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The New Woman Commits Suicide: The Press, Cultural Memory, and the New Republic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2007

Bryna Goodman
Bryna Goodman
Affiliation:
bgoodman@uoregon.edu is Associate Professor of History at the University of Oregon.
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Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 64 , Issue 1 , February 2005 , pp. 67 - 101
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Copyright © Association for Asian Studies 2005

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References

List of References

Chenbao. 1922. Beijing.Google Scholar
China Press. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Fuermosi. 1929. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Jingbao. 1919–1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Minguo ribao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shangbao. 1921–1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shanghai Gazette. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shenbao. 1921–1923. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shenbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shishi xinbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Xianshi leyuan ribao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Xin shenbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Xinwenbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Zhonghua xinbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Alitto, Guy. 1979. The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bergère, Marie-Clarie. 1989. The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie, 1911–1937. Trans. Janet Lloyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Carlitz, Katherine. 1991. “The Social Uses of Female Virtue in Late Ming Editions of the Lienü Zhuan.” Late Imperial China 12 2:117–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlitz, Katherine. 2001. “The Daughter, the Singing-Girl, and the Seduction of Suicide.” Nannü 3 1:22–46.Google Scholar
Chan, Ching-Kiu Stephen. 1993. “The Language of Despair: Ideological Representations of the ‘New Woman’ by May Fourth Writers.“ In Gender Politics in Modern China: Writing and Feminism, ed. Barlow, Tani E.. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Ta. 1922. “Wages and Hours of Labor in Five Chinese Cities.“ Monthly Review of Labor 15: 265–77.Google Scholar
Cheng, Xiaoqing. 1923. Yizhi xie [The Shoe]. In vol. 2 of Yuanyang hudiepai yanjiu shiliao [Research Materials on the Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School’, ed. Wei, Shaochang and Wu, Chenghui. Shanghai: Shanghai wenyi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Cui, Weiru, ed. 1922. Xi Shangzhen. 2 vols. Shanghai: Funü zhiye yanjiu she.Google Scholar
Des Forges, Alexander. 2003. “Building Shanghai, One Page at a Time: The Aesthetics of Installment Fiction of the Turn of the Century.” Journal of Asian Studies 62 3:781–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dongting dongshan lü Hu tongxianghui sanshi zhou jinian tekan (Dongting) [Thirty-Year Commemorative Edition of the Dongting dongshan Sojourners' Association in Shanghai]. 1944. Shanghai: Dongting dongshan lü Hu tongxianghui.Google Scholar
Elvin, Mark. 1984. “Female Virtue and the State in China.” Past and Present, no. 104:111–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, John. 1996. “The Origins of the Illiberal Party Newspaper.” Republican China 21 2:1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fong, Grace. 2001. “Signifying Bodies: The Cultural Significance of Suicide Writings by Women in Mid-Qing China.” Nan nü 3 1:105–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furth, Charlotte. 1998. A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History, 960–1665. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gao, Shan. 1922. “Yige dui shaonianqingren de zisha” [A Suicide for Youths]. Funüzazhi 8 2:49–50.Google Scholar
