Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-qlrfm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T16:36:45.166Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rural China in the Song

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

Get access

Extract

That the late Tang and Song form a watershed in Chinese history is an idea that needs no introduction in these pages. It has won the general acceptance of scholars of the most varying historical (and political) persuasions. New political institutions, including a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by officials chosen for their ability; a proliferation of cities and towns, as well as the markets to support them; the largest standing army seen anywhere in the world to that time; a brilliant reformulation of the Confucian tradition with profound effects not only on the elite but on the population at large: the magnitude of these and other changes is undeniable.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Motonosuke, Amano1 19501952. “Chin Fu no Nōsho to suitōsaku gijutsu no tenkai” [Chen Fu's Nongshu and the development of wet rice cultivation techniques]. Tōhō gakuhō 19: 2364; 21: 37–133.Google Scholar
Motonosuke, Amano1 1962. Chūgoku nōgyo shi kenkyū [Studies of Chinese agricultural history}. Tōkyō: The National Research Institute of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Motonosuke, Amano1 1966. “Sō Chin Fu Nōsho ni tsuite” [Chen Fu's Nongshu]. Tōhōgaku 32: 4855.Google Scholar
Motonosuke, Amano1 1967. “Gen no ō Tei Nōsho no kenkyū” [A study of Wang Zhen's Nongshu]. In Yabuuchi 1967, pp. 341468.Google Scholar
Sadao, Aoyama2 1963. Tō-Sō jidai no kōtsū to chishi chizu no kenkyū [Studies of the communication systems of Tang and Song China and the development of gazetteers and maps]. Tōkyō: Yoshikawa kōbunkan.Google Scholar
Boserup, Ester 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Sulo, Cheng1 1953/1957. “Nan Song de guantian zhidu yu nongmin” [The official fields system and farmers in the southern Song]. In Zhongguo lidai tudi . . . 1957, pp. 489502.Google Scholar
Ch'ao-ting, Chi 1936. Key Economic Areas in Chinese History. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Masaaki, Chikusau 1971. “HokuSō shidaifu no shikyo to baiden; shu ni Tōba sekitoku o shiryō to shite” {Changing of residence and land-buying of the northern Song literati; as seen mainly in the letters of (Su) Dongpo]. Shirin 54, no. 2: 206–31.Google Scholar
Co-ching, Chu (Kezhen)v 1931/1954. “Climatic Changes during Historic Time in China.” Collected Scientific Papers: Meteorology 1919–1949. Peking: Academia Sinica, 1954.Google Scholar
Guangming, DengW 1963. “Tang Song zhuangyuan zhidu zhiyi” [Doubts about a “manorial system” in the Tang and Song}. Lishi yanjiu 6: 135–50.Google Scholar
Guangtao, Dongx 1971. “Songdai yutian tuiguang zhi yanjiu” [The expansion of sediment fields yutian in the Song]. Hualian shifu xuebao 3: 91112.Google Scholar
Duby, George 1968. Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West. Translated by Postan, Cynthia. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Elvin, Mark 1973 The Pattern of the Chinese Past. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Elvin, Mark 1975. “On Water Control and Management during the Ming and Ch'ing Periods: A Review Article.” Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 3, no. 3: 82103.Google Scholar
Finley, M. I. 1973. The Ancient Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Morihiro, Furubayashiy 1970. “Sōdai ni okeru seimaigyō to seifungyō” [Rice-polishing and flour-making in the Song]. Shigaku kenkyū (Hiroshima shigaku kenkyūkai) 108: 2236.Google Scholar
Morihiro, Furubayashiy 1970a. “Sōdai ji??-in no atsū-usu kei-ei” [The management of temple mills in the Song]. Kenkyū kiyō (Akashi kōgyō kōtō senmon gakkō) 9: 4348.Google Scholar
Liiquan, Guan2 1962. “Lun Liang Song nongmin zhanzheng” [Peasant wars in the northern and southern Song]. Lishi yanjiu 2: 7996.Google Scholar
Haeger, John W. 1969. “Between North and South: The Lake Rebellion in Hunan 1130–1135.” The Journal of Asian Studies 28, no. 3: 469–88.Google Scholar
Haeger, John W. 1975. Crisis and Prosperity in Sung China. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Hartwell, Robert 1967. “A Cycle of Economic Change in Imperial China: Coal and Iron in Northeast China, 750–1350.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 10, no. 1: 102–59.Google Scholar
Takeo, Hibinoaa 1974. “HokuSō jidai no Keitōro” Uingdong circuit in the northern Song]. In Sōdai shi ronsō 1974, pp. 371–89.Google Scholar
Ichio, Higashiab 1970. ō Anseki shinponō kenkyū [A study of Wang Anshi's new policies]. Tokyō: Kazama shobō.Google Scholar
Kaisaburō, Hinoac 1949. “Sōdai inasaku taikyū tane oyobi fushu hogaku kō” [The lending of seed and the amounts of seed used per mou in rice cultivation during the Song]. Shien 40: 69108.Google Scholar
