Developing the translational research workforce is a goal established by the National Center for Advancing Translational Science for its network of Clinical and Translational Science Award Program hubs. We surveyed faculty and research staff at our institution about their needs and preferences, utilization of existing trainings, and barriers and facilitators to research training. A total of 545 (21.9%) faculty and staff responded to the survey and rated grant development, research project development, and professional development among their top areas for further training. Faculty prioritized statistical methods and dissemination and implementation, while staff prioritized research compliance and research administration. Faculty (73.9%; n = 119) and staff (87.3%; n = 165) reported that additional training would give them more confidence in completing their job responsibilities. Time and lack of awareness were the most common barriers to training. Our results indicate the value of training across a range of topics with unique needs for faculty and staff. This pre-COVID survey identified time, awareness, and access to training opportunities as key barriers for faculty and staff. The shift to remote work spurred by the pandemic has further heightened the need for effective and readily accessible online trainings to enable continuous development of the clinical and translational research workforce.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This project aims to determine the key molecular pathways that link increased myocardial wall stress to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure. We will use a cardiac microtissue (CMT) model with dynamically tunable cantilever stiffness to examine changes in CMT hypertrophy and electro-mechanical properties in response to increased afterload (cantilever stiffness). Subsequently, we will determine if inhibition of pro-hypertrophic or anti-hypertrophic pathways alter the hypertrophic response to increased afterload. Primary outcomes for this study are static/dynamic force, minimum electric field strength (VT), maximum capture rate (MCR), average cell area, and tissue cross-sectional thickness, and secondary outcomes are degree of myoblast activation and apoptosis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CMT platforms will be fabricated using iron-doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to create magnetically tunable cantilevers. Cantilever stiffness will be increased with the application of an external magnetic field. Cantilever stiffness will be measured using a capacitance probe, where the force required to deflect both the cantilever and calibration probe is in accordance with Hooke’s Law. Human induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CMs) will be cultured and matured as 3D CMTs. In-vitro static/dynamic force generation will also be calculated by measuring the deflection of the cantilevers and applying Hooke’s law. CMTs will be paced using carbon electrodes to obtain VT and MCR. Structural data will be obtained using immunostaining and confocal microscopy. Finally, we will use pharmacologic inhibitors to inhibit molecular pathways that we identified in prior genetic screens such as ABCC8 (anti-hypertrophic mediator) and C1QTNF9 (pro-hypertrophic mediator). We will examine each of these pathways in low- and high-stiffness conditions. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We believe increased afterload will cause significant hypertrophy, measured by increases in CMT cross-sectional thickness, cardiac myocyte area, myofibroblast activation, and myocyte apoptosis. In addition, we expect to see increases in static/dynamic force, increased voltage threshold, and decreased maximum capture rate. Preliminary results show a 64.3% increase in force generation when stiffness is increased by approximately 30%, and a 44.4% decrease in force generation when stiffness is decreased by approximately 30%. Finally, we expect that inhibiting a pro- or anti-hypertrophic molecular pathway will weaken or strengthen the hypertrophic response to increased afterload, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: To our knowledge, our lab is the first to create a dynamically tunable afterload system in the cantilever CMT model. This advance provides us with a robust platform to determine the molecular pathways that cause increased myocardial wall stress to result in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and heart failure, which remain a critical knowledge gap in our understanding of cardiovascular disease. With more precise understanding of these pathways, we will equip ourselves with the knowledge to develop novel therapeutic agents to prevent the development or progression of heart failure.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Decoding the origins of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) released from dying cells in a liquid biopsy sample (e.g. blood) can provide insight into the dynamic, organism-wide changes reflective of health and disease state. Making cfDNA an ideal target for genomic monitoring of disease-related changes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Methylome-wide sequencing (WGBS) data present unique statistical challenges. To this end, we developed a novel statistical method using an Expectation-Maximization algorithm to decode the cellular origins of cfDNA fragments in liquid biopsies. Our flexible, probabilistic method leverages the co-regulation of neighboring CpG sites on the individual sequencing read to facilitate tissue of origin analysis, as opposed to prior methods that focus on the methylation rate of a single CpG site. We assess the performance of our model in various simulated settings and apply our model to an important clinical example in which we are able to detect early off-target tissue damage from radiation therapy via minimally invasive blood draws. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found our model more effective at capturing the range of biologically plausible methylation patterns on cfDNA read fragments compared to prior models that use single CpG sites. We also show our model is robust to high levels of noise inherent with WGBS data. We demonstrate the accuracy of cell-type proportion estimation on in-silico mixed cfDNA samples from real WGBS data. Finally, we use our model in a clinical application. We detect significant (p < 0.05) increases in cellular contributions from lung and cardiac tissue in breast cancer patients (n=15) undergoing radiation therapy compared to baseline. We also detect novel signals of radiation induced toxicity to the liver in right-sided breast cancer patients (n=8) receiving radiation treatment compared to matched left-sided breast cancer patients (n=7). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Here we address an unmet need in developing novel statistical methodologies that can handle the unique complexities of methylated cfDNA obtained from liquid biopsy samples. We also demonstrate the far-ranging clinical utility of serial liquid biopsy sampling to complement and advance standards of clinical care in oncology and other pathologies.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Fertility preservation (FP) allows transgender and gender diverse (TGD) patients undergoing gender-affirming therapy to pursue genetic parenthood. Barriers to care exist leading to its underutilization; while these barriers to care have been investigated, the true utilization rates of FP services by TGD patients are unknown. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study includes a retrospective chart review of adult and pediatric patients from Mayo Clinics Transgender and Intersex Specialty Care Clinic who have provided research authorization. We will assess if FP was discussed and review if the patients proceeded to make appointments with either the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility or the Department of Urology. FP terms include semen cryopreservation, sperm extraction, sperm aspiration, testicular tissue cryopreservation, oocyte cryopreservation, embryo cryopreservation, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Patient demographic data will be collected to determine associations between utilization rate and age, sex recorded at birth, gender identity, race, ethnicity, and variables related to socioeconomic determinants of health. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We hypothesize that the rate of FP utilization will be higher for patients who begin to affirm their gender at the age of 25 or older, and for those seeking feminization treatment in comparison to pre-pubescent adolescents, young adults, and transgender men. Of FP options, semen cryopreservation will be most utilized, followed by oocyte cryopreservation; both will be more utilized than embryo cryopreservation, sperm extraction, sperm aspiration, testicular tissue cryopreservation, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Employment, and insurance status and coverage, will play a role in FP service utilization after initial consult. This study was approved by Mayo Clinics Institutional Review Board. Data on N=611 patients is expected to be abstracted and analyzed prior to Translation 2022. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study will be one of the first to examine the rate of FP utilization by TGD patients with respect to the age and timing of gender-affirming therapy initiation. Understanding the rate of utilization of FP services will allow for the creation of age-appropriate education materials for TGD patients pursuing gender affirmation and FP at Mayo Clinic.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes may affect inflammatory response after neurologic injury. We are investigating the relationship between patient Hp phenotypes and inflammatory cytokine concentrations in plasma and CSF after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), a severe form of hemorrhagic stroke. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Following IRB approval, all patients with angiographically-proven aSAH and who underwent extraventricular drain (EVD) placement were included. Patients were excluded if they were not expected to survive hospitalization or were on pre-existing anti-inflammatory agents. For all enrolled patients, plasma and CSF samples were taken on post-bleed days 3, 5, 7, and 10, processed and then frozen for later analysis. In this interim analysis, Hp phenotype was assessed through ELISA analysis of plasma samples and cytokine concentrations were determined using multiplex ELISA kits for both plasma and CSF samples. Hp phenotypes were dichotomized to either HP1 (Hp 1-1 or 1-2) or HP2 (Hp 2-2). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To date, 23 aSAH patients have been enrolled in this IRB-approved study. An interim analysis of the first 13 patients has revealed eight Hp1 patients (Hp 1-1 n = 1, Hp 1-2 n = 7) and five Hp2 patients. CSF levels of IL-6 and TNF-a were greater than plasma levels in all patients at all time points. CSF levels of IL-6 appear to peak on PBD 5 (1890 ± 767 pcg/mL) and 7 (1612 ± 899 pcg/mL). The CSF IL-6 concentrations in the Hp2 group were lower (1792 ± 806 pcg/mL vs. 1952 ± 791 pcg/mL) on PBD5 but were higher (1635 ± 930 pcg/mL vs 1598 ± 943 pcg/mL) at PBD7; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This interim analysis demonstrated no statistically significant differences in plasma or CSF cytokine concentrations between patients with different Hp phenotypes. This may be due to the low number of samples or the potential confounding effect of disease-specific secondary neurological injuries.