Gilmartin, Christina K. 1995. Engendering the Chinese Revolution: Radical Women, Communist Politics, and Mass Movements in the 1920s. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 1995. Native Place, City, and Nation: Regional Networks and Identities in Shanghai, 1853–1937. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 2000. “Being Public: The Politics of Representation in 1918 Shanghai.“ Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 60 1:45–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 2002. “Democratic Calisthenics: The Culture of Urban Associations in the New Republic.” In Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Contemporary China, ed. Merle, Goldman and Elizabeth, Perry. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 2005a. “Unvirtuous Exchanges: Women and the Corruptions of the Stock Market in Early Republican China.” In Women in China: The Republican Period in Historical Perspective, ed. Mechthild, Leutner and Nicola, Spakowski. Muenster: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 2005b. “The Vocational Woman and the Elusiveness of ‘Personhood’ in Early Republican China.” In Gender in Motion: Divisions of Labor and Cultural Change in Late Imperial and Modern China, ed. Bryna, Goodman and Wendy, Larson. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Haishang, Yugong [pseud.]. 1920. Yan Ruisheng mi shi {Secret History of Yan Ruisheng}. Shanghai: Shanghai shijie shuju.Google Scholar
Harris, Kristine. 1995. “The New Woman: Image, Subject, and Dissent in 1930s Shanghai Film Culture.” Republican China 20(2):55–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hongmeige, Zhuren [pseudo.] and Qinghuilou, Zhuren. [pseudo.], comps. 1922. Qingdai guixiu shichao [Young Ladies' Poetry from the Qing Dynasty]. Shanghai: Zhonghua xin jiaoyu she.Google Scholar
Hu, Ying. 2000. Tales of Translation: Composing the New Woman in China, 1899–1918. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Jiang, Hongjiao. 1922. “Duiyu Shangbao nü shuji zi yi zhi ganxiang” [Thoughts Regarding the Hanging Suicide of the Shangbao Female Secretary]. In vol. 2 of Xi Shangzhen, ed. Cui, Weiru. Shanghai: Funü zhiye yanjiu she.Google Scholar
Jiang, Hongjiao. 1994. Jiaoyisuo xianxing ji [Revelations of the Stock Exchange]. In Jiaoyisuo zhenxiang de tanmizhe—Jiang Hongjiao [Sleuth of Secret Stock Market Truths—Jiang Hongjiao], ed. Tang, Zhesheng. Nanjing: Nanjing chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jin, Xiongbai, ed. 1928. Ma Zhenhua nüshi zisha ji [Record of Miss Ma Zhenhua's Suicide]. Shanghai: Shehui xinwenshe.Google Scholar
Judge, Joan. 1996. Print and Politics: “Shibao” and the Culture of Reform in Late Qing China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Judge, Joan. 2002. “Citizens or Mothers of Citizens? Gender and the Meaning of Modern Chinese Citizenship.” In Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China, ed. Merle, Goldman and Elizabeth, Perry. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lan, Hua, and Vanessa, Fong, eds. 1999. Women in Republican China: A Sourcebook. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Lee, Sing, and Arthur, Kleinman. 2000. “Suicide as Resistance in Chinese Society.” In Chinese Society: Change, Conflict, and Resistance, ed. Elizabeth, Perry and Mark, Selden. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lien, Lingling. 2001. “Searching for the New Womanhood: Career Women in Shanghai, 1912–1949.” PhD diss., University of California, Irvine.Google Scholar
Lin, Yü-Sheng. 1976. “The Suicide of Liang Chi: An Ambiguous Case of Moral Conservatism.” In The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China, ed. Charlotte, Furth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lin, Yuan-Huei. 1990. “The Weight of Mount Tai: Patterns of Suicide in Traditional Chinese History and Culture.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin—Madison.Google Scholar
Link, Perry. 1981. Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Susan. 1987. “Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty China.” Journal of Asian Studies 46(1):37–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mao, Dun. 1973. “Suicide.” In Living China: Modern Chinese Short Stories, ed. Edgar, Snow. Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1992. “The Question of Miss Zhao's Personality.” In vol. 1 of Mao's Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949, ed. and trans. Stuart Schram. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Paderni, Paola. 1991. “Le rachat de l'honneur perdu: Le suicide des femmes dans la Chine du XVIIIe siècle” [The Redemption of Lost Honor: Women's Suicide in Eighteenth-Century China’. Études chinoises 10(1–2):135–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, Don. 1922. The Journalism of China. University of Missouri Bulletin, 23:34; Journalism Series, no. 26. Columbia: University of Missouri.Google Scholar