Kaisaburō, Hinoac 1950. “Sōdai no chōseigyū” [Revenue-producing cattle (changsheng niu ad) in the Song]. Tōyō gakuhō 32, no. 3: 6684.Google Scholar
Kaisaburō, Hinoac 1951. “NanSō kanden no fusho ni tsuite” [Tenant rents on official lands in the southern Song, calculated on the amount of seed used]. Shigaku zasshi 60, no. 6: 482504.Google Scholar
Kaisaburō, Hinoac 1953. “Sōdai no chin-gyū ni tsuite” [Short-term renting of draft animals in the Song]. Shien 56: 85116.Google Scholar
Kaisaburō, Hinoac 1953a. “Sōdai no so-gyū ni tsuite” [Longer-term renting of draft animals in the Song]. Shien 58.Google Scholar
Kaisaburō, Hinoac 1956. “Dōshi; Tō Sō yōgo kai no ku” [Dongshi ae; Explanations of Tang and Song terminology no. 9]. Tōyō shigaku 15: 4358.Google Scholar
Kaisaburō, Hinoac 1960. “Sōdai nōson seikatsu gaikan” [An overview of Song village life]. In Nishi Nippon Shigakkai sōritsu jūshūnen kinen ronbun shū [A collection of articles commemorating the ioth anniversary of the founding of the Western Japan Historical Seminar], pp. 7990.Google Scholar
Ping-ti, Ho 1956. “Early Ripening Rice in Chinese History.” Economic History Review 9: 200–18.Google Scholar
Wailu, Houaf 1964. “Tō Sō jidai no nōmin sensō no rekishiteki tokuchō” [The historical characteristics of peasant wars in the Tang and Song]. Tōyōshi kenkyū 23, no. 1: 5982.Google Scholar
Kung-chuan, Hsiao 1960. Rural China; Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
ag, Hua Shana 1961/1962. “Guanyu Songdai de kehu wenti” [The question of guest households in the Song]. In Zhongguo fengjian shehui. . . 1962.Google Scholar
Yu-kung, Kao 1963 “A Study of the Fang La Rebellion.” HarvardJournal of Asiatic Studies (HJAS) 24: 1763.Google Scholar
Yu-kung, Kao 1966. “Source Materials on the Fang La Rebellion.” HJAS 26: 211–40.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1917/1952. “Tō no shōen no seishitsu oyobi sono yurai ni tsuite” [The origin and character of Tang zhuangyuan ai). In Katō 1952, pp. 208–30.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1922/1952. “Tōdai ni okeru fudōsan shichi ni tsuite” [On the redemption of mortgaged property in the Tang]. In Katō 1952, pp. 283–93.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1926/1952. “Tō Sō no sōshi ni tsuite” [Caoshi aj or rural markets in the Tang and Song]. In Katō 1952, pp. 380–86.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1928/1952. “Tō Sō jidai no shōen no soshiki narabi ni sono shuraku to shite no hattatsu ni tsuite” [The organization of large estates (zhuangyuan) in the Tang and Song and their development into villages and towns]. In Katō 1952, pp. 231–60.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1933/1952. “Tō Sō jidai no shi” [The shi ak or market in the Tang and Song]. In Katō 1952, pp. 347–79.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1933a/1952. Tō Sō jidai no sōshi oyobi sono hattatsu” [Caoshi or rural markets and their development during the Tang and Song]. In Katō 1952, pp. 387421.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1933/1953 “Sōdai no shukyakko tōkei” [Figures on native and guest households in the Song]. In Katō 1953, pp. 338–70.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1939/1953. “Shina ni okeru Senjō ine saibai no hattatsu ni tsuite” [The spread of the cultivation of Champa rice in China]. In Katō 1953, pp. 659–75.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1947/1953. “Shina ni okeru inesaku toku ni sono hinshu no hattatsu ni tsuite” [Rice production in China with particular reference to seed varieties]. In Katō 1953, pp. 638–58.Google Scholar
Shigeshi, Katoah 1952–1953. Shina keizaishi kōshō (Studies in Chinese Economic History). 2 vols. Tōkyō: Tōyōbunko.Google Scholar
Yoshirō, Kawaharaa1 1964. HokuSō ki tochi shoyū no mondai to shōgyō shihon [Land tenure and commercial capital in the Song]. Fukuoka: Nishi Nihon gakujutsu shuppansha.Google Scholar
Yoshirō, Kawaharaa1 1964a. “Sōdai tochi shoyū no kihon mondai” [The basic question of land tenure in the Song]. Fukuoka daigaku kenkyūjo hō 5. 2347.Google Scholar
Yasuo, Kitayamaam 1936. “Sōdai no tochi shoyū keitai” [Forms of land tenure in the Song]. Tōyōshi kenkyū 2, no. 2: 101–16.Google Scholar
