¹ Kim, Kyung-ho, “A Study of Excavated Bamboo and Wooden-strip Analects: The Spread of Confucianism and Chinese Script,” Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 11.1 (2011), 61–72Google Scholar.

² Understanding premodern Korean scholarship on Chinese classics as studies on universal civilization, Paek Yŏngsŏ considers it as humanities in general that East Asian intellectuals commonly pursued using Chinese characters (Paek Yŏngsŏ 白永瑞, “Chunggukhak ŭi kwejŏk kwa pip'anjŏk kojŏn yŏn'gu” 中國學의 軌跡과 批判的 古典 硏究 [The trajectory of Korean Sinology and critical studies of classics], in Han'gukhak ŭi haksulsajŏk chŏnmang 韓國學의 學術史的 展望 [Prospective for Korean studies through the lens of scholarly history], vol. 2, edited by Im Hyŏngt'aek 林熒澤 (Seoul: Somyŏng ch'ulp’an, 2014), 164.

³ For the adoption and acculturation of the Chinese writing system in the Three Kingdoms, see Yŏ Hogyu 余昊奎, “Koguryŏ,ŭi hanja suyong kwa pyŏnyong” 高句麗의 漢字 受容과 變容 [Acceptance of Chinese characters and its transformation in Koguryŏ], in Kodae Tong'asia ŭi munja koryu wa sotong 古代 동아시아의 文字 交流와 疏通 [The spread of characters communications in ancient East Asia], edited by Tongbuk'a yŏksa chaedan 東北亞歷史財團 (Seoul: Tongbuk'a yŏksa chaedan, 2011), 87–123; Yun Sŏnt'ae 尹善泰, “Paekje wa Silla ŭi hanja, hanmun suyong kwa pyŏnyong” 百濟와 新羅의 漢字, 漢文 受容과 變容 [Acceptance and transformation of Chinese characters and Chinese classics in Paekje and Silla] in Kodae Tong'asia ŭi munja koryu wa sotong, 127–58.

⁴ Jiu Tangshu 舊唐書 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975), 5320.

⁵ Ko Ikjin 高翊晉, Han'guk kodae Pulgyo sasangsa 韓國古代佛敎思想史 [The history of Buddhist thought in ancient Korea] (Seoul: Dongkook University Press, 1989), 94–116; John Jorgensen, “Korea as a Source for the Regeneration of Chinese Buddhism: The Evidence of Ch'an and Sŏn Literature,” in Currents and Countercurrents: Korean Influences on the East Asian Buddhist Traditions, edited by Robert E. Buswell Jr. (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2005), 81–83.

⁶ Chŏng Pyŏngsam 鄭炳三, Han'guk Pulgyosa 韓國佛敎史 [The history of Korean Buddhism] (Seoul: P'urŭn yŏksa, 2020), 248–59.

⁷ Chŏng Hwan'guk 鄭煥局, “Pulgyo ŭi tongjŏm kwa Samguk sidae haksulgye ŭi myŏt kukmyŏn” 佛敎의 東漸과 三國時代 學術界의 몇 局面 [Stages of scholarly development in the Three Kingdoms period following Buddhism's eastward advance], in Han'gukhak ŭi haksulsajŏk chŏnmang, vol 1, edited by Im Hyŏngt'aek (Seoul: Somyŏng ch'ulp’an, 2014), 25.

⁸ Robert E. Buswell Jr., “Patterns of Influence in East Asian Buddhism: The Korean Case,” in Currents and Countercurrents, 5.

⁹ Eunsoo Cho, “Wŏnch’ŭk's Place in the East Asian Buddhist Tradition,” in Currents and Countercurrents, 173–216; Bernard Faure, “Ch'an Master Musang: A Korean Monk in East Asian Context,” in Currents and Countercurrents, 153–72.

¹⁰ Huang Youfu 黃有福 and Chen Jingfu 陳景富, Zhong-Chao Fojiao wenhua jiaoliu shi 中朝佛敎文化交流史 (Beijing: Shehui kexue, 1993), translated by Kwŏn Och’ŏl 權五哲 as Han-Chung Pulgyo munhwa kyoryusa 韓中佛敎文化交流史 [Korea-Sino interaction of Buddhist culture] (Seoul: Kkach'i, 1995), 329–38.