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study utilizes the IeDEA W. Africa cohort to evaluate the prevalence and burden of hypertension and diabetes type II among people living with HIV (PLWH) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and to assess how sex and aging impact the development of these NACM. The cohort is a large, international collaboration across eight countries and 19 treatment centers. Established by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in 2006, the W. Africa cohort is now in its fourth renewal (2021-2026). Participating countries include Senegal, Mali, Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria. Data are collected from affiliated cohorts in the regional data center every 24 months. The cohort currently includes >65,000 adult PLWH on anti-retroviral therapy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The prevalence of several NACM, such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, have significantly increased among PWH over time, surpassing prevalence observed in the general population. We therefore expect similar patterns in the W. Africa IeDEA cohort and a high prevalence and burden of both hypertension and diabetes type II in this sample. Additionally, evidence suggests that increasing age and female sex serve as independent risk factors for the development of NACM in PLWH. We anticipate that both increased age and female sex, separately and synergistically, are associated with increased prevalence and burden of hypertension and diabetes type II in this cohort. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: With more than 37 million people currently living with HIV, the HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to pose a serious threat to global public health. SSA bears a disproportionate burden of the epidemic with greater than two-thirds of global cases. NACM are now driving morbidity and mortality among PLWH, and increased age and female sex may modify this effect.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) has been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, yet mechanistic studies addressing the functional role of IMAT are lacking. The aim of this work was to identify novel mechanisms by which IMAT may directly impact skeletal muscle metabolism. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We quantified the secretome of IMAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to determine if there are differences between depots in the secretion of cytokines, eicosanoids, FFAs and proteins that influence metabolic function. SAT and VAT biopsies from patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery and IMAT extracted from vastus lateralis biopsies of individuals with Obesity were cultured for 48 hours in DMEM, and the conditioned media was analyzed using nanoflow HPLC-MS, multiplex ELISAs and LC/MS/MS for proteins, cytokines and eicosanoids/FFA, respectively. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: IMAT secretion of various extracellular matrix proteins (fibrinogen-β, collagenV1a3, fibronectin) was significantly different than VAT and SAT. Pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of IFNg, TNFa, IL-8 and IL-13 from IMAT was higher than VAT and significantly higher than SAT (p < 0.05). IMAT secretes significantly more pro-inflammatory eicosanoids TXB2 and PGE2 than VAT (p = 0.02, 0.05) and SAT (p = 0.01, 0.04). IMAT and VAT have significantly greater basal lipolysis assessed by FFA release rates compared to SAT (p = 0.01, 0.04). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These data begin to characterize the disparate secretory properties of SAT, VAT and IMAT and suggest a metabolically adverse secretome of IMAT, that due to its proximity to skeletal muscle may play an important functional role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) is a heritable connective tissue disorder with no known genetic etiology. Its complex phenotypic presentation with multi-system involvement delays proper diagnosis and treatment, especially for females. This study examines the risk for common hEDS comorbidities and medical service utilization. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Electronic health records from over 150 million patients across 92 American healthcare servers were queried using the TriNetX database to determine phenotypic presentation of hEDS and risk of receiving comorbid diagnoses. Contingency tables were created with hEDS as the condition and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) or gastroparesis as the grouping variables. Advanced analytics were conducted to compare outcomes of two cohorts: (1) patients diagnosed with hEDS and both POTS and gastroparesis, and (2) patients with a sole diagnosis of hEDS. After propensity score matching, differences in medical service utilization and mental health diagnoses were assessed between these two cohorts. All analyses restricted age (12-70 years) and employed established exclusion criteria (e.g., diabetes). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: TriNetX national health records (N = 1,968) reveal that hEDS predominantly affects females (87%) and is diagnosed at a mean of 35 years of age. People diagnosed with hEDS have a high prevalence of comorbid nervous system (81%), mental health (76%), and digestive system (69%) disorders. They are 29.7 times more likely to be diagnosed with POTS [95% CI: 27.1, 32.6] and 66.3 times more likely to be diagnosed with gastroparesis [95% CI: 56.5, 77.9], compared to people without hEDS. After propensity score matching for sex, race, and ethnicity, people diagnosed with hEDS and both POTS and gastroparesis have significantly greater service utilization (72.2% vs. 56.7%; z = 2.18, p < .05) but not a greater incidence of mental health disorders (34.4% vs. 24.4%; z = 1.47, p = .14) than people diagnosed with hEDS alone. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals the phenotypic presentation of hEDS and the elevated risk of co-occurring POTS and/or gastroparesis diagnosis. hEDS and its comorbidities are associated with more frequent medical encounters but not with a greater incidence of mental illness. Findings have implications for both clinical practice guidelines and further research.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This research aims to identify changes in visual network function after TBI as a way to define potential therapeutic targets for neuromodulation or neural tissue substrates. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objectives of this study are to compare neural activity in the visual cortex following TBI with cortical activity in the uninjured brain. This study aims to characterize functional changes in single neuron activity, spike-field relationships and oscillatory activity. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The effects of TBI will be studied by comparing electrophysiologic recordings from Long-Evans rats with a fluid percussion injury (FPI) to rats with a sham injury. Four days after the injury or sham procedure, a laminar probe with multiple electrode contacts will be chronically implanted in the ipsilesional primary visual cortex (V1). Afterwards, rats will be anesthetized weekly for 3 weeks (up to 4 weeks post-injury) to assess visual processing in response to drifting grating visual stimulation. To assess behavioral correlates, neural activity will also be recorded while rats perform a visual discrimination task in an operant, touchscreen chamber twice weekly. Recordings will be analyzed for visually evoked units, unit entrainment to local field potentials (LFPs) and evoked oscillatory activity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Consistent with other studies, our preliminary evidence from V1 recordings in naive rats has shown that individual neurons are responsive to visual stimuli, visual stimuli are associated with evoked oscillations and unit activity is correlated with LFPs. While activity of individual V1 neurons in injured animals is expected to recover to resemble activity in uninjured animals over time, patterns of functional organization in the two groups are expected to diverge over time. We anticipate that TBI-associated axonal damage, neuronal loss and changes in synaptic weights will lead to disruptions in the timing of neural activity in V1. These perturbations of neural communication within the visual system are expected to be associated with behavioral deficits in the awake, visual discrimination task. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: This study helps define how cortical network disruption after TBI. These changes are potential targets for novel TBI therapeutics, including neuromodulation and neural tissue transplantation. Thus, this work lays the groundwork for future studies aimed at mitigating the effects of TBI with rationally designed experimental therapeutics.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The prevalence of combusted cigarette (CC) smoking among older adults is stagnant, with zero declines attributable to e-cigarette (EC) use. Normative beliefs predict quitting and switching to ECs (a behavior likely to yield health benefits for those unable to quit), so this study seeks to characterize the role of age in norms about CC and EC use. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data come from Wave 5 (2018-2019) of the adult Population Assessment of Tobacco Use and Health (PATH) study, a nationally-representative, U.S. longitudinal cohort. Analyses were restricted to people with established CC use (smoked CCs in the past year, currently smoke regularly, and smoked ≥100 lifetime CCs; n=8,590). Cross-sectional weighted estimates of the prevalence of normative beliefs about CCs and ECs were calculated by age using the Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) method with Fay=0.3. We used chi-square tests to examine the association of age group (18-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, or ≥65) with the prevalence of 2 descriptive and 4 personal social norms. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The prevalence of the normative belief that most people disapprove of CCs (p DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Older adults are more likely than younger adults to endorse anti-tobacco norms, which prior work shows is associated with quitting smoking. These beliefs could be leveraged to create targeted communications towards older adults encouraging smoking cessation. More research is needed to assess age-related tobacco beliefs and switching from CC to EC.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This proposed qualitative study aims to explore the perspectives about PrEP among heterosexual, cisgender Black women currently enrolled at an HBCU. Specifically, this study will elucidate this populations knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding PrEP uptake and marketing. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Health Belief Model adapted from Chandler, Hull et al. (2020) will be utilized as the conceptual framework to guide this study. Multiple virtual semi structured focus groups will be conducted with individuals at two HBCUs. Study participants (n=20-25) will meet the following inclusion criteria: (a) self-identifies as Black/African American, (b) was assigned female at birth, (c) is enrolled at Morgan State University or Spelman College, (d) is 18 years or older, (e) is sexually active (anal, oral, vaginal, or experimental), (f) is HIV negative, (g) has multiple sexual partners and/or has inconsistent condom usage. A qualitative data analysis will be conducted utilizing MAXQDA software to perform a thematic analysis by creating a codebook and identifying prominent themes related to perceptions and use of PrEP. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The research is on-going pending IRB approval. Data collection will include questions focused on topics surrounding PrEP, barriers/facilitators to participation in a proposed PrEP campaign, and sexual/reproductive health. These findings will characterize the awareness of PrEP among Black HBCU women, identify factors that may facilitate or cause barriers to Black HBCU womens knowledge and uptake of PrEP, and identify best practices for successful marketing strategies for PrEP campaigns targeting uptake among HBCU women DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Findings from this study can help the public health community tailor PrEP campaigns designed for college-age Black women thereby curtailing HIV transmission among this at-risk group.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The overall goal is to determine if intestinal commensal bacteria play a role in enteric virus evolution. We will use reovirus, an enteric segmented virus, to investigate specific goals. First, we will determine if specific bacterial species enhance the coinfection frequency of 2 separate strains of reovirus. Second, we will determine if the presence/absence of different bacterial species in the microbiota of mice results in different reovirus reassortment frequencies. Finally, we will discover if reassortant reovirus is present in human populations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: My first goal is to determine if specific bacterial species enhance the coinfection frequency of 2 strains of reovirus. In our lab, we have a panel of commensal intestinal bacterial strains, as well as a number of lab adapted bacterial strains. We will use this panel of bacteria to determine if reovirus binds to different species of bacteria using a binding assay involving radiolabeled virus. Additionally, we will determine if specific species of bacteria alter the coinfection frequency through a Flow cytometry based assay. This will involve mixing virus with bacteria, infecting cells in culture, and straining for reovirus proteins for flow cytometry. Our second goal is to determine if specific bacteria promote reassortment of reovirus in a mouse model of infection. To do this, we will use gnotobiotic techniques to create mice harboring different intestinal bacteria populations. Mice will be infected with 2 strains of reovirus, and then feces and organs will be collected. Progeny virus will be subjected to a plaque assay on 2 different types of cells. The first type of cells will be normal cells in culture in which all viable viruses will form plaques. The second will be a cell line that stably expresses siRNAs against specific reovirus segments in which only specific reassortants will form plaques. These 2 plaque assays will be used to quantify the total number of viruses present and the total number of reassortant viruses present. Additionally, SDS-PAGE and RT-PCR will be used to confirm reassortants. Our third goal is to determine if reassortant reovirus is present in infected humans. To do this, I will obtain feces from reovirus-infected children and isolate reovirus. One specific reovirus reassortant is known to propogate in dual-infected mice. I will use the plaque assay technique to determine if this reassortant is also present in humans. To determine if other reassortants are present, I will use RT-PCR and SDS-PAGE. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Based on previous studies with other enteric viruses, we suspect that specific bacterial species bind reovirus strains with different efficiencies. It is likely that a number of bacterial species will promote coinfection. The bacterial strains that binds both reovirus strains at a high efficiency will likely enhance coinfection by the greatest amount. It is likely that mice harboring different bacterial populations will produce different reovirus reassortment frequencies. We predict that bacteria that enhance reovirus coinfection in vitro should also enhance reovirus reassortment in our mouse model. Therefore, mice specifically lacking bacteria that promote coinfection should have significantly lower amounts of reassortant reovirus. It will be important to control for the overall amount of replication within mice with different microbiotas, as this will affect the basal reassortment frequency. We suspect that reovirus reassortants are present in humans. Work done both in vitro and in mouse models indicates that reassortment happens at high frequencies. Additionally, one specific reassortant commonly propogates in mice due to an enhanced cellular attachment phenotype. Therefore, we predict that this reassortant also commonly emerges after coinfection and reassortment in humans. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Segmented viruses, such as influenza and rotavirus, are important human pathogens. Viral reassortment poses a unique threat to humans, as it enables new viruses to emerge and cause pandemics or epidemics. However, little is known about what factors promote viral reassortment. This study will provide insight into a novel mechanism of segmented virus evolution.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood in the US1. Augmented reality (AR) has promise enhancing engagement of rehabilitation2. We developed adaptive games for children with CP using Augment Therapy™. The goal of this study was to obtain user experience in the orthopedic clinic to inform a home-based clinical trial. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants were recruited at a pediatric center from July 1 to September 20, 2023. Inclusion criteria werediagnosis of CP, ages 5-10 years, English/Spanish speaking. Exclusion criteria were cognitive delay, audio or visual impairment, seizures, or recent surgery. The Augment Therapy™ app was delivered through a clinic iPad. The electronic medical record was used to screen eligible patients. 22 patients were screened; 14 were not eligible based on exclusion criteria. 2 patients refused based on not having enough time to participate. Children played 5 games and their movements were tracked using augmented reality. To evaluate the quality of the app, participants were asked to complete a validated questionnaire, the modified Mobile App Rating Scale. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Six participants were eligible and completed phase I. Eighty-three percent (5/6) of participants reported the character was mostly matching their child’s movements and easy for their child to follow instructions. Thirty three percent (2/6) reported there were technical issues where the app did not track or froze. 100% reported being interested in participating in the home clinical trial. Parent reported their child’s favorite games were flying and obstacle course. The mean and median MARS score was 3.8/5 and 4/5, respectively. Regarding engagement, 66.7% (4/6) reported the app was fun to use. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Families of children with CP reported positive experiences overall with Augment Therapy™ mobile app. The technical issues will need to be addressed. Future studies will need to establish efficacy and dosing time of use of the app for adherence to a program using these modules and engagement with the app to increase habitual physical activity.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our long-term goal is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and virulence factors that control the differential presentation of infection with Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi. The objectives of this study are to study the mechanisms that enable S. typhi to trigger a decreased inflammatory response in comparison with S. typhimurium and evade detection by the immune system, leading to the development of asymptomatic chronic carriage of S. typhi. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A loss of function eptB mutant S. typhimurium strain was generated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from wild-type and eptB mutant S. typhimurium and wild-type S. typhi. Binding of LPS to recombinant intelectin was tested by dot blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). C57BL/6 mice were infected with wild-type or eptB mutant S. typhimurium by oral gavage and inflammatory cytokines in the spleen, liver, and Peyer’s patches were measured by qPCR. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: LPS isolated from wild-type S. typhimurium is not bound by intelectin, a protein that has been proposed to function in innate immunity and that is known to be able to bind certain moieties within LPS. Conversely, LPS isolated from eptB mutant S. typhimurium and wild-type S. typhi, which lacks a functional eptB, is bound by intelectin. Mice infected with an eptB mutant S. typhimurium exhibit decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines in the spleen compared to mice infected with the wild type S. typhimurium, suggesting that loss of eptB function allows a nontyphoidal Salmonella serovar to mimic the stealth phenotype of typhoidal serovars. Together, these results suggest that loss of eptB function allows intelectin to bind to and detoxify Salmonella LPS, leading to decreased systemic inflammation during infection. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These results have broad implications for how pathogens such as S. typhimurium induce systemic shock during infection and may also help to explain a mechanism for how S. typhi is able to evade immune detection and enhance dissemination to systemic sites, leading to development of the asymptomatic chronic carrier state. Further investigation of this novel virulence mechanism will mark a decisive step forward in understanding the mechanisms underlying the differential pathogenesis of S. typhimurium-induced gastroenteritis and S. typhi-induced typhoid fever. Additionally, these results contribute to our understanding of the interactions between host and pathogen in affecting disease presentation, which will have wide appeal among researchers interested in microbial pathogenesis and the contribution of host-pathogen interactions to health and disease.