Perry, Elizabeth J.. 1993. Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rankin, Mary. 1975. “The Emergence of Women at the End of the Ch'ing: The Case of Ch'iu Chin.” In Women in Chinese Society, ed. Margery, Wolf and Roxane, Witke. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, Maureen. 1997. “Changing the Subject: Gender and Self-inscription in Authors' Prefaces and ‘Shi’ Poetry.” In Writing Women in Late Imperial China, ed. Ellen, Widmer and Kang-I, Sun Chang. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ropp, Paul S.. 2001. “Passionate Women: Female Suicide in Late Imperial China.” Nannü 3(1):3–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Schick, Vera. 2001. “Out of the Dark, Into the Light? The Motif of Suicide in Chinese Literature of the 1920s and 30s.” Paper presented at the International Conference of Asian Scholars,Berlin,August 9–12.Google Scholar
Shanghai funü shi bianzuan weiyuanhui. 2000. Shanghai funü zhi [Shanghai Women's Gazetteer]. Ed. Huang, Sha and Meng, Yankun. Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexue yuan.Google Scholar
Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce. Meeting minutes.200–1–008.Gong-Shang-Lian Archives,Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shanghai Municipal Council. Daily police reports, Jingwu ribao. 1–1–1135. Shanghai Municipal Archives, Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shanghai shehui kexue yuan, ed. 1980. Wusi yundong zai Shanghai shiliao xuanji [Selected Historical Materials on the May Fourth Movement in Shanghai]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shanghai Shi Difang Xiehui. 1933. Shanghai shi tongji [Statistics for Shanghai Municipality]. Shanghai: Shanghai shi defang xiehui.Google Scholar
Theiss, Janet. 1998. “Dealing with Disgrace: The Negotiation of Female Virtue in Eighteenth-Century China.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Theiss, Janet. 2001. “Managing Martyrdom: Female Suicide and Statecraft in Mid-Qing China.” Nan nü 3(1):47–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Kingdom. Report of A. L. Anderson, “Enclosure No. 1 in Sir E. Fraser's Dispatch no. 284 of 28 November 1921 to Peking.” FO 228/3175. Public Record Office, London.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. “Shanghai's Stock and Produce Exchanges,” Chinese Engineer and Contractor Bulletin, supplement dated 01 1922. 893.52/37. U.S. Department of State Archives, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
van Slyke, Lyman. 2001. “The Life and Death of Liang Ji: Personal and Social Meanings of Suicide in Early Republican China.” Paper presented at the International Conference of Asian Scholars,Berlin,August 9–12.Google Scholar
Wang, Zheng. 1999. Women in the Chinese Enlightenment: Oral and Textual Histories. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wei, Xin. 1922. “Nüxing yu zisha” [Women and Suicide]. Funü zazhi 8(2):51–56.Google Scholar
Witke, Roxane. 1973. “Mao Tse-tung, Women, and Suicide.” In Women in China: Studies in Social Change and Feminism, ed. Young, Marilyn B.. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Wolf, Margery. 1975. “Women and Suicide in China.” In Women in Chinese Society, ed. Margery, Wolf and Roxane, Witke. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Yi, Jiayue [pseud.]. 1922. Funü zhiye wenti [The Question of Women's Vocations]. Shanghai: Taidong tushuju.Google Scholar
Yun, Shi. [pseud.]. 1927. Funü zhi baimian guan [One Hundred Views of Women]. 2 vols. Shanghai: Wenyi bianyi she.Google Scholar
Zamperini, Paola. 2001. “Untamed Hearts: Eros and Suicide in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction.” Nan nü 3(1):77–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeng, Xubai. 1966. Zhongguo xinwen shi [History of Chinese Journalism]. Taipei: Guoli zhengzhi daxue xinwen yanjiusuo.Google Scholar
Zhang, Bi. 1928. Ma Zhenhua ai shi [Sorrowful History of Ma Zhenhua]. Shanghai: Huahe chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jinglu. 1928. Zhongguo de xinwen shi [History of Journalism in China]. Shanghai: Guanghua shuju.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shenfu. 1999. “The Great Inappropriateness of Women's Emancipation.” In Women in Republican China: A Sourcebook, ed. Hua, Lan and Vanessa, Fong. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Zheng, Zhengqiu. 1922. “Cong Xi nü shi zisha delai de jiaoshun” [Lessons from the Suicide of Miss Xi]. In vol. 1 of Xi Shangzhen, ed. Cui, Weiru. Shanghai: Funüzhiye yanjiu she.Google Scholar
Zhonghua tushu jicheng bianjisuo, ed. 1925. Shanghai funü nie jingtai [Evil Dressing Table of Shanghai Women]. Shanghai: Zhonghua tushu jicheng bianjisuo.Google Scholar