¹¹ Buswell, Robert E. Jr., The Formation of Ch'an Ideology in China and Korea: The Vajrasamadhi-Siitra, a Buddhist Apocryphon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 10–13, 43–60Google Scholar. In his preface to the Korean translation of this book, in 2015, Buswell stresses that in the twenty years since publication, his argument that the text originated in Korea has received almost no criticism (Robert E. Buswell Jr., trans. Kim Chongmyŏng 金鍾明 and Cho Ŭnsu 趙恩秀 Chungguk kwa Han'guk ŭi Sŏn sasang hyŏngsŏng: Pulgyo wigyŏng ŭrosŏ ŭi Kŭmgang sammaegyŏng 中國과 韓國의 禪思想 形成: 佛敎 僞經으로서의 金剛三昧經, [Sŏngnam: Han'gukhak chung'angyŏnguwon ch'ulpanbu, 2015], 11).

¹² Robert E. Buswell Jr., Cultivating Original Enlightenment: Wŏnhyo's Exposition of the Vajrasamadhi-sutra (Kŭmgang Sammaegyŏng Non) (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2007).

¹³ Huang Youfu and Chen Jingfu, translated by Kwŏn Och’ŏl, Han-Chung Pulgyo munhwa kyoryusa, 237–238.

¹⁴ As for the famous story of Wŏnhyo's abortive pilgrimage attempts to China and his own enlightenment, see Buswell, The Formation of Ch'an Ideology in China and Korea, 65–67.

¹⁵ Chŏng Hwan'guk, “Pulgyo ŭi tongjŏm kwa Samguk sidae haksulgye ŭi myŏt kukmyŏn,” 36–37; Chŏng Pyŏngsam, Han'guk Pulgyosa, 172.

¹⁶ Buswell, “Patterns of Influence in East Asian Buddhism,” 8–9. He is skeptical about a premodern Korean national tradition of Buddhism which was distinct from “the broad Sinitic tradition.” See Robert E. Buswell Jr., “Imagining ‘Korean Buddhism’: The Invention of National Religious Tradition,” in Nationalism and the Construction of Korean Identity, edited by Hyung Il Pai and Timothy R. Tangherlini (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, 1998), 74.

¹⁷ Huang Youfu and Chen Jingfu, trans., Han-Chung Pulgyo munhwa kyoryusa, 386–400; Chi-wah Chan, “The Korean Impact on T'ien-t'ai Buddhism in China: A Historical Analysis,” in Currents and Countercurrents, 217–41.

¹⁸ Koryŏsa 高麗史 [History of Koryŏ] (6th month of Xuan 8, the “Seka”) in the Korean History Database (http://db.history.go.kr).

¹⁹ Yuhai, Qianding Siku chuanshu, 52.41a; Ch’ŏn Hyebong 千惠鳳, Han'guk chŏnjŏk insoesa 韓國典籍印刷史 [The history of printing in Korean texts] (Seoul: Pŏm'usa, 1990), 119–22. On the collection of the Koryŏ state libraries, see Kang Myŏngkwan 姜明官, Chosŏn sidae ch'aeak kwa chisik ŭi yŏksa 朝鮮時代 冊과 知識의 歷史 [The history of books and knowledge in the Chosŏn period] (Seoul: Ch’ŏnnyŏn ŭi sangsang, 2014), 52–55.

²⁰ Cf. Mun Ch’ŏlyŏng 文哲永, Koryŏ Yuhak sasang ŭi saeroun mosaek 高麗 儒學思想의 새로운 摸索 [A new look into Confucian thought in the Koryŏ period] (Seoul: Kyŏngsewŏn, 2005).

²¹ Peter H. Lee, ed., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, Volume 1: From Early Times to the Sixteenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 264.

²² Lee, ed., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, Volume 1, 464.

²³ As for the Koryŏ's pluralistic ideology, see Breuker, Remco E., “Koryo as an Independent Realm: The Emperor's Clothes?” Korean Studies 27 (2003), 48–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁴ Wm. Theodore de Bary, “Introduction,” in The Rise of Neo-Confucianism in Korea, edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary and JaHyun Kim Haboush (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 52–53.

²⁵ Kang Chiŭn 姜智恩, Chōsen jugaku shi no sai tei'i: 17 seiki higashi Asia kara kanggaeru 朝鮮儒學史の再定位: 十七世紀東アジアから考える (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppan-kai, 2017), translated by Yi Hyein 李惠仁, Saero ssŭnŭn 17 segi Chosŏn yuhaksa 새로 쓰는 17世紀 朝鮮 儒學史 [A new history of Chosŏn Confucianism in the seventeenth century] (Seoul: Purŭn yŏksa, 2021), 19–27, 158–59, 162–85.

