambassador to the Porte (1628–39), may have been aided in his translation by Bobowski, op. cit., 33.

^{page 184 note 3} As, for instance, the Rev. Dr. John Covel, Chaplain in Constantinople from 1670 to 1677; see. Wood, A. C., A History of the Levant Company, Oxford 1935, 222–4Google Scholar.

^{page 185 note 1} See I. Basire, A Letter … Relating His … Endeavours to propogate the Knowledge of the Doctrine … established in the Britannick Church, among the Greeks …, appended to The Ancient Liberty of the Britannick Church…, London 1661Google Scholar, 4. See above, 80.

^{page 185 note 2} Missionary Register for 1821, 428.

^{page 185 note 3} R. Walsh, op. cit., ii. 245.

^{page 185 note 4} B.F.B.S., 31st Report, 1835, xlix. Slight textual changes in this specimen Genesis were in fact made before the printing of Genesis as part of the first volume of the Society's complete Old Testament.

^{page 185 note 5} Ibid.

^{page 185 note 6} B.F.B.S., 32nd Report, 1836, xlvi.

^{page 186 note 1} The Society's Modern Turkish editions carry the simpler imprint, İngiliz ve Ecnebi Kitabi Mukaddes Širketi.

^{page 186 note 2} B.F.B.S., 35th Report, 1839, 50.

^{page 186 note 3} Jowett, W., Christian Researches in the Mediterranean from 1815 to 1820 in furtherance the objects of the Church Missionary Society, London 1822.Google Scholar

^{page 187 note 1} Burgess, op. cit., ii. 78. Mention is made of some of the activities of British missionaries in Asia Minor in Hornus, J. M., ‘Les missions anglicanes au Proche-Orient avant la création de l'évêché à Jerusalem’, Proche-Orient Chrétien, xii (1962), 255–69Google Scholar. G. Jäschke, op. cit., does not discuss British missionary activity.

^{page 187 note 2} Letter of 17 December 1828 in B.F.B.S., 25th Report, 1829, 83.

^{page 187 note 3} Ibid., 78.

^{page 187 note 4} The Rev. W. B. Lewis was an agent of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews. One of his reasons for visiting Kayseri appears to have been to minister to some Jewish converts to Christianity exiled to that city; see Gidney, W. T., The History of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews …, London 1908, 176Google Scholar.

^{page 187 note 5} Letters of 26 July 1830, B.F.B.S., 27th Report, 1831, 87.

^{page 187 note 6} Letters of 3 December 1830 and 18 January 1831, B.F.B.S., 27th Report, 1831, 91–2.

^{page 187 note 7} B.F.B.S., 30th Report, 1834, Ixii.

^{page 187 note 8} For this small literature, consisting mainly of religious works, in Turkish with Cyrillic characters, see Hazai, G., ‘Monuments linguistiques osmanlis-turcs en caractères cyrilliques dans les recueils de Bulgarie’, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, xi (1960), 221–31.Google Scholar

^{page 188 note 1} Letter of 18 January 1827, B.F.B.S., 23rd Report, 1827, 66.

^{page 188 note 2} See Wittek, P., ‘Yazijioghlu Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, xiv (1952), 639CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 188 note 3} For Brewer, see Larrabee, S. A., Hellas Observed: the American Experience of Greece 1775–1865, New York 1957, 179–82, 191–3Google Scholar.

^{page 188 note 4} B.F.B.S., 31st Report, 1835, liv.

^{page 188 note 5} B.F.B.S., 41st Report, 1845, xcvii. Leeves died later in the same year in Beirut.

^{page 188 note 6} Of the twenty-one informants, refugee villagers from Pharasa, consulted by Loukopoulos, D. and Petropoulos, D. in the study, Ἡ λακη λατρεα τν Φαρσων, Athens 1949Google Scholar, nine were either completely illiterate or knew only the alphabet.

^{page 189 note 1} Bonar, A. A. and MacCheyne, R. M., Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839, Edinburgh 1842, 449Google Scholar.

^{page 189 note 2} Missionary Herald, liii (1857), 219 f.Google Scholar cited in Hasluck, F. W., ‘Heterodox Tribes of Asia Minor’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, li (1921), 339Google Scholar.

^{page 189 note 3} Pamboukis, I. T., Πετεριμζ, λγαι λξεις π τς συνθσεως τν θρηακευτικν βιβλων τς τουρκοφώνου λληνικς φιλολογας, Athens 1961, 21Google Scholar.

^{page 189 note 4} See, for instance, H. O. Dwight in Oberhummer and Zimmerer, op. cit., 450–464; Hornus, J. M., ‘Le Protestantisme au Proche-Orient … L'American Board en Turquie et le développement du protestantisme arménien’, Proche-Orient Chrétien, viii (1958), 149–67Google Scholar; Dwight, H. G. O., Christianity in Turkey: a narrative of the Protestant Reformation in the Armenian Church, London 1854Google Scholar; Prime, E. D. G., ed., Forty Years in the Turkish Empire or, memoirs of…W. Goodell …, New York 1876Google Scholar; and Arpee, L., The Armenian Awakening, Chicago 1909, 93–171Google Scholar. Political considerations appear to have lain behind the conversion of some, at least, of the Gregorian Armenians to Protestantism; see Davison, R. H., Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–76, Princeton 1963, 122Google Scholar.