Kroker, Edward 1952. “The Concept of Property in Chinese Customary Law.” Transactions 0f the Asiatic Society of Japan, 3d ser., no. 7: 123–46.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1959. “Sōdai no kokō tōkei jo ni iwayuru kyakko ni tsuite” [Guest households in Song population totals]. Shien 79: 103–29.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1963. “Sōdai no shuko, kyakko, tenko” [Native, guest, and tenant households in the Song]. Tōyō gakuhō 46, no. 1: 80104; 46, no. 2: 223–46.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1964. “Tō chuki ikō ni okeru shōhin keizai no hatten to jinushi sei” [Landlordism and the expansion of a commercial economy from the mid-Tang onward]. Rekishigaku kenkyū 292: 1121.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1969. “Sōdai minden no tensaku keitai” [The forms of tenancy on private lands in the Song). Shisō 10: 12112.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1969a. “Sōdai kanden no soshu kangyō” [Tenant rights on official lands in the Song]. Tōyōshi kenkyū 28, no. 1: 127.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1969b. “Sōdai no ganden kōso to tenko no hō mibun” [The refusal of tenants to pay their rents and the legal status of tenant households in the Song]. Shigaku zasshi 78, no. 11: 1549–83.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1969c. “Sōdai kanden no keiei ruikei” [Types of management of government land in the Song]. Nippon joshi daigaku kiyō (Bungakubu) 18: 4267.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1970. “Sodai no sanden” [The practice chandian by which tenants were deprived of their tenures in the Song]. Shisō 11: 139.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1970a “Sō-Gen jidai no suiri den kaihatsu to ichiden ryōshu kankō no hōga” [The development of irrigated fields in the Song and Yuan and the beginnings of two-tier land ownership]. Tōyō gakuhō 53, no. 1: 4277; 53, no. 2: 178–211.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1970b. “Daitochi shoyū to tenkosei no tenkai” [Large-scale land ownership and the development of tenancy]. In Sekai rekisbi (Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten) 9: 345–82.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1971. “NanSō bunken ni mieru denkotsu, denkon, denso, dentei” [The terms tiangu, so tiangen,lp tianzu,aq and tiandiar as seen in southern Song texts]. Hōbun ronsō 28 (Shigaku): 5481.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1972. Review of Tan 1972. Shisō 13: 137–73.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1972–1974. “TōSō jidai ni okeru nōden no sonzai keitai” [Kinds of agricultural land in the Tang and Song]. Hōbun ronsō 31: 78105; 33: 58–97.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1975. “Kyū Chūgoku no tazura kankō; tazura no busshitsuteki kiban to hōteki kanshūteki sho kenryoku” [The custom of surface rights to land in traditional China; its material basis and various customary legal rights]. Hobūn ronso 36: 5776.Google Scholar
Yasushi, Kusanoan 1977. “Tazura kankō no seiritsu” [The establishment of multi-tier land ownership], Hōbun ronsō 39:6188.Google Scholar
jinglin, Lias 1956/1957. “Dui BeiSong tudi zhanyou chingkuang de chuba tansuo; jian dui Yang Zhijiu xiansheng ‘BeiSong tudi jianping wenti’ de ji dian shangque” [A preliminary study of the conditions of landholding in the northern Song, together with some points of discussion concerning Yang Zhijiu's ‘The question of concentration of landholdings in the northern Song’]. In Zhongguo lidaitudi . . . 1957, pp. 479–88.Google Scholar
Liu, James T. C. 1959. Reform in Sung China: Wang An-shih (1021–1086) and his New Policies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Maspero, Henri 1937/1950. “Les régimes fonciers en Chine des origines aux temps modernes.” In Études Historiques. Vol. 3, pp. 147–92. Paris: Civilisations du Sud.Google Scholar
McAleavy, Henry 1958. “Dien in China and Vietnam.” The Journal of Asian Studies 17, no. 3: 403–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKnight, Brian E. 1968. “The Selection of Southern Sung Village Officers: To Whom Power?” Monumenta Serica 27: 306–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKnight, Brian E. 1971. Village and Bureaucracy in Southern Sung China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hisayuki, Miyakawa 1955. “An Outline of the Naito Hypothesis and Its Effects on Japanese Studies of China.” Far Eastern Quarterly 14: 533–52.Google Scholar
Ichisada, Miyazakiat 1952/1964. “Sōdai igo no tochi shoyū keitai” [Forms of landholding from the Song onward]. In Miyazaki 1964, pp. 87129.Google Scholar
Ichisada, Miyazakiat 1964. Ajia shi kenkyū [Studies in Oriental history]. Vol. 4. Kyōtō: Tōyōshi kenkyūkai.Google Scholar
Ichisada, Miyazakiat 1970–1971. “Bukyoku kara tenko e: TōSō kan shakai henkaku no ichimen” [From bondsmen to tenants: one aspect of the Tang-Song social revolution]. Tōyoshi kenkyū 29: 325–61; 30: 1–32.Google Scholar
Myers, Ramon H. 1970. The Chinese Peasant Economy: Agricultural Development in Hopei and Shantung, 1890–1949. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mamoru, Nagaseau 1966. “SōGen jidai no nōsho to nōgyō gijutsu” [Agricultural handbooks and technology in the Song and Yuan]. Rekisbi kyōiku 14, no. 8: 4855.Google Scholar