²⁶ Kim Yŏngmin 金英敏, Chung'guk chŏngch'i sasangsa 中國政治思想史 [The history of Chinese political thought] (Seoul: Sahoe p'yŏngnon ak'ademi, 2021), 707–53; James Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).

²⁷ Son, Suyoung, “How to Read a Sinographic Text in Eighteenth-Century Chosŏn Korea: Liuxi Waizhuan and Yi Tŏngmu's Compilation of Noeroe Nangnak Sŏ,” The Journal of Asian Studies 78.2 (2019), 329–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸ Suyoung Son, “How to Read a Sinographic Text in Eighteenth-Century Chosŏn Korea,” 346–47.

²⁹ Son Hyeri 孫惠莉, “Noeroe Nakrak Sŏ rŭl t'onghae pon Yi Tŏngmu ŭi yŏksa insik” 磊磊落落書를 통해 본 李德懋의 歷史認識 [Historical consciousness reflected in the Noeroe Nakrak Sŏ by Yi Tŏngmu], Han'guk sahaksa hakbo 韓國史學史學報 41 (2020), 5–40.

³⁰ As Kim Munsik 金文植 also notes, Yi Tŏngmu's conservative yet flexible attitudes to the scholarships and cultures of the Qing and Japan might be typical among the intellectuals in the late Chosŏn; Kim Munsik, “Ch’ŏngjanggwan Yi Tŏngmu ŭi taeoe insik” 靑莊館 李德懋의 對外認識 [Historical consciousness of Ch’ŏngjanggwan Yi Tŏngmu], in Ch’ŏngjanggwan Yi Tŏngmu yŏn'gu 靑莊館 李德懋 硏究 [A Research on Ch’ŏngjanggwan Yi Tŏngmu], edited by Silsihaksa 實是學舍 (Seoul: Hakjiwŏn, 2011), 261.

³¹ Kim Munsik, “Songsa chŏn e nat'anan Yi Dŏngmu ŭi yŏksa insik” 宋史筌에 나타난 李德懋義 歷史認識 [Historical consciousness reflected in the Songsa Chŏn by Yi Tŏngmu] Han'gukhak nonjip 韓國學論集 33 (1999), 30–51.

³² Suyoung Son, “How to Read a Sinographic Text in Eighteenth Century Chosŏn Korea,” 332–]38.

³³ Suyoung Son, “How to Read a Sinographic Text in Eighteenth Century Chosŏn Korea,” 331.

³⁴ Son Hyeri, “Noeroe Nakrak Sŏ rŭl t'onghae pon Yi Tŏngmu ŭi yŏksa insik,” 9–16.

³⁵ Chŏng Min 鄭珉, 18segi Hanchung chisigin ŭi Munye Konghwaguk, 18世紀 韓中 知識人의 文藝共和國 [The republic of letters of Korea-Sino intellectuals in the eighteenth century] (P'aju: Munhak Tongne, 2014), 5, 712.

³⁶ Cf. Chŏng Min, 18segi Hanchung chisigin ŭi Munye Konghwaguk, and Kim Myŏngho 金明昊, Hong Taeyong kwa Hangju ŭi se sŏnbi 洪大容과 杭州의 세 선비 [Hong Taeyong and the three literati of Hangzhou] (P'aju: Tolbege, 2020).

³⁷ Kang Myŏnggwan, “Pukgyŏn-Sŏul ŭi chisik yut'ong kwa chisik sahak munje” 北京 서울의 知識 流通과 知識史學 問題 [Circulation of knowledge between Beijing and Seoul and the problems of its history], Taedong munhwa yŏn'gu 大東文化硏究 98 (2017), 164–89.

