Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T12:50:40.426Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Mark C. Elliott

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This essay examines the transformation from undifferentiated frontier to geographic region of that part of northeast Asia controversially referred to as Manchuria. This transition—from space to place, as it were—long has tended to be seen primarily in terms of the extension of colonial interests into China in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, as I shall argue, the invention of this place began much earlier, in the seventeenth century, and owed substantially to the efforts of China's Manchu rulers, who claimed it as their homeland, the terre natale of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Even as the area was joined to the larger empire, Qing emperors took care to invest what I define as “Greater Mukden” with a unique identity.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 59 , Issue 3 , August 2000 , pp. 603 - 646
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2000

References

List of References

Amiot, JosephMarie, S. J. 1770. Éloge de la Ville de Moukden et de ses environs. Paris: N. M. Tillard.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities (rev. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bernard, , Henri, S.J. 1938. “Les Etapes de la Cartographie Scientifique pour la Chine et les Pays Voisin depuis le XVIe siècle jusqu’à la fin du XVIIIe siècle.” Monument a Serica 3: 428–76.Google Scholar
Bertelsmann’s World Atlas (Japanese edition). 2000. Tokyo: Shobunsha.Google Scholar
Kangqi., Chen 1984 [1880]. Langqian jiwen chubi (Miscellaneous notes of a retired official). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Cleaves, Francis Woodman, trans, and ed. 1982. The Secret History of the Mongols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Crossley, Pamela Kyle. 1987. “Manzhou yuanliu kao and the Formalization of the Manchu Heritage.” Journal of Asian Studies 46:4: 761–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Da Qing Huidian (The collected institutes of the Qing dynasty). Editions of 1733 and 1763.Google Scholar
Da Qing Yitong Zhi (Unified atlas of the Great Qing). Editions of 1744, 1790, 1842.Google Scholar
Da Qing Zhongwai Yitong Yu[di]tu (Unified comprehensive map of the Great Qing). Editions of 1863, 1889.Google Scholar
D’Anville, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon. 1735. Carte générate de la Tartarie Chinoise. In volume 4 of Description géographique, historique... de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, edited by Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste. Paris: P. G. Lemercier.Google Scholar
Shuren., Diao 1995a. “Lun Qianlongchao Mengdi de fengjin zhengce” (The policy of closing off Mongolian lands during the Qianlong reign). In Ming-Qing Dongbeishi yanjiu lunji, edited by Diao. Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shuren., Diao 1995b. “Lun Qingdai Jilin diqu xingzheng tizhi ji qi bianhua” (The administrative framework for Qing-era Jilin and its changes). In Ming-Qing Dongbeishi yanjiu lunji, edited by Diao. Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shuren., Diao and Xingguo, Yi. 1994. Jinsanbainian Dongbei tudi kaifashi (The history of land development in the Northeast during the last three hundred years). Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste. 1735. Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l’empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes générates et particulières de ces pays, de la carte générate et des cartes particulières du Thibet, et de la Coéee. Paris: P. G. Lemercier.Google Scholar
Duara, Prasenjit. 1997. “Transnationalism and the Predicament of Sovereignty, 1900–1945.” American Historical Review 102:4: 1030–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, Mark C. 1996. “Manchu (Re)Definitions of the Nation in the Early Qing.” Indiana East Asian Working Papers Series on Language and Politics in Modern China 7: 46–78.Google Scholar