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Immune-based therapies hold great promise for treatment of refractory tumors. However, development is limited by a lack of identified immune correlates to vaccination. We recently showed that dendritic cells (DCs) prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with glioblastoma, and that DC migration to site draining lymph nodes robustly correlates with both PFS and OS. While this appears to be a reliable immune correlate, the complexity of routine labeling for PET and SPECT prohibits validation in a large clinical study. We therefore seek to develop a safe, translatable reporter that can be imaged with a widely available imaging modality. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The cationic liposome 1,2-doleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) was loaded with MRI-imageable iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with or without the neutral molecules PEG and cholesterol. The resulting nanoparticles were loaded with RNA to form RNA-NPs that were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and used to transfect DCs in vitro; 4.7 T MRI was then used to image particles or cells in agarose gel phantoms. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: TEM images of RNA-NPs indicate the presence of IONP-loaded liposomes. In vitro transfection experiments demonstrate that iron oxide does not reduce RNA-NP-mediated transfection of DCs. Additionally, small amounts of either PEG or cholesterol within RNA-NPs increased transfection of DC2.4s and enhanced T-cell priming by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. A series of 4.7 T MRI images of particles in cells, spleens, and LNs demonstrated quantifiable differences in particle density between groups. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This data suggests that IONP-loaded RNA-NPs can be imaged with MRI and manipulated to augment DC function. Future work will include in vivo imaging in mice and safety studies to facilitate translation into first-in-human studies. Successful completion of this project would provide a powerful clinical tool to improve and track patient responses to immune therapy.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Rodent models can be used to study neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), but the applicability of findings from the models to NAS in humans is not well understood. The objective of this study was to develop a rat model of norbuprenorphine-induced NAS and validate its translational value by comparing blood concentrations in the norbuprenorphine-treated pregnant rat to those previously reported in pregnant women undergoing buprenorphine treatment. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Pregnant Long-Evans rats were implanted with 14-day osmotic minipumps containing vehicle, morphine (positive control), or norbuprenorphine (0.3–3 mg/kg/d) on gestation day 9. Within 12 hours of delivery, pups were tested for spontaneous or precipitated opioid withdrawal by injecting them with saline (10 mL/kg, i.p.) or naltrexone (1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p), respectively, and observing them for well-validated neonatal withdrawal signs. Blood was sampled via indwelling jugular catheters from a subset of norbuprenorphine-treated dams on gestation day 8, 10, 13, 17, and 20. Norbuprenorphine concentrations in whole blood samples were quantified using LC/MS/MS. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Blood concentrations of norbuprenorphine in rats exposed to 1–3 mg/kg/d of norbuprenorphine were similar to levels previously reported in pregnant women undergoing buprenorphine treatment. Pups born to dams treated with these doses exhibited robust withdrawal signs. Blood concentrations of norbuprenorphine decreased across gestation, which is similar to previous reports in humans. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These results suggest that dosing dams with 1–3 mg/kg/day norbuprenorphine produces maternal blood concentrations and withdrawal severity similar to those previously reported in humans. This provides evidence that, at these doses, this model is useful for testing hypotheses about norbuprenorphine that are applicable to NAS in humans.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Joint injury is a common cause of premature retirement for many equine athletes. Implantation of engineered cartilage offers the potential to increase the success rate of surgical intervention and hasten recovery times. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a particularly attractive cell source for cartilage engineering. Although bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) have been most extensively characterized for musculoskeletal tissue engineering, studies suggest cord blood MSCs (CB-MSCs) may elicit a more robust chondrogenic phenotype. The objective of this study was to determine superior equine MSC source for cartilage engineering via a self-assembling process (SAP). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: MSCs derived from bone marrow or cord blood were stimulated to undergo chondrogenesis via 3D culture and then used to generate cartilage via SAP. The resulting neocartilage produced from either BM-MSCs or CB-MSCs was compared by measuring biochemical, mechanical, and histological properties. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found that while BM-MSCs possessed higher tensile properties and collagen content, CB-MSCs had superior compressive properties and GAG content. Moreover, CB-MSCs had lower alkaline phosphatase activity and higher collagen type II, suggesting a more hyaline cartilage-like phenotype. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In conclusion, while both BM-MSCs and CB-MSCs were able to form neocartilage, CB-MSCs resulted in tissue more closely resembling native equine articular cartilage, and is therefore the superior MSC source for purposes of cartilage self-assembly.