³⁸ Released from exile in 1818, Chŏng Yagyong read Yan Ruoju's Shangshu guwen shuzheng for the first time in 1827. He was fascinated by Yan's meticulous arguments and was tempted to discard his Maessi sŏp'yŏng. But recollecting his inadequate situation in exile, where he had only a few references such as the biographies and treatises of the Shiji, Hanshu, Houhanshu, Jinshu, and Suishu, Chŏng was relieved that he was on the right track in criticizing Mao Qiling's (1623–1716) Guwen Shangshu yuanci 古文尙書寃詞 (in his “Yŏmssi komun sojŭng paekilch'o” 閻氏古文疏證百一抄 [One hundred one excerpts from Yan Ruoju's Shangshu guwen shuzheng], in Maessi sŏp'yŏng, vol. 4, in the Yŏyudang chŏnsŏ 與猶堂全書 [The complete works of Chŏng Yagyong]. Yŏyudang chŏnsŏ is available in the Han'guk kojŏn chonghap database: https://db.itkc.or.kr, accessed July 15, 2021; see also Silsi haksa ed., Tasan Chŏng Yagyong ŭi Sangsŏ kohun 茶山 丁若鏞의 尙書古訓 [The Sangsŏ kohun by Tasan Chŏng Yagyong], vol. 1 (Seoul: Hakjiwŏn, 2020), 29–30). In 1834, Chŏng relied on Yan's book to revise the Maessi sŏp'yŏng, pointing out that Yan's book is full of complex sets of quotations making it difficult for beginners to follow; see Chŏng Yagyong, “Yŏhaegŏ” 與海居 in the Yŏyudang chŏnsŏ poyu 與猶堂全書補遺 [The complete works of Chŏng Yagyong, supplemented and revised], available in the Han'guk kojŏn chonghap database: https://db.itkc.or.kr, accessed July 15, 2021; see also Kim Munsik, Chŏng Yagyong ŭi Kyŏnghak kwa Kyŏngsehak 丁若鏞의 經學과 經世學 [Studies of Classical and statecraft by Chŏng Yagyong] (Yong'in: Tan'guk taehakgyo ch'ulp’ansa, 2021), 271–72.

³⁹ As for the restricted access and state censorship of books in the late Chosŏn, see Yi Minhŭi 李民熙, “Chosŏn huki sŏjŏk t'ongje, kŭ asŭlhan ŭisik ŭi ch'ungdol kwa t'ahyŏp” 朝鮮 後期 書籍 統制, 그 아슬한 意識의 衝突과 妥協 [Censorship in the late Chosŏn: The risky conflict and compromise surrounding consciousness], Han'guk hanmunhak yŏn'gu 韓國漢文學硏究 68 (2017), 115–54.

⁴⁰ Fuma Susumu 夫馬進, Chōsen Enkōshi to Chōsen Tsūshinshi 朝鮮燕行使と朝鮮通信使 (Nagoya: Nagoya Daikagu Shuppan-kai, 2015), trans. Sin Rosa 辛로사 et al., Chosŏn Yŏnhaengsa wa Chosŏn T'ongsinsa (Seoul: Sŏnggyun'gwan Taehak Ch'ulp’anbu, 2019), 289–348.

⁴¹ Mark Setton, Chŏng Yagyong: Korea's Challenge to Orthodox Neo-Confucianism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997). But Yŏngsik Kim is critical of the reformative, progressive and even modern images of Chŏng Yagyong prevalent in Korean academia. For Kim, Chŏng is a conservative realist dreaming of realizing the Neo-Confucian ideal rather than overthrowing it. See Kim Yŏngsik 金永植, Chŏng Yagyong ŭi munjedŭl 丁若鏞의 問題들 [Questioning Chŏng Yagyong] (Seoul: Hyean, 2014).

⁴² Kanghun Ahn, “A Study of Ch'usa Kim Chŏng-hŭi: The Introduction of Qing Evidential Learning into Chosŏn Korea and a Reassessment of Practical Learning,” Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 18.1 (2018), 105–23.

⁴³ Pak Hyŏn'gyu 朴現圭, “Chŏnt'ong sigi Chungguk esŏ ch'ulp’andoen Han'gugin p'yŏnjŏ’mul e taehan chonghap koch'al” 傳統時期 中國에서 出版된 韓國人 編著物에 對한 綜合考察 [A synthetic study of Korean compilations published in traditional China], in Hanjung Inmunhak P'orŏm Palp'yo Nonmunjip 韓中人文學포럼 (forum) 發表論文集, 2015, 38–43. Of twenty-nine books authored by Chosŏn intellectuals that circulated in China, nineteen are literary anthologies. Five are on the history and geography of Chosŏn, three deal with medicine, two are about Kija (C. Jizi 箕子), and one is on Korean epigraphy.

⁴⁴ As for the promotion of vernacular literacy and the marginalization of Literary Sinitic, see William Scott Wells, “A Limited Legacy: Reconfiguring Literary Sinitic as Hanmunkwa in Korean, 1876–1910” (PhD diss., The University of British Columbia, 2020).

⁴⁵ Kim Chin'gyun 金鎭均, “Hanhak kwa Han'guk hanmunhak ūi sai, kūndae hanmunhak” 漢學과 韓國 漢文學의 사이, 近代 漢文學 [In between Sinology and contemporary studies of Chinese literature in Korea: Modern studies of Chinese literature], Kukje ŏmun 國際語文 51 (2011), 140–45. Hanhak was also a subject title in the civil service examination selecting Chinese translators in the Chosŏn period.