Mamoru, Nagaseau 1974. “Sōdai Kōnan ni okeru suiri kaihatsu; toku ni Ginken to sono suiri o chūshin to shite” [The development of water control in Jiangnan, especially around the district of Yin, in the Song]. In Sōdai shi ronsō 1974, pp. 315–37.Google Scholar
Nair, Kusum 1969. The Lonely Furrow; Farming in the United States, Japan and India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
jihei, Nakamuraav 1974. “ō Anseki no shinpō to Sensō kyo” [Wang Anshi's new policies and the Qiancang canal]. Sōdai shi ronsō 1974, pp. 295314.Google Scholar
Yoshihiro, Nakamuraaw 1973. “Sodai kyakko seido no ichi shiron” [A preliminary discussion of the Song guest household system]. Akidai shigaku, 20.Google Scholar
Needham, Joseph 1965. Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 4: Physics and Physical Technology. Part II: Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Joseph, Needham 1971. Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 4. Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics.Google Scholar
Noboru, Niidaax 1937. TōSō hōritsu bunsho no kenkyū [Legal documents of the Tang and Song]. Reprint. Tokyo: Daian, 1967.Google Scholar
Noboru, Niidaax 1956/1962. “Chūgoku no dōzoku mata wa sonraku no tochi shoyū mondai; Sōdai igo no iwayuru kyōdōtai” [The question of clan and village landownership in China; so-called cooperative forms from the Song on]. In Niida 1962, pp. 683740.Google Scholar
Noboru, Niidaax 19563/1962. “GenMin jidai no mura no kiyaku to kosaku shōsho nado: nichiyō hyakka zensho no rui nijū shu no naka kara” [Yuan and Ming regulations of villages and tenant bonds; from twenty encyclopedias of daily use]. In Niida 1962, pp. 790829.Google Scholar
Noboru, Niidaax 1962. Chūgoku hōseishi kenkyū: dorei nōdo bō, kazoku sonraku hō [Chinese legal history: laws concerning slaves, serfs, households, and villages]. Tōkyō: Tōkyō daigaku shuppankai.Google Scholar
Buichi, Nishiyamaay 1969. “SoGen chihō nosho kō” [Local agricultural handbooks in the Song and Yuan]. Nōson kenkyū 30: 2936.Google Scholar
Shoji, Ogasawaraaz 1967. “Sōdai no kanden ni okeru eiden ni tsuite” [Permanent tenacy on Song official lands]. Yamazaki sensei taikan kinen Tōyō shigaku ronshū 12: 135–41.Google Scholar
Masahiro, Okamotoba 1964. “Sodai no koseki jo no kyakko ni tsuite” [Guest households on household registers in the Song]. Tōhōgaku 28: 6677.Google Scholar
Perkins, Dwight H. 1969. Agricultural Development in China 1368–1968. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Hansheng, Quanbb 1944. “BeiSong wujia de biandong” [Price fluctuations in the northern Song] Zhongyang yanjiuyuan lishi yuyan yanjiusuo jikan (ZYJ) 11: 337–94.Google Scholar
Hansheng, Quanbb 1944a. “NanSong chunian wujia de da biandong” [Major price fluctuations at the beginning of the southern Song]. ZYJ 11: 395423.Google Scholar
Hansheng, Quanbb 1948. “NanSong daomi de shengchan yu yunxiao” [The production and marketing of rice in the southern Song]. ZYJ 20: 403–32. Excerpted version translated in E-tu Zen Sun and John de Francis, eds., Chinese Social History. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies, 1956, pp. 222–33.Google Scholar
Hansheng, Quanbb 1948a. “Songmo tonghuo de pengzhang ji qi duiyu wujia zhi yingxiang” [Currency inflation and its effect on prices at the end of the Song]. ZYJ 20: 193222.Google Scholar
Hansheng, Quanbb 1956. Tang Song diguo yu yunhuo [The Tang and Song empires and the Grand Canal]. Taibei: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida 1972. Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida 1975. “Agricultural Development in the Han River Highlands.” Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 3, no. 4: 6381.Google Scholar
Tomi, Saekibc 1961. Shiji tsūgan sakuin [Index to the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government). Kyōto: Tōyoshi kenkyūkai.Google Scholar
Yasuhiko, Satakebd 1966. “Sōdai kyōson seido no keisei katei” [The emergence of the Song form of village organization]. Tōyōshi kenkyū 25, no. 3: 244–74.Google Scholar
Yasuhiko, Satakebd 1967–1968. “Sōdai Shisen Kishū ro no minpō mondai to tochi shoyū mondai” [Emancipation and land-holding in Song Sichuan and Guizhou]. Shirin 50, no. 6: 801–29; 51, no. 1: 44–74.Google Scholar
Yasuhiko, Satakebf 1970. “Tōmatsu Sōsho no Tonkō chihō ni okeru koseki seido no hensen ni tsuite” [Changes in the household register system in the Dunhuang region during the late Tang and early Song). Okayama daigaku hobungakubu gakujutsu kiyo 30: 111–22.Google Scholar
Yasuhiko, Satakebf 1973. “TōSō henkakki ni okeru Kōnan tōsai ro no tochi shoyu to tochi seisaku; gimon no seicho otegakari ni shite” [Landownership and land policies in the Jiangnan circuits during the Tang-Song transitional period, using the growth of yimen1* families as a clue]. Tōyōshi kenkyū 31, no. 4: 503–36.Google Scholar
Yasuhiko, Satakebf 1974. “Sōdai Kanshū jijō sobyō” [An outline of conditions in Ganzhou in the Song]. In Sōdai shi ronsō 1974, pp. 99122.Google Scholar