Zhu, Yingui. 1998. “Jindai Shanghai zhengquan shichang shang gupiao maimai de sanci gaochao” [Three Peaks of Stock Purchasing in Modern Shanghai's Security Markets]. Zhongguo jingjishi yanjiu, no. 3:58–70.Google Scholar
Zi, Hu. 1922. “Liangge zisha de chunü” [Two Virgin Suicides]. Funü zazhi 8(2):44–49.Google Scholar
Chenbao. 1922. Beijing.Google Scholar
China Press. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Fuermosi. 1929. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Jingbao. 1919–1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Minguo ribao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shangbao. 1921–1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shanghai Gazette. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shenbao. 1921–1923. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shenbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shishi xinbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Xianshi leyuan ribao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Xin shenbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Xinwenbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Zhonghua xinbao. 1922. Shanghai.Google Scholar
Alitto, Guy. 1979. The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bergère, Marie-Clarie. 1989. The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie, 1911–1937. Trans. Janet Lloyd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Carlitz, Katherine. 1991. “The Social Uses of Female Virtue in Late Ming Editions of the Lienü Zhuan.” Late Imperial China 12 2:117–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlitz, Katherine. 2001. “The Daughter, the Singing-Girl, and the Seduction of Suicide.” Nannü 3 1:22–46.Google Scholar
Chan, Ching-Kiu Stephen. 1993. “The Language of Despair: Ideological Representations of the ‘New Woman’ by May Fourth Writers.“ In Gender Politics in Modern China: Writing and Feminism, ed. Barlow, Tani E.. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Ta. 1922. “Wages and Hours of Labor in Five Chinese Cities.“ Monthly Review of Labor 15: 265–77.Google Scholar
Cheng, Xiaoqing. 1923. Yizhi xie [The Shoe]. In vol. 2 of Yuanyang hudiepai yanjiu shiliao [Research Materials on the Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School’, ed. Wei, Shaochang and Wu, Chenghui. Shanghai: Shanghai wenyi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Cui, Weiru, ed. 1922. Xi Shangzhen. 2 vols. Shanghai: Funü zhiye yanjiu she.Google Scholar
Des Forges, Alexander. 2003. “Building Shanghai, One Page at a Time: The Aesthetics of Installment Fiction of the Turn of the Century.” Journal of Asian Studies 62 3:781–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dongting dongshan lü Hu tongxianghui sanshi zhou jinian tekan (Dongting) [Thirty-Year Commemorative Edition of the Dongting dongshan Sojourners' Association in Shanghai]. 1944. Shanghai: Dongting dongshan lü Hu tongxianghui.Google Scholar
Elvin, Mark. 1984. “Female Virtue and the State in China.” Past and Present, no. 104:111–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, John. 1996. “The Origins of the Illiberal Party Newspaper.” Republican China 21 2:1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fong, Grace. 2001. “Signifying Bodies: The Cultural Significance of Suicide Writings by Women in Mid-Qing China.” Nan nü 3 1:105–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furth, Charlotte. 1998. A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China's Medical History, 960–1665. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gao, Shan. 1922. “Yige dui shaonianqingren de zisha” [A Suicide for Youths]. Funüzazhi 8 2:49–50.Google Scholar
Gilmartin, Christina K. 1995. Engendering the Chinese Revolution: Radical Women, Communist Politics, and Mass Movements in the 1920s. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 1995. Native Place, City, and Nation: Regional Networks and Identities in Shanghai, 1853–1937. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 2000. “Being Public: The Politics of Representation in 1918 Shanghai.“ Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 60 1:45–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 2002. “Democratic Calisthenics: The Culture of Urban Associations in the New Republic.” In Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Contemporary China, ed. Merle, Goldman and Elizabeth, Perry. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 2005a. “Unvirtuous Exchanges: Women and the Corruptions of the Stock Market in Early Republican China.” In Women in China: The Republican Period in Historical Perspective, ed. Mechthild, Leutner and Nicola, Spakowski. Muenster: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Goodman, Bryna. 2005b. “The Vocational Woman and the Elusiveness of ‘Personhood’ in Early Republican China.” In Gender in Motion: Divisions of Labor and Cultural Change in Late Imperial and Modern China, ed. Bryna, Goodman and Wendy, Larson. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Haishang, Yugong [pseud.]. 1920. Yan Ruisheng mi shi {Secret History of Yan Ruisheng}. Shanghai: Shanghai shijie shuju.Google Scholar