Elliott, Mark C. Forthcoming. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Yoshiki., Enatsu 1994. “Shinkai kakumeigo, kyū Hōtenshō ni okeru kanchi no haraisage” (The disposition of official lands in Fengtian after the 1911 Revolution). Tōyōshi kenkyū 53–3: 103–27.Google Scholar
Etherton, Percy. 1932. Manchuria, The Cockpit of Asia. New York: Frederick Stokes and Co.Google Scholar
Toshio., Etō 1932. Explanatory Notes on Some Books and Mss. of The Mukden Library Prepared for the Honourable Members of Commission of Enquiry from League of Nations [sic] (Kokusairenmō chōsaiin eisetsu tenrankai sho, tekō kaisetsu). Mukden: South Manchurian Railway Co.Google Scholar
Toshio., Etō 1956. “Shinyō yobanashi” (Evening chats in Shenyang). In Etō, Dattan: Tōhoku Ajia no rekishi to bunken. Tokyo: Maruzen.Google Scholar
First Historical Archives of China (Beijing). Manwen zhupi zouzhe/jigou bao (Manchu-language palace memorials, jigou packet), item 26.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Joseph. 1986. “The Mongols: Ecological and Social Perspectives.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46:1: 11—50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foss, Theodore N. 1985. “The Editing of an Atlas of China, A Comparison of the Work of J.-B. D’Anville and the Improvements of John Green on the Jesuit/K’ang-hsi Atlas.” In Imago et mensura mundi: Atti del IX Congresso internazionale di storia della cartografia. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Walter. 1933. “Über einige Landkarten mit Mandjurischer Beschriftung.” Manshū gakuhō 2: 1–18.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Walter. 1938. “Materialen zur Kartographie der Mandju-Zeit,” Part II. Monumenta Serica 3: 189–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, Walter. 1943a. Der Jesuiten-Atlas der Kanghsi-zeit. Peking: Fujen Universitat.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Walter. 1943b. Der Jesuiten-Atlas der Kanghsi-zeit: Seine Entstehungsgeschichte nebst Namensindices für die Karten der Mandjurei, Mongolei, Ostturkestan, und Tibet. Peking: Fujen Universitat.Google Scholar
Akio., Funakoshi 1986. Sakoku Nihon ni kita ‘Kōkizu’ no chirigakushiteki kenkyū (The acceptance of Kangxi maps in Japan in the period of isolation: a study of geographical history). Tokyo: Hōsei daigaku shuppankyoku.Google Scholar
Shiqi., Gao 1986 [1684]. Hucong Dongxun rilu (Diary of the imperial retinue on the eastern tour). In Changbai congshu chuji, edited by Shutian, Li. Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Gaozong shilu [Da Qing Gaozong chun huangdi shilu] (Veritable records of the Qianlong reign). 1964 [1937]. Taipei: Huawen shuju.Google Scholar
Gaubil, , Antoine, S. J. 1970. Correspondance de Pékin, 1722–1759. Geneva: Librairie Droz.Google Scholar
Chai., Gong 1877. “Manzhou kaolue” (A brief study of Manchuria). In Xiaofanghuzhai yudi congshu, edited by Wang Xiqi, juan 2: 139a–b.Google Scholar
Gongzhongdang Kangxichao zouzhe (The secret palace memorials of the Kangxi reign). 1977. 9 volumes. Taipei: National Palace Museum.Google Scholar
Green, John [Bradock Mead]. 1738–1741. A General Map of Eastern and Western Tartary, commonly called Tartary. In volume 2 of A Description of the Empire of China and Chinese Tartary, by Du Halde, J.-B.. London: Ed. Cave.Google Scholar
Jixin., Guan 1997. “Qingdai Manzu zuojia wenxuezhong de ‘Changbaishan qingjie’” (The “Changbai Mountains spirit” in the works of Manchu writers in the Qing). Minzu wenxueyanjiu 1997.3: 72–75.Google Scholar
Gugong, Bowuyuan Tushuguan [Imperial Palace Museum Library] and Liaoningsheng Tushuguan [Liaoning Provincial Library], eds. 1995. Qingdai neifu keshu mulu jieti (Annotated catalogue of books printed in the Qing palace). Beijing: Zijincheng chubanshe.Google Scholar
Harley, J. B. 1988. “Silences and Secrecy: The Hidden Agenda of Cartography in Early Modern Europe.” Imago Mundi 40: 57—76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, Ping-Ti. 1967. “The Significance of the Ch’ing Period in Chinese History.” Journal of Asian Studies 26.2: 189–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshio., Hosoya 1990. “Manju gurun to ‘Manshūkoku’” (The Manchu gurun and Manchukuo). In Rekishi no naka no chiiki, edited by Takeshi, Hamashita. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten.Google Scholar