Schurmann, H. Franz 1956. “Traditional Property Concepts in China.” Far Eastern Quarterly 15. no. 4: 507–16.Google Scholar
Shanin, Teodor 1973–1974. “The Nature and Logic of the Peasant Economy.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 1, no. 1: 6380; i, no. 2: 186–206.Google Scholar
Shiba, Yoshinobubf 1968. Sōdai shōgyō shi kenkyū (Commercial Activities during the Song Dynasty). Tōyō: Kazama shobō.Google Scholar
Yoshinobu, Shibabf 1970. “Commercialization of Farm Products in the Sung Period.” Acta Asiatica 19: 7796.Google Scholar
Yoshinobu, Shibabf 1972. “Sōdai Kishū no chi-iki kaihatsu” [The development of the Huizhou region in the Song]. Yamamoto hakushi kanri kinen Tōyōshi ronso 10: 215–29.Google Scholar
Yoshinobu, Shibabf 1974. “Sōdai shiteki seido no enkaku” [The development of the system of government grain purchase in the Song]. In Sōdai shi ronsō 1974, pp. 123–59.Google Scholar
Yoshinobu, Shibabf 1975. “Urbanization and the Development of Markets in the Lower Yangtze Valley.” In Haeger 1975, PP. 1348.Google Scholar
Yoshinobu, Shiba, and Elvin, Mark 1970. Commerce and Society in Sung China. Translation by Mark Elvin of Shiba 1968. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazuyasu, Shimasuebg 1972. “Sōdai no tenko to shukyakko sei” [The tenancy and native-guest household systems of the Song]. Tōyōshi kenkyū 30, no. 4: 436–45.Google Scholar
Kazuyasu, Shimasuebg 1972a. “Ryōzeihō shita ni okeru kyakko no shukoka to komei ni tsuite” [The transformation of guest households into native households and household names under the biannual tax]. Kadai shigaku 20: 111.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William 1971. “Chinese Peasants and the Closed Community: An Open and Shut Case.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 13 ( July): 270–81.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William 1977. The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Thomas C. 1959. The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
ronso, Sōdai shi 1974. Aoyama hakushi koki kinen Sōdai shi ronso [Collection of essays on Song history presented to Dr. Sadao Aoyama on the occasion of his seventieth birthday]. Tōyō: Seishin shobō.Google Scholar
Shizuobh, Sogabebh 1963. Chūgoku oyobi kodai Nihon ni okeru kyōson keitai no hensen [Changes in the configuration of villages in China and in early Japan]. Tōyō: Yoshikawa kobunkan.Google Scholar
Shizuobh, Sogabebh 1965. “SōGen jidai nosonraku” [Song and Yuan villages]. Rekishi kyōiku 13, no. 9: 814.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1933/1965. “SōGen jidai no tenko sei ni tsuite” [The Song and Yuan tenancy system]. In Sudō 1965, pp. 867920.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1950. Sōdai kanryōkei to daitochi shoyū [The Song bureaucracy and large landholdings]. Shakai kōsei shi takei [A systematic history of the formation of society], vol. 8. Tōyō: Nihon hyōronsha.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1950/1954. “Sōdai shōen no kanri; toku ni kanjin o chūshin to shite” [The administration of Song estates, with a focus on estate managers]. In Sudō 1954, pp. 65105.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1950a/1954. “Sōdai no tenko sei, dorei kōsaku to no kanren ni oite” [Song tenancy and its connection with farming by slaves]. In Sudō 1954, pp. 107–72.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1951/1965. “Sōdai no kyōson ni okeru ten, shi, ho no hattatsu” [The growth of dian,bishi, and bu bk in Song villages]. In Sudō 1954, pp. 173–94.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1951 a/1954. “SōKin jidai ni okeru shōen to tenko no ichi kōsatsu; toku ni Chōan fukin ni tsuite” [Estates and tenants in the Song and Jin, especially in the environs of Changan]. In Sudō 1954. PP. 173–94.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1953/1954. “Sōdai no Ryōzei futan; toku ni mai ho no Ryōzei gaku ni tsuite” [The rate of taxation on each mou under the Song biannual tax]. In Sudō 1954, pp. 311–36.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1953a/1954. “NanSō ni okeru tonden, eiden kanshō no keiei; kanden no shoen sei hatten to shite” [The management of military colony and agricultural colony official estates in the southern Song; the development of the large estate system on official lands]. In Sudō 1954, pp. 289–384.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1953b/1954. “Sōdai kanden no tenken baibai; shibai mata wa shūka koten ni tsuite” [The buying and selling of tenant rights to official lands (zipei,blchoujia jiaodian bm) in the Song]. In Sudō 1954, pp. 385404.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1953C/1954. “Sōdai shōen sei no hattatsu” [The growth of Song large estates (zhuangyuan)]. In Sudō 1954, pp. 195288.