^{page 189 note 5} The Imperial firman granting these privileges to the Protestant community is printed in Noradounghian, G., Receuil d'actes intemationaux de l'Empire Ottoman, ii, Paris 1900, 392–4Google Scholar, and Hertslet, L., … Treaties and Conventions … between Great Britain and Foreign Powers …, ix, London 1856, 742–3.Google Scholar

^{page 190 note 1} Skene, J. H., Anadol; the last home of the faithful, London 1853, 80Google Scholar.

^{page 190 note 2} Paskhalidis, G., Ἀνακονωσις περ χωρων τινων τς Βιθυνας, Ξενοφνης, i (1896), 283Google Scholar.

^{page 190 note 3} The Teaching of the True Religion. Platon Levshin was successively archbishop of Tver and metropolitan of Moscow and his Orthodox catechism gained a considerable popularity as a concise exposition of Orthodox belief. Originally published in Moscow in 1765 the catechism was soon published in Modern Greek, by Korais, Adamantios, Ὀρθδοξος διδασκαλα εἲτουν σνοφις τς Χριστιανικς Θεολογας Leipzig 1782Google Scholar, reprinted Corfu 1827, Constantinople 1835, and Vendotis, G., Ὀρθδοξος διδασκαλα, ἢτοι Χριστιανικ Θεολογα ν σνοψει, Vienna 1783Google Scholar. Paisios's Karamanli version was one of many translations of this work, among them the English version by the Rev. Pinkerton, R., The Present State of the Greek Church in Russia; or a Summary of Christian Divinity …, Edinburgh 1814Google Scholar.

^{page 190 note 4} M. Gedeon, op. tit., 280–6.

^{page 191 note 1} See Salaville, S. and Dalleggio, E., Karamanlidika …, ii, 1851–1863, Athens 1966, 70–3Google Scholar.

^{page 191 note 2} Cf., 49, 55, 59, 63, 66.

^{page 191 note 3} See J. Eckmann, Die karamanische Literatur, in Deny, J. et al. , ed., Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta, ii, Wiesbaden 1964, 830–1Google Scholar.

^{page 191 note 4} ʻλκοι πανταχθεν πειλοῖσι ν διασπσωσι τν ντητα το ποιμνου… πστολοι ξνων δογμτων χριανικν περιτρχουσι τν χώραν … ὅπως ποπλανσωσι τς συνειδσεις κα σαγηνεσωσι τ πλθη, …, Alektoridis, A. S., ʻΛεξιλγιον το ν φερτακανοις τς Καππαδοκας γλωσσικο ἰδιώματος, ʼδελτον τς Ἱστορικς κα Ἐθνολογικς Ἐταιρεας, i (1883–4), 481Google Scholar. See also Krinopoulos, S., Τ φερτκαινα …, Athens 1889, 16–17Google Scholar and Pharasopoulos, S., Τ Σλατα …, Athens 1895, 10Google Scholar.

^{page 191 note 5} I have not seen two works by Agapidis, I., Ἐλληνικα εὐαγγελικα κοιντητηες το Πνττου, Thessaloniki 1948Google Scholar and ‘Ελληνικα εὐαγγελικα κοιντητηες τς Μικρς’ Ασας, Thessaloniki 1950, cited in I. T. Pamboukis, op. cit., 21. Useful information about Protestant missionary activity among the Orthodox is contained in Levidis, A. M., Συμβολα εἰς τν ἰστοραν το προσηλυτισμο ν Μικ Ἀσα, Ξενοφνης, iii (1905–6), 248–55Google Scholar, 343–51 and Paraskeviadis, I., Ξενοφνης, ii (1904–5), 223–9.Google Scholar

^{page 192 note 1} H. O. Dwight in Oberhummer and Zimmerer, op. cit., 456.

^{page 192 note 2} Roman Catholic missionaries established in Kayseri at this time celebrated the Liturgy in Latin, but the Psalms were sung in Latin, French and Turkish; see. A. M. Levidis, op. cit., 406.

^{page 192 note 3} See, for example, Dawkins, R. M., ‘The Crypto-Christians of Turkey’, Byzantion, viii (1933), 247–75Google Scholar and Milioris, N. E., Οἱ Κρυπτοχρστιανο, Athens 1962.Google Scholar

^{page 192 note 4} van Lennep, H. J., Travels in little-known parts of Asia Minor, London 1870, ii. 3–4Google Scholar.

^{page 192 note 5} During the first half of the century the Bibles distributed were those of the British and Foreign Bible Society, the American Bible Society purchasing from it the copies they required. Later editions of the Karamanli Bible were frequently joint undertakings of the British and American societies, with a joint committee taking part in the revision of the text. The particular contribution of the British and Foreign Bible Society has not always been appreciated even by British scholars; see, for example, Toynbee, A. J., according to whom, ‘… the Turkish Bible in Greek characters was a Protestant gift from the American missionaries’: The Western Question in Greece and Turkey, London 1922, 194Google Scholar.

^{page 193 note 1} As a Greek scholar has recently written, ‘δ⋯ν ἕμεινε τουρκφωνος λληνικ καλβη χωρς Ββλον … εἰς τν προτεσταντισμν φελονται κυρως ἠ ὅση γνσις τς Ἀγας Γραφς παρ τοῖς τουρκοφώνοις Ἑλλησι’; I. T. Pamboukis, op. cit., 22.