⁴⁶ Paek Yŏngsŏ, “Chunggukhak ŭi kwejŏk kwa pip'anjŏk kojŏn yŏn'gu,” 170.

⁴⁷ Andre Schmid, Korea Between Empires 1895–1919 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).

⁴⁸ Stefan Tanaka, Japan's Orient: Rendering Past into History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).

⁴⁹ However debatable the politicized nature of Japanese Tōyōshi may have been, the discussions about Shina may remind Korean scholars of the trajectory of the term Chōsenjin 朝鮮人 that evolved from neutral to derogatory in the colonial period. Of course, the “intellectual or cultural imperialism” that prewar Japanese scholars may have played a role in does not necessarily contradict “the finest achievements of prewar Sinology”; see Fogel, Joshua, “New Thoughts on Old Controversy: Shina as a Toponym for China,” Sino-Platonic Papers 229 (2012), 1–25Google Scholar, esp. 22.

⁵⁰ Pak Kwanghyŏn 朴光賢, “Kyŏngsŏng cheguk taehak an ŭi ‘tongyang sahak’: Hangmun chedo, munhwasajŏk ch’ŭkmyŏn esŏ” 京城帝國大學 안의 東洋史學: 學問制度 文化史的 側面에서 [Asian history in Keijō Imperial University: From the viewpoint of scholarly institution and cultural history], Han'guk sasang kwa munhwa 韓國思想과 文化 31 (2005), 285–86.

⁵¹ Paek Yŏngsŏ, “Chunggukhak ŭi kwejŏk kwa pip'anjŏk kojŏn yŏn'gu,” 170.

⁵² Ch’ŏn Chin 千眞, “Sikminji Chosŏn ŭi China munhakgwa ŭi unmyŏng: Kyŏngsŏng cheguk taehak ŭi China munhakgwa rŭl chungsim ŭro” 植民地 朝鮮의 支那文學科의 運命: 京城帝國大學의 支那文學科를 中心으로 [The fate of the departments of Chinese literature in colonial Korea: The department of Chinese literature in Keijō Imperial University as a basis], Chungguk hyŏndae munhak 中國現代文學 54 (2010), 334–35.

⁵³ Pak Kwanghyŏn, “Kyŏngsŏng cheguk taehak an ŭi ‘tongyang sahak,’” 296–301, 306.

⁵⁴ Pak Kwanghyŏn, “Kyŏngsŏng cheguk taehak an ŭi ‘tongyang sahak,’” 301–3. I selected the Tōyōshi related courses from Pak's listing which is based on the “Bulletins” of the Seikyū kakusou 靑丘學叢 published in 1930–1939.

⁵⁵ Pak Kwanghyŏn, “Kyŏngsŏng cheguk taehak an ŭi ‘tongyang sahak,’” 303–4.

⁵⁶ While four of the remaining eleven defected to North Korea, three transferred to different fields such as law and education; the other four are not identified.

⁵⁷ Kim Ilch'ul, who with Kim Sanggi was a founding faculty member of SNU around 1947, studied at Beijing University and graduated from Tōhoku Imperial University in Chinese history. Publishing only an article on the interstate meetings in the Spring and Autumn period possibly based on his BA thesis (Kim Ilch'ul 金日出, “Ch'unch’u hoemaeng nonko” 春秋會盟論考, Yŏksahak yŏn'gu 歷史學硏究 1 (1949)), Kim, a socialist, eventually defected to North Korea before the Korean War; see Yi Sŏnggyu 李成珪, “Sŏul taehakgyo Tongyangsa hakwa 35 nyŏnsa(1969–2004)” 서울大學校 東洋史學科 35年史 [Thirty-five years of the department of Asian history in Seoul National University], Sŏuldae Tongyangsa hakwa nonjip 서울大東洋史學科論集 29 (2005), 2.

⁵⁸ Koh, Byungik, “Zur Werttheorie in der chinesischen Historiographie auf Grund des Shih-t'ung des Liu Chih-chi.” An article with the same title was published in Oriens Extremus 4.1 (1957), 5–51Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Cho Chwaho 曺佐鎬 (1917–1991) graduated from the Tōyōshi department of Tokyo University in 1943 and led the Chinese history faculty of Dongguk and Sungkyunkwan Universities: see Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0052619, accessed August 2, 2021. Kim Chunyŏp 金俊燁 (1920–2011) also went to Keiō University to study Tōyōshi. But when he was drafted into the Japanese army in his second year in 1944, he deserted from the barracks in Jiangsu, China to devote himself to the Korean independence movement. After liberation from Japan, Kim stayed in China for several years to study Chinese history at Zhongyang University in Nanjing and became a professor of modern Chinese history at Korea University in 1949 (https://namu.wiki/w/김준엽, accessed August 2, 2021). With Chŏng Chaegak mentioned above, Kim established the Chinese history program at Korea University.