Runhua, Huang, and Liusheng., Qu 1991. Quanguo Manwen tushu ziliao lianhe midu (Union catalogue of Manchu books in the People’s Republic of China). Beijing: Shumu wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Hummel, Arthur JR, ed. 1943—44. Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period. 2 volumes. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Iwakichi., Inaba 1935. Zōtei Manshū hattatsu shi (Revised and expanded history of the development of Manchuria). Tokyo: Nihon hyōronsha.Google Scholar
Kangxi qijuzhu (Kangxi-era diaries of activity and repose). 1984. First Historical Archives of China, ed. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Karl, Rebecca E. 1998. “Creating Asia: China in the World at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.” American Historical Review 103.4: 1096—1118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaproth, Julius. 1828. Chrestomathie Mandchou ou Recueil de Textes Mandchou. Paris: Imprimerie Royale.Google Scholar
Kleeman, Faye. 1999. “Mysticism and Corporality: Reenvisioning Manchuria in a Post-colonial Japan.” Paper presented at the Conference on Contemporary Japanese Popular and Mass Culture, Montreal.Google Scholar
Knechtges, David. 1982–1986. Wen xuan, or, Selections of refined literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lattimore, Owen. 1932. Manchuria, Cradle of Conflict. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lee, Robert H. G. 1971. The Manchurian Frontier in Ch’ing History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shutian, Li. 1994. Ula shilue (A short history of Ula). Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lu., Liu 1998. “Frontier and Homeland: Cultural Encounters and the Poetics of Exile in Late Seventeenth-Century Manchuria.” Unpublished seminar paper, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Dongyu, Ma. 1997. Xiongshi sifang: Qingdi xunshou huodong (Touring the realm: the imperial tours of the Qing emperors). Shenyang: Liaoshen shushe.Google Scholar
Manzhou shilulManju-i yargiyan kooli (The Manchu veritable records). 1969 [1937]. Taipei: Huawen shuju.Google Scholar
Jun., Matsumura 1997. “The Founding Legend of the Qing Dynasty Reconsidered.” Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 55: 41—60.Google Scholar
Merrifield, Andrew. 1993. “Place and Space: A Lefebvrian Reconciliation.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers N.S. 18.4: 516—531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Samuel A. 1839. “Map of Asia,” in School Atlas. Philadelphia. (Copyrighted image accessible at http://davidrumsey.com)Google Scholar
Dongyin, Mo. 1958. Manzushi luncong (Collected essays on Manchu history). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Morgan, David. 1986. The Mongols. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Naitō, Torajirō [Konan]. 1935. Zōhō Manshu shashinchō (Photographic album of Manchuria, enlarged ed.). Kyoto: Kobayashi shashin seibansho.Google Scholar
Tatsuo., Nakami 1998. “‘Hokutō Ajia’ kara mita ‘Higashi Ajia’” (“East Asia” as seen from “Northeast Asia”). In Higashi Ajia sekai no chiiki nettowāku, edited by Takeshi, Hamashita. Tokyo: Yamakawa shuppansha.Google Scholar
National Geographic Atlas of the World, 6th ed., 2nd rev. ed. 1996. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.Google Scholar
Needham, Joseph, with Ling., Wang 1959. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ling, Ouyang, ed. 1932. Jiazhong Zhonghua xinlei fensheng tu (New provincial map of China), 3rd ed.Wuchang: Yaxin dixue she.Google Scholar
Perdue, Peter. 1998. “Boundaries, Maps, and Movement: Chinese, Russian, and Mongolian Empires in Early Modern Central Eurasia.” International History Review 20.2: 263–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plath, Johann Heinrich. 1830–31. Geschichte des Östlichen Asiens. 2 vols. Göttingen: Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Pratt, Mary Louise. 1992. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transmigration. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qing, Gaozong [Qianlong emperor]. 1743. Mukden-i fujurun bithe (The Ode to Mukden). Beijing.Google Scholar