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1953d/1954- “Tōmatsu Godai no shōen sei” [The estate system at the end of the Tang and in the Five Dynasties]. In Sudō 1954, pp. 764.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1953e/1954- “Sōdai no tenko, tenboku, yōjin sei; toku ni ‘Sōdai no tenko sei’ no hosei o chūshin to shite” [Song tenants, serfs, and hired agricultural laborers, revising Sudō 19503/1954]. In Sudō 1954, pp. 603726.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1954. Chūgoku tochi seido shi kenkyū [Researches into the history of Chinese land systems]. Tōkyō: Tōkyō daigaku shuppansha.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1955–1956/1962. “NanSō ni okeru mugisaku no shōrei to nimōsaku” [Double cropping and the encouragement of wheat growing in the southern Song]. In Sudō 1962, pp. 225320.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1956/1962. “Sōdai no uden to shoen sei; toku ni Kōnan tō ro ni tsuite” [Reclaimed lake and riverbed lands (yutianbn) and estate organizations in the Song, especially in Jiangnan dong circuit]. In Sudō 1962, pp. 363431.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1956/1965. “Sōdai no kimei kikin to Gendai Kanjin no tōken; tenko sei to no kanren ni oite” [False registration of land in the Song and Yuan; its connection with tenancy]. In Sudō 1965, PP. 389449.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1956a/1965. “Sōdai denko no sanden sei; kanden o chūshin to shite” [The practice chandian for tenants being outbid for their land, especially on official lands]. In Sudō 1965, pp. 147–78.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1957/1965. “Sōdai tenten sei” [Retaining use as a tenant of mortgaged property in the Song}. In Sudō 1965, pp. 179212.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1958/1962. “NanSō no nōsho to sono seikaku; toku ni ō Tei Nōsho no seiritsu to kanren shite” [The nature of southern Song agricultural manuals, especially in connection with the compilation of Wang Zhen's Nongshu]. In Sudō 1962, pp. 172.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1961/1962. “NanSō no nō tan'ya to nōgu no hanbai” [Rural forging and the sale of agricultural tools in the southern Song]. In Sudō 1962, pp. 207–24.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1961a/1962. “NanSō ni okeru ine no shurui to hinshu no chi-ikisei” [Rice strains and their regionalization in the southern Song]. In Sudō 1962, pp. 139205.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1961–1962. “NanSō tosaku no chi-ikisei” [The regionalization of rice cultivation in the southern Song}. In Sudō 1962, pp. 73138.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1961/1965. “NanSō no denkotsu, yakotsu, enkotsu; toku ni kaiten shūbai to no kankei ni tsuite” [The terms tiangu, wugu,bo and yuangih in the southern Song, and especially their connection with the conversion of mortgages to sales}. In Sudō 1965, pp. 213–32.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1962. “Sōdai keizai shi kenkyū [Researches in Song economic history). Tōkyō: Tōkyō daigaku shuppankai.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1963/1965. “Sōdai kyōson sei no hensen katei” [Changes in Song rural administration]. In Sudō 1965, pp. 561644.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1964/1965. “Sōdai no hatō no kanri kikō to suiri kiyaku: kyōson sei no kanren ni tsuite” [Organizations to supervise dikes and embankments, and waterworks regulations in the Song; their connection with rural control]. In Sudō 1965, pp. 737–81.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1964a/1965. “NanSō no ekihō to kankyō, kyōkyō, kanto, kyōto to no kankei” [Runl, administrative units (xiang,bq dubt) with plentiful or with scarce land and their relation to labor services in the southern Song]. In Sudō 1965, pp. 645–80.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō (Sutō)bi 1964b/1965. “Sōdai Shisen no tenko sei; saikin no kenkyū o yonde” {Comments on tenancy in Song Sichuan inspired by recent research]. In Sudō 1965, pp. 321–87.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō?? (Sutō)bi 1965. TōSō shakai keizai shi kenkyū [Researches into the socioeconomic history of the Tang and Song]. Tōkyō: Tōkyō daigaku shuppankai.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō?? (Sutō)bi 1966–1968/1969. “Sōdai Sessai chihō no iden no hatten; tochi shoyu sei to no kankei” {The development of weitian reclaimed lands in Zhexi in the Song and its connection with the landholding system]. In Sudō 1969, pp. 305436.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō?? (Sutō)bi 1967/1969. “Sōdai tenko no rōeki” [Labor obligations of Song tenants]. In Sudō 1969, pp. 437–48.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō?? (Sutō)bi 1967a/1969. “HokuSō Shisen no tenko sei sairon” [A further discussion of the tenancy system in Sichuan in the northern Song]. In Sudō 1969, pp. 449–68.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō?? (Sutō)bi 1969. Sōdai shi kenkyū [Studies in the history of the Song Dynasty]. Tōkyō: Tōyō bunko.Google Scholar