⁶⁰ Yi Sŏnggyu, “Kim Sanggi” 金庠基, in Han'guk ŭi yŏksaga wa yŏkshak 韓國의 歷史家와 歷史學 [Historians and Historiography of Korea], vol. 2, edited by Cho Tonggŏl 趙東杰 et al. (Seoul: Ch'angjak kwa pip'yŏngsa, 1994), 268.

⁶¹ Kim Sanggi, Tongbang muhwa kyoryusa nongo 東方文化交流史論攷 (Seoul: Ŭlyumunhwasa, 1948); Kim Sanggi, Tongbangsa nonch'ong 東方史論叢 (Seoul: Sŏul taehakgyo ch'ulp’ansa, 1974).

⁶² Yi Sŏnggyu, “Kim Sanggi,” 269.

⁶³ Ko Pyŏngik 高炳翊, “Isŭlram kyodo wa Wŏndae sahoe” 이슬람敎徒와 元代社會 [Muslim and society in the Yuan dynasty], Yŏksahak yŏn'gu 1 (1949).

⁶⁴ Ko Pyŏngik, “Yuksip chasul: Yŏn'gusajŏk chajŏn” 六十自述: 硏究史的 自傳, in Yŏksa wa ingan ŭi taeŭng 歷史와 人間의 對應 [Interactions between history and human], edited by Ko Pyŏngik sŏnsaeng hoegap kinyŏm nonch'ong kanhaeng wiwŏnhoe 高炳翊先生回甲紀念論叢刊行委員會 (Seoul: Hanul, 1984), 12–23.

⁶⁵ Ko Pyŏngik, Tong'a kyosŏpsa ŭi yŏn'gu 東亞交涉史의 硏究 (Seoul: Sŏul taehakgyo ch'ulp’ansa, 1970).

⁶⁶ Hae-jong Chun, “Sino-Korean Tributary Relations in the Ch'ing Period,” in The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations, edited by John King Fairbank (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968), 90–111; Chŏn Haejong 全海宗, Han-Chung kwangyesa yŏn'gu 韓中關係史硏究 [A study of Korea-Sino relations] (Seoul: Ilchogak, 1970).

⁶⁷ For a review of Chŏn's book, see Zhang Cunwu 張存武, “‘Qingdai Han Zhong chaogong guanxi zongkao’ pingjia” “淸代韓中朝貢關係綜考”評價, Si yu yan 思與言 5.6 (1968), 48–49. Chŏn published a collection of his articles in China: Quan Haizong, translated by Quan Shanji (K. Chŏn Sŏnhŭi 全宣姬), Zhong Han guanxi shi lunji 中韓關係史論集 (Beijing: Shehui kexue, 1997).

⁶⁸ SNU recently announced that the three history departments will merge into the History Division in 2023.

⁶⁹ All the descriptions about the Tongsakwa in this article, unless otherwise noted, are based on Yi Sŏnggyu, “Sŏul taehakgyo Tongyangsa hakwa 35 nyŏnsa (1969–2004),” 1–131.

⁷⁰ Min Tugi 閔斗基, “Tongnama e itŏsŏ ŭi sahoejŏk chagyongryŏk” 東南亞에 있어서의 社會的 作用力 [Social forces in action in Southeast Asia], Yŏksa hakbo 歷史學報 6 (1953), 262–67.

⁷¹ Min Tugi, “Chŏnhan ŭi nŭngŭp samin ch'aek: Kanggan yakji ch'aek ŭrosŏ kŭ naeyong e taehan sigo” 前漢의 陵邑徙民策: 强幹弱枝策으로서 그 內容에 對한 試考 [The migration policy to the mausoleum towns in the Former Han: A study of the policy of strengthening the core and weakening the branches], Yŏksa hakbo 9 (1955), 1–37; Min Tuki, “Yŏmch’ŏlron yŏn'gu: kŭ paegyŏng kwa sasang e taehan yakgan ŭi koch'al (sang)” 鹽鐵論硏究: 그 背景과 思想에 對한 若干의 考察(上) [A study of the Yantielun: A few issues about its background and thought], Yŏksa hakbo 10 (1958), 221–70; Min Tuki, “Yŏmch’ŏlron yŏn'gu: kŭ paegyŏng kwa sasang e taehan yakgan ŭi koch'al (ha下),” Yŏksa hakbo 11 (1959), 111–53.