Harris, Kristine. 1995. “The New Woman: Image, Subject, and Dissent in 1930s Shanghai Film Culture.” Republican China 20(2):55–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hongmeige, Zhuren [pseudo.] and Qinghuilou, Zhuren. [pseudo.], comps. 1922. Qingdai guixiu shichao [Young Ladies' Poetry from the Qing Dynasty]. Shanghai: Zhonghua xin jiaoyu she.Google Scholar
Hu, Ying. 2000. Tales of Translation: Composing the New Woman in China, 1899–1918. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Jiang, Hongjiao. 1922. “Duiyu Shangbao nü shuji zi yi zhi ganxiang” [Thoughts Regarding the Hanging Suicide of the Shangbao Female Secretary]. In vol. 2 of Xi Shangzhen, ed. Cui, Weiru. Shanghai: Funü zhiye yanjiu she.Google Scholar
Jiang, Hongjiao. 1994. Jiaoyisuo xianxing ji [Revelations of the Stock Exchange]. In Jiaoyisuo zhenxiang de tanmizhe—Jiang Hongjiao [Sleuth of Secret Stock Market Truths—Jiang Hongjiao], ed. Tang, Zhesheng. Nanjing: Nanjing chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jin, Xiongbai, ed. 1928. Ma Zhenhua nüshi zisha ji [Record of Miss Ma Zhenhua's Suicide]. Shanghai: Shehui xinwenshe.Google Scholar
Judge, Joan. 1996. Print and Politics: “Shibao” and the Culture of Reform in Late Qing China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Judge, Joan. 2002. “Citizens or Mothers of Citizens? Gender and the Meaning of Modern Chinese Citizenship.” In Changing Meanings of Citizenship in Modern China, ed. Merle, Goldman and Elizabeth, Perry. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lan, Hua, and Vanessa, Fong, eds. 1999. Women in Republican China: A Sourcebook. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Lee, Sing, and Arthur, Kleinman. 2000. “Suicide as Resistance in Chinese Society.” In Chinese Society: Change, Conflict, and Resistance, ed. Elizabeth, Perry and Mark, Selden. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lien, Lingling. 2001. “Searching for the New Womanhood: Career Women in Shanghai, 1912–1949.” PhD diss., University of California, Irvine.Google Scholar
Lin, Yü-Sheng. 1976. “The Suicide of Liang Chi: An Ambiguous Case of Moral Conservatism.” In The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China, ed. Charlotte, Furth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lin, Yuan-Huei. 1990. “The Weight of Mount Tai: Patterns of Suicide in Traditional Chinese History and Culture.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin—Madison.Google Scholar
Link, Perry. 1981. Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Susan. 1987. “Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty China.” Journal of Asian Studies 46(1):37–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mao, Dun. 1973. “Suicide.” In Living China: Modern Chinese Short Stories, ed. Edgar, Snow. Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1992. “The Question of Miss Zhao's Personality.” In vol. 1 of Mao's Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949, ed. and trans. Stuart Schram. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Paderni, Paola. 1991. “Le rachat de l'honneur perdu: Le suicide des femmes dans la Chine du XVIIIe siècle” [The Redemption of Lost Honor: Women's Suicide in Eighteenth-Century China’. Études chinoises 10(1–2):135–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, Don. 1922. The Journalism of China. University of Missouri Bulletin, 23:34; Journalism Series, no. 26. Columbia: University of Missouri.Google Scholar