Yoshiyuki, Sudō?? (Sutō)bi 1972. “Seibyōhō ni okeru kyakko no kashitsuke kitei” [Regulations on loans to guest households under the Young Shoots Policy]. Yamamoto hakushi kanri kinen Tōyōshi ronsō 10: 257–68.Google Scholar
Xi, Song (Shee)bt 1954/1962. “Bei Song daomi de chandi fenbu” {The distribution of rice production in the northern Song]. In Song 1962, pp. 82134.Google Scholar
Xi, Song (Shee) bt 1962. Songshi yanjiu luncong [Essays on the history of the Song Dynasty]. Taibei: Zhongguo wenhua yanjiusuo.Google Scholar
Kyojibu, Tan 1964. “Sōsho no shōen ni tsuite; Seitofu Kōshoku koku setSudōshi Ten Kinsen no shoryō ochūshin to shite” {Large estates (zhuangyuan) at the beginning of the Song, especially in Chengdufu under the Later Shu military governor, Tian Qinquan]. Shichō 87: 125.Google Scholar
Kyoji, Tanbu 1968. “Ko ni kansuru ichi kosatsu; shuko kyakko sei kenkyū no zenti” {The household hu,bv preliminary to a study of the native-guest household system]. Tōyōshi kenkyū 27, no. 1: 3864.Google Scholar
Kyoji, Tanbu 1971. “Sōdai no jinushi ‘nuboku’ kankei” [The relationship between landlords and serfs in the Song]. Tōyō gakuhō 53, nos. 34: 76–116.Google Scholar
Kyoji, Tanbu 1972. “Sōdai no tenko sei o meguru shōmondai; Kusanō setsu no kentō o chūshin ni” [Various questions on Song tenancy, and especially the theories of Kusano]. Nippon daigaku bunri gakubu gakusō 12: 91107.Google Scholar
Kyoji, Tanbu 1974. “Sōdai no shuko kyakko sei to kyakko no zei futan” [The Song native-guest household system and the tax obligations of guest households]. In Sōdai shi ronsō 1974, pp. 183201.Google Scholar
Jun, Terajibw 1966. “Chūgoku ni okeru nōgyō kan no rekishiteki hensen; toku ni Seimin yōjutsu, Chin Fu Nōshoo chūshin to shite” [Changing attitudes toward agriculture in China, especially as revealed in the Qiminyaoshu and Chen Fu's Nongshu]. Shigaku kenkyū 95: 3756.Google Scholar
Twitchett, Denis 1959. “The Fan Clan's Charitable Estate, 1050–1760.” In Confucianism in Action, edited by Nivison, David S. and Wright, Arthur F., pp. 97133. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Twitchett, Denis 1960. “Documents on Clan Administration: I.” Asia Major, n.s. 8: 135.Google Scholar
Twitchett, Denis 1962. Land Tenure and the Social Order in Tang and Sung China. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
Twitchett, Denis 1963. Financial Administration under the Tang Dynasty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (A second edition updating the bibliography was published in 1971.)Google Scholar
Twitchett, Denis 1966. “The T'ang Market System.” Asia Major, n.s. 12: 202–48.Google Scholar
Twitchett, Denis 1968. “Merchant, Trade and Government in Late T'ang.” Asia Major, n.s. 14: 6395.Google Scholar
Kyuheibl, Uchikawa 1974. “Sosho Fushu kansho ni kansuru ichi kosatsu; tenko to kokka kenri to no kankei omegutte” [Official estates at Fuzhou in the early Song; relations between tenants and state power]. Shundaishigaku 34: 117–34.Google Scholar
Kaoruby, Umehara 1960. “Tochi seido mondai o meguru Sōdai kenkyū no ugoki; Sudō Yoshiyuki kyōju no kyōseki o chūshin to shite” [Trends in the study of Song land systems; the contributions of Professor Sudō Yoshiyuki]. Toyoshi kenkyu 19, no. 3: 7792.Google Scholar
Kaoru, Umeharaby 1963. “NanSō Wainan no tochi seido shitan; eiden, tonden o chūshin ni” [Land systems in Huainan during the Song, especially yingtian bz and tuntian ca agricultural and military colonies]. Toyoshi kenkyu 21, no. 4: 394425.Google Scholar
Kaoru, Umeharaby 1964. Review of Kawahara 1964. Toyoshi kenkyu 23, no. 2: 208–13.Google Scholar
Kaoru, Umeharaby 1969. “Ryōzei hō no tcnkai; Godai Sō no sozei sei o megutte” [The development of the biannual tax; taxation in the Five Dynasties and Song]. Rekishi kyōiku 17, no. 6: 5258.Google Scholar
Kaoru, Umeharaby 1970. “Sōdai no kotōsei o megutte” [The Song household ranking system]. Tōhō gakuhō (Kyoto) 41: 375414.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederick 1977. “Rebellion and Revolution: The Study of Popular Movements in Chinese History.” The Journal of Asian Studies 36, no. 2: 201–37.Google Scholar
Yunhai, Wangcb 1957. “BeiSong shiqi de ‘dali’ shi zenyang de shengchan gongju” [What kind of tool was the dalicc of the northern Song?]. Shixue yuekan, December.Google Scholar
Kōryō, Watanabecd 1966. “Sōdai Fukken Settō shakai shōron; jikōnō o meguru shomondai” [Society in Fujian and Zhedong in the Song; some questions concerning independent farmers]. Shichō 97: 1938.Google Scholar