Rand McNally New International World Atlas, 2nd rev. ed. 1993. Chicago: Rand McNally Publishers.Google Scholar
Schama, Simon. 1996. Landscape and Memory. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Shangyu baqi (Edicts to the Eight Banners). 1735. 10 ce.Google Scholar
Shao, Dan. 1998. “Legitimation and Delegitimation of Manzhouguo’s Nationhood: Use of Ethnicity and History.” Unpublished seminar paper, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Shengzu shilu [Da Qing shengzu ren huangdi shilu] (The veritable records of the Kangxi reign). 1964 [1937]. Taipei: Huawen shuju.Google Scholar
Siebold, Philipp Franz Von. 1832–1852. Nippon, Archiv zur beschreibung von Japan und dessen Neben- und Schutzländern. Leiden: C. C. van der Hoek.Google Scholar
Simon, Walter, and Nelson, Howard G. H.. 1977. Manchu Books in London: A Union Catalogue. London: The British Library.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D. 1993. “Ethnic Election and Cultural Identity.” Ethnic Studies 10.1–3: 9–25.Google Scholar
Smith, Richard. 1993. Chinese Maps. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tanner, Henry S. 1836. “Asia,” in World Atlas. Philadelphia. (Copyrighted image accessible at http://davidrumsey.com)Google Scholar
Tatsuo., Nakami 1993. “Chiiki gainen no seijisei” (The political character of regional concepts). In Mizoguchi Yūzo, Hamashita Takeshi, Hiraishi Naoaki, and Miyajima Hiroshi, eds., Ajia kara kangaeru 1: Kōsatsu suru Ajia. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press, 273–295.Google Scholar
Thomson, Johns. 1909. The Chinese. Indianopolis, In.: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Winichakul., Thongchai 1994. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
The Times Atlas of the World. 1992. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Tillman, Hoyt J. 1979. “Proto-Nationalism in Twelfth-Century China? The Case of Ch’en Liang.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 39–2: 403–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verbiest, Ferdinand. 1854. “Two Journeys into Tartary.” In History of the Two Tartar Conquerors of China, edited and translated by the Earl of Ellesmere. Hakluyt Society; reprint New York: Burt Franklin, n.d.Google Scholar
Waley-Cohen, Joanna. 1991. Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758–1820. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xianxi, Wu, ed. 1918. Shijie xin yutu (New map of the world), 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1909, 2nd ed. 1914). Shanghai: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Bin., Yang 1993 [1707]. Liubian jilue (A concise record of the willow palisade). In Jilin jilue, edited by Lixin, Yang. Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jin’ichi., Yano 1941. Manshū kindaishi (The modern history of Manchuria). Tokyo: Meguro shoten.Google Scholar
Dixueshe., Yaxin 1915. Da Zhonghua Jingsheng daoxian xiangtu (Detailed administrative map of China). Wuchang: Yaxin dixueshe.Google Scholar
Yee, Cordell. 1994. “Traditional Chinese Cartography and the Myth of Westernization.” In The History of Cartography, Vol. 2, Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies, edited by Harley, J. B. and Woodward, David. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kin’ichi., Yoshida 1992. Roshia to Chūgoku no tōbu kokkyō o meguru sho mondai: Neruchinsuku jōyaku no kenkyū (Various Problems of the Eastern Frontier of Russia and China: Studies of the Treaty of Nerchinsk). Tokyo: Kansuidō.Google Scholar
Xuehui, Yudi, ed. 1903. Wanguo yudi tu (World atlas), n.p.Google Scholar
Xuehui, Yudi, ed. 1905. Huangchao fensheng tu (reprint ed.) (Map of the empire by province), n.p.Google Scholar
Guang’en., Zhang 1987. Zhonggong Manzhoushengwei jianshi (Brief history of the CCP Manchurian provinces committee). Shenyang: Liaoning shehui kexueyuan dangshi yanjiusuo.Google Scholar
Boqi., Zou 1844. Huangyu quantu (Complete map of the imperial realm).Google Scholar