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Inscribing Grievances, Litigation, and Local Community in Eighteenth-Century Korea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 January 2022

Jungwon Kim Open the ORCID record for Jungwon Kim [Opens in a new window]
Jungwon Kim*
Affiliation:
Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
*
Email: jk3638@columbia.edu
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Abstract

As existing scholarship demonstrates, although the Chosŏn state (1392–1910) aimed to be a society “without litigation,” people understood the use of law and employed it to resolve various disputes in the local community. At the same time, a plethora of legal cases reveal that many parties chose alternative ways of airing their grievances rather than going directly to the local court. Centered on the eighteenth-century litigation over a case of attempted rape, this article examines the complex, multifaceted factors that influenced people's use of different strategies to appeal their justice at the local level. It asks what resources ordinary people in the late Chosŏn had in navigating legal conflicts, how they strategized over the choices they had, and why they finally exercised particular options when trying to win their cases. Investigating these questions, this article not only offers insights into the meaning of litigation that entailed strenuous document preparation to inscribe grievance, but also probes the impulses of individual actors in the legal terrain when attempting to achieve their goals through the dynamics of social interactions and existing resources in eighteenth-century Korea.

Keywords

Chosŏn Korealawlegal documentslitigationlocal courtlocal community
Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 81 , Issue 2 , May 2022 , pp. 289 - 303
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Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2022

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References

List of References

Yag-yong, Chŏng 丁若鏞 (1762–1836). 1821. Mongmin simsŏ 牧民心書 [Admonitions on governing the people]. 48 vols. Hansŏng: Pagmunsa, 1901.Google Scholar
Chosŏn wangjo sillok 朝鮮王朝實錄 [Veritable records of the kings of the Chosŏn dynasty]. 1970. Reprint, 48 vols. Seoul: Kuksa p'yŏnch'an wiwŏnhoe.Google Scholar
Confucius, . 2007. The Analects of Confucius 論語. Translated by Watson, Burton. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Chŏng-guk, Kim 金正國. 1519. Kyŏngminp'yŏn 警民扁 [A compendium to enlighten the people]. Seoul: Kungnip chungang tosŏgwan, hankojo 30–6.Google Scholar
Paek-kan, Kim 金伯幹. 1585. Sasong yuch'wi 詞訟類聚 [A collected manual of litigations]. Seoul: Kungnip chungang tosŏgwan, hangwigojo 34–11.Google Scholar
Koryŏsa 高麗史 [History of the Koryŏ dynasty]. 1451. Reprint, 3 vols. Seoul: Yŏnhŭi taehakkyo tongbanghak yŏn'guso, 1955.Google Scholar
Kyŏngguk taejŏn 經國大典 [The great code of administration]. 1485. Reprint, edited by Han'gukhak munhŏn yŏn'guso. Seoul: Asea munhwasa, 1983.Google Scholar
Sinbo sugyo chimnok 新補受敎輯錄 [Revised and supplemented Collection of Received Edicts]. 1743. Seoul: Sŏul taehakgyo kyujanggak, 1997.Google Scholar
Sok taejŏn 續大典 [Amended Great Code]. 1744. Reprinted and edited by Han'gukhak munhŏn yŏn'guso. Seoul: Asea munhwasa, 1983.Google Scholar
“Son Akchi Ogan” 孫惡只獄案 [Criminal investigation report on Son Akchi]. 1746. Sangsan nok 商山錄 [Record of Sangsan], kŏn [vol. 1], Kyujanggak Archive, Ko 5120–42 (1746); Han'guk chibangsaryo cho'ongsŏ. Seoul: Yŏgang ch'ulp’ansa, 1987, vol. 3.Google Scholar
Sugyo chimnok 受敎輯錄 [Collection of received edicts]. 1686. Seoul: Sŏul taehakkyo kyujanggak, 1997.Google Scholar
Taejŏn hoet'ong 大典會通 [Comprehensive collection of dynastic code]. 1865. Reprint, Seoul: Han'guk pŏpche yŏn'guwŏn, 1996.Google Scholar
Taejŏn t'ongp’yŏn [Comprehensive Great Code]. 1786. Reprint, Seoul: Pŏpchech’ŏ, 1963.Google Scholar
Yi I 李珥. 1924. “Haeju ilhyang yaksok” [Community compact of the Haeju region]. In Yulgok sŏnsaeng chŏnsŏ, vol. 16.3. Seoul: Kungnip chungang tosŏgwan, ŭisango 3648–62–306.Google Scholar
Yullye yoram 律例要覽 [Conspectus of laws and precedents]. 1837. Seoul: Pŏpche ch’ŏ, 1970.Google Scholar
Yusŏ p'ilchi 儒胥必知 [Essential knowledge for scholar-officials and clerks]. 1872. Seoul: Kyujanggak Collection, kyu no. 6700.Google Scholar
Chen, Li. 2012. “Legal Specialists and Judicial Administration in Late Imperial China, 1651–1911.” Late Imperial China 33 (1): 1–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Li. 2015. “Regulating Private Legal Specialists and the Limits of Imperial Power in Qing China.” In Chinese Law: Knowledge, Practice, and Transformation, 1530s–1950s, edited by Chen, Li and Zelin, Madeleine, 254–86. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, Hwisang. 2015. “Feeling Power in Early Chosŏn Korea: Popular Grievances, Royal Rage, and the Problem of Human Sentiments.” Journal of