⁷² Min Tu-ki [Tugi], edited by Philip Kuhn and Timothy Brook, National Polity and Local Power: The Transformation of Late Imperial China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).

⁷³ See the following reviews: Prasenjit Duara in Journal of Asian studies 50.2 (1991), 395–397; Jonathan K. Ocko in American Historical Review 96.4 (1991), 1259; Wei-ying Ku in Pacific Affairs 64.2 (1991), 250–252; Huang Gu in Qingshi yanjiu 1992.1; Joseph W. Esherick in Journal of Asian and African Studies XVIII 1–2 (1993), 123–124.

⁷⁴ Min Tugi, “Min Tuki chap'yŏn yŏnbo ryak” 閔斗基 雜編 年譜略 (A brief annals, edited by Min Tugi), in Han songi dŭlggot kwa mannal ttae: Min Tuki kyosu chasŏn sup'il sŏn 한 송이 들꽃과 만날 때: 閔斗基 敎授 自傳 隨筆選 [Coming across wildflowers: Self-selected essays of Professor Min Tugi] (Seoul: Chisik sanŏpsa, 1997), 247–248.

⁷⁵ Tu-ki [Tugi] Min, Men and Ideas in Modern Chinese History (Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 1997).

⁷⁶ Min authored about ten books, mostly on the reforms and revolutions in modern China. He also translated and edited many other books about Chinese history.

⁷⁷ Sŏul taehakgyo Tongyangsahak yŏn'gusil 서울大學校東洋史學硏究室 ed., Kangjwa Chungguksa 講座中國史 I–VII (Seoul: Chisik sanŏpsa, 1989).

⁷⁸ The volume titles are as follows: I. The Formation of Ancient Civilization and Empire, II. The Society of the Powerful Families and the World of Hu (Northern barbarians) and Han (Chinese), III. Literati Society and the Mongol Empire, IV. Completion of the Imperial Order, V. Unrest in the Chinese Imperial Order, VI. Reform and Revolutions, and VII. The Search for a New Order.

⁷⁹ Yi Sŏnggyu, Chungguk kodae cheguk sŏngripsa yŏn'gu 中國古代帝國成立史硏究 (Research on the birth of the ancient Chinese empire) (Seoul: Ilchogak, 1984).

⁸⁰ Yi Sŏnggyu, Su ŭi cheguk Chin-Han: Kyesu wa kyeryang ŭi chibae 數의 帝國 秦漢: 計數와 計量의 支配 (Seoul: Taehanminguk haksulwŏn, 2019).

⁸¹ Pak Hanje 朴漢濟, Chungguk chungse Ho-Han ch'eje yŏn'gu 中國中世胡漢體制硏究 [Medieval Chinese history and Sino-Barbarian synthesis] (Seoul: Ilchogak, 1988).

⁸² Pak Hanje, Chungguk tosŏng kwa ipji: Su-Tang Chang'ansŏng ch'ulhyŏn chŏnya 中國 都城과 立地: 隋唐 長安城 出現 前夜 (Seoul: Sŏul taehakgyo ch'ulp’an munhwawŏn, 2019); Pak Hanje, Chungguk chungse tosŏng kwa hohan ch'eje 中國 中世 都城과 胡漢體制 (Seoul: Sŏul taehakgyo ch'ulp’an munhwawŏn, 2019).

⁸³ O Kŭmsŏng 吳金成, Chungguk kŭndae sahoe kyŏngjesa yŏn'gu: Myŏngdae sinsach’ŭng ŭi hyŏngsŏng kwa sahoe kyŏngjejŏk yŏkkal 中國近代社會經濟史硏究: 明代 紳士層의 形成과 社會經濟的 役割 (Seoul: Iljogak, 1986); Mindai Shakai Keizaishi Kenkyū: Shinshisou no Keisei to sono Shyakaikeizaiteki Yakuwari (Toyko: Kyūko Shoin, 1990).

⁸⁴ O Kŭmsŏng, Kukbŏp kwa sahoe kwanhaeng: Myŏng-Ch’ŏng sidae sahoe kyŏngjesa yŏn'gu 國法과 社會貫行: 明淸時代 社會經濟史 硏究 (Seoul: Chisik sanŏpsa, 2007).