Perry, Elizabeth J.. 1993. Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rankin, Mary. 1975. “The Emergence of Women at the End of the Ch'ing: The Case of Ch'iu Chin.” In Women in Chinese Society, ed. Margery, Wolf and Roxane, Witke. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, Maureen. 1997. “Changing the Subject: Gender and Self-inscription in Authors' Prefaces and ‘Shi’ Poetry.” In Writing Women in Late Imperial China, ed. Ellen, Widmer and Kang-I, Sun Chang. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ropp, Paul S.. 2001. “Passionate Women: Female Suicide in Late Imperial China.” Nannü 3(1):3–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Schick, Vera. 2001. “Out of the Dark, Into the Light? The Motif of Suicide in Chinese Literature of the 1920s and 30s.” Paper presented at the International Conference of Asian Scholars,Berlin,August 9–12.Google Scholar
Shanghai funü shi bianzuan weiyuanhui. 2000. Shanghai funü zhi [Shanghai Women's Gazetteer]. Ed. Huang, Sha and Meng, Yankun. Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexue yuan.Google Scholar
Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce. Meeting minutes.200–1–008.Gong-Shang-Lian Archives,Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shanghai Municipal Council. Daily police reports, Jingwu ribao. 1–1–1135. Shanghai Municipal Archives, Shanghai.Google Scholar
Shanghai shehui kexue yuan, ed. 1980. Wusi yundong zai Shanghai shiliao xuanji [Selected Historical Materials on the May Fourth Movement in Shanghai]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shanghai Shi Difang Xiehui. 1933. Shanghai shi tongji [Statistics for Shanghai Municipality]. Shanghai: Shanghai shi defang xiehui.Google Scholar
Theiss, Janet. 1998. “Dealing with Disgrace: The Negotiation of Female Virtue in Eighteenth-Century China.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Theiss, Janet. 2001. “Managing Martyrdom: Female Suicide and Statecraft in Mid-Qing China.” Nan nü 3(1):47–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Kingdom. Report of A. L. Anderson, “Enclosure No. 1 in Sir E. Fraser's Dispatch no. 284 of 28 November 1921 to Peking.” FO 228/3175. Public Record Office, London.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of State. “Shanghai's Stock and Produce Exchanges,” Chinese Engineer and Contractor Bulletin, supplement dated 01 1922. 893.52/37. U.S. Department of State Archives, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
van Slyke, Lyman. 2001. “The Life and Death of Liang Ji: Personal and Social Meanings of Suicide in Early Republican China.” Paper presented at the International Conference of Asian Scholars,Berlin,August 9–12.Google Scholar
Wang, Zheng. 1999. Women in the Chinese Enlightenment: Oral and Textual Histories. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wei, Xin. 1922. “Nüxing yu zisha” [Women and Suicide]. Funü zazhi 8(2):51–56.Google Scholar
Witke, Roxane. 1973. “Mao Tse-tung, Women, and Suicide.” In Women in China: Studies in Social Change and Feminism, ed. Young, Marilyn B.. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Wolf, Margery. 1975. “Women and Suicide in China.” In Women in Chinese Society, ed. Margery, Wolf and Roxane, Witke. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Yi, Jiayue [pseud.]. 1922. Funü zhiye wenti [The Question of Women's Vocations]. Shanghai: Taidong tushuju.Google Scholar
Yun, Shi. [pseud.]. 1927. Funü zhi baimian guan [One Hundred Views of Women]. 2 vols. Shanghai: Wenyi bianyi she.Google Scholar
Zamperini, Paola. 2001. “Untamed Hearts: Eros and Suicide in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction.” Nan nü 3(1):77–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeng, Xubai. 1966. Zhongguo xinwen shi [History of Chinese Journalism]. Taipei: Guoli zhengzhi daxue xinwen yanjiusuo.Google Scholar
Zhang, Bi. 1928. Ma Zhenhua ai shi [Sorrowful History of Ma Zhenhua]. Shanghai: Huahe chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jinglu. 1928. Zhongguo de xinwen shi [History of Journalism in China]. Shanghai: Guanghua shuju.Google Scholar
Zhang, Shenfu. 1999. “The Great Inappropriateness of Women's Emancipation.” In Women in Republican China: A Sourcebook, ed. Hua, Lan and Vanessa, Fong. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Zheng, Zhengqiu. 1922. “Cong Xi nü shi zisha delai de jiaoshun” [Lessons from the Suicide of Miss Xi]. In vol. 1 of Xi Shangzhen, ed. Cui, Weiru. Shanghai: Funüzhiye yanjiu she.Google Scholar
Zhonghua tushu jicheng bianjisuo, ed. 1925. Shanghai funü nie jingtai [Evil Dressing Table of Shanghai Women]. Shanghai: Zhonghua tushu jicheng bianjisuo.Google Scholar
Zhu, Yingui. 1998. “Jindai Shanghai zhengquan shichang shang gupiao maimai de sanci gaochao” [Three Peaks of Stock Purchasing in Modern Shanghai's Security Markets]. Zhongguo jingjishi yanjiu, no. 3:58–70.Google Scholar
Zi, Hu. 1922. “Liangge zisha de chunü” [Two Virgin Suicides]. Funü zazhi 8(2):44–49.Google Scholar