Kōryō, Watanabecd 1967. “Sōdai ni okeru kokka kenryoku to kyōson; Nihon shi kawa to no tōron no tame ni” [State power and villages in the Song, in the perspective of Japanese history]. Shichō 99: 3942.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Endymion P. 1973. “Japanese Studies of Chinese History.” Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 2, no. 10 (November): 2947.Google Scholar
Peiyuan, Xuece 1957. “Songdai nongtian shuili de kaifa” [The development of irrigation in the Song]. Beijing nongye daxue xuebao 3, no. 1: 84100.Google Scholar
Kiyoshi, Yabuuchi (Yabuuti)cf 1967. SōGen jidai no kagaku gijutsu shi [Science and technology in Song and Yuan China]. Kyōto: Kyōto daigaku jinbun kagaku kenkyūjo.Google Scholar
Masahiro, Yamanouchicg 1957. ch tax in the southern Song]. In Shigematsu sensei koki kinen Kyūshu daigaku Tōyōshi ronsō, pp. 319–45.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1957. “Sōdai no katoko ni tsuite” [Low-ranking households in the Song]. Tōyō gakuhō 40, no. 2: 113–50.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1959. “Sōdai no kyakko ni tsuite” [Song guest households}. Shigaku zasshi 68, no. 4: 138.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1963. “Sōdai tochi shoyū sei ni mirareru futatsu no kata; senshin to henkyō” [Two forms of Song landholding: advanced and frontier]. Tōyō bunka kenkyūjō kiyō 29: 95130.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1964. “Saikin no Chūgoku ni okeru Sōdai tochi sei kenkyū Hua 1961/1962 o chūshin to shite” [Recent Chinese research on Song land systems, especially Hua 1961/1962]. Tōyō bunka 37: 7197.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1967. “Sōdai kokka kenryoku to nōson chitsujo; kotō sei shihai to kyakko” [Song state power and the village order; guest households and the household ranking system as a means of rural control]. Niida hakushi tsuitō ronbun shū 1: 335–64.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1968. “Sōdai keiseiko no kosei” [The composition of powerful families in the Song]. Tōyōshi kenkyū 27, no. 3: 272–91.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1970. “Kyōson sei no tenkai” [Developments in the rural order]. In Sekai Rekishi 9: 309–43.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1973. “Sōdai tenko sei no saikentō; saikin no Kusano Yasushi shi no kenkai o megutte” [A further investigation of Song tenancy the recent views of Kusano Yasushi]. Rekishigaku kenkyū 395: 2433.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1975. “Sōdai jinushi sei to kōkenryoku” [The landlord system and public authority in the Song]. Tōyō bunka 55: 1536.Google Scholar
Setsuko, Yanagidaci 1976. “Miyazaki shigaku to kinsei ron” [Miyazaki historiography and the idea of “modern China”]. In Kindai Nihon ni okeru rekishigaku no hattatsu 1: 148–65.Google Scholar
Yang., C. K. 1959. A Chinese Village in Early Communist Transition. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Yang, Guoyici 1958/1962. “Bei Song tudi zhanyou xingtai ji qi yingxiang” [The forms of northern Song landholding and their influence]. In Zhongguo fengjian shehui … 1962, pp. 677–93.Google Scholar
Yang, Guoyici 1959/1962. “Nan Song da dizhu tudi suoyou zhi de fazhan” [The spread of great landholdings in southern Song]. In Zhongguo fengjian shehui … 1962, pp. 694712.Google Scholar
Yang, Zhijiuck 1953/1957. “Bei Song tudi jianping wenti” [The question of concentration of landholdings in the northern Song]. In Zhongguo lidai tudi … 1957, pp. 476–78.Google Scholar
Shan-yu, Yao 1942. “The Chronological and Seasonal Distribution of Floods and Droughts in Chinese History.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, nos. 3–4: 273312.Google Scholar
Shan-yu, Yao 1943. “The Geographical Distribution of Floods and Droughts in Chinese History, 206 B.c. A.D. 1911.” The Far Eastern Quarterly 2, no. 4: 357–78.Google Scholar
Yoshinobu, Yoshiokacl 1955. “Sodai no kannōshi ni tsuite” [Agricultural encouragement in the Song]. Shigaku kenkyū 60: 4349.Google Scholar
Mamoru, Yoshioka Yoshinobu/Nagase 1970. “Chūgoku suiri shi bunken mokuroku ko; SōGen” [A draft list of works on the history of water projects in China: Song Yuan]. Chūgoku suirishi kenkyu 4: 2234.Google Scholar
cm, Yuan Zhen 1957. “Songdai hukou” [Song population]. Lishi yanjiu 3: 946.Google Scholar
Weihua, Zhangcn 1964. “Song dai de dizu xingtai” [Song land rents]. Shixue yuekan 7: 2127.Google Scholar
shehui, Zhongguo fengjian1962. Zhongguo fengjian shehui tudi suoyou zhi xingshi wenti taolun ji [A collection of discussions on the question of the landowning systems of China's feudal society]. 2 vols. Peking: Sanlian shudian.Google Scholar
tudi, Zhongguo lidai1957. Zhongguo lidai tudi zhidu wenti taolun ji [A collection of discussions on the question of China's historical land systems]. Peking: Sanlian shudian.Google Scholar
chiyi, Zhongguo nongmin1954. Zhongguo nongmin chiyi lunji [Collected articles on China's peasant revolts]. Peking: Wushi niandai chubanshe.Google Scholar