⁸⁵ O Kŭmsŏng, Mosun ŭi kongjon: Myŏng-Ch’ŏng sidae Kangsŏ sahoe yŏn'gu 矛盾의 共存: 明淸時代 江西 社會 硏究 (Seoul: Chisik sanŏpsa, 2007).

⁸⁶ Wu Jincheng, translated by Cui Ronggen 崔榮根, Guofa yu shuhui guanxing: Ming-Qing shidai shehui jingjishi (Hangzhou: Zhejiang daxue, 2020); Wu Jincheng, translated by Cui Ronggen and Xue Ge 薛戈, Mao yu dun de gongcun: Ming-Qing shidai Jiangxi shehui yanjiu (Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin, 2018).

⁸⁷ Yi Sŏnggyu, “Sŏul taehakgyo Tongyangsa hakwa 35 nyŏnsa (1969–2004),” 22.

⁸⁸ The other four were Kim Han'gyu 金翰奎 (Sŏgang University), Sin Ch'aesik 申采湜 (Sŏngsin Women's University), Pak Wŏnho 朴元熇 and Yi Pyŏngju 李炳柱 (Yŏngnam University).

⁸⁹ The Chinese discussants were Wu Rongzeng 吳榮曾, Zhang Chuanxi 張傳璽, Deng Guangming 鄧廣銘, Xu Daling 許大齡 (Beijing University), Liu Zhongri 劉重日, Huang Lie 黃烈, Wang Rongsheng 王戎笙 (Chinese Academy of Social Science), and Wang Rufeng 王汝豊 (Renmin University).

⁹⁰ Dongyang shixuehui 東洋史學會, ed., Zhongguo shi yanjiu de chengguo yu zhanwang 中國史硏究的成果與展望 (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue, 1991). Although Pak, the organizer, insisted on using “Hanguo” or even “Nan Chaoxian” in the book title, the publisher did not accept that. Instead, Pak was able to add “Hanguo” in the second edition in 2015: Pak Wŏnho, “1991nyŏn Tongyang sahakhoe ‘Pukkyŏng wŏk’ŭshyap kaech'oe simal” 1991年 東洋史學會 ‘北京워크샵’ 開催 始末 [The full account of the Beijing Workshop for the Korean society of the Asian Historical Studies in 1991], Tongyang sahak yŏn'gu 東洋史學硏究 133 (2015), 458–60.

⁹¹ Another important association based in Taegu and Kyŏngsang Province is the Society for Chinese Historical Research or Chungguk sahakhoe. Established in 1991, the society has published the Journal of Chinese Historical Research or Chungguksa yŏn'gu 中國史硏究 since 1996 (bimonthly since 2003).

⁹² The articles in the annual bibliography are classified as follows: 1. Comprehensive history, 2. Premodern, 3. Modern, 4. Japan and other areas, 5. The history of interactions, 6. Thought and philosophy, 7. Chinese literature, 8. Literature of Japan and other areas, and 9. Languages, art history, bibliography, etc.

⁹³ “Kuknae Tongyangsa kwanryŏn nonmun yomok 2019” 近來東洋史關聯論文要目2019, “Sŏkbaksa hakwi nonmun 2019” 碩博士學位論文2019, “Tongyangsa kwankye singan mongnok 2019” 東洋史關係新刊目錄, Tongyang sahak yŏn'gu 153 (2020), 517–618.

⁹⁴ Min Tugi, “Chungguksa yŏn'gu ŭi ‘cheko’ wa ‘pogŭp” 中國史硏究 提高와 普及 [Enhancement and distribution of the studies on Chinese history], Tongyang sahak yŏn'gu 50 (1995), 1–5.

⁹⁵ Two more associations are noteworthy in this regard. The first is the Korean Association for Central Asian Studies established in 1996 with the journal Central Asian Studies or Chung'ang Asia yŏn'gu 中央아시아硏究, which increased its publication biannually in 2012. The second is the Manchurian Studies Association established in 1998 with the biannual Journal of Manchurian Studies or Manju yŏn'gu 滿洲硏究 since 2003.

⁹⁶ Yi Sŏnggyu, “Tongyang sahakhoe osipnyŏn kwa tongyang sahak” 東洋史學會五十年과 東洋史學 [Golden jubilee of the Korean society of the Asian Historical Studies and Asian historical studies], Tongyang sahak yŏn'gu 133 (2015), 17, 21–22.

⁹⁷ Yi Sŏnggyu, “Tongyang sahakhoe osipnyŏn kwa tongyang sahak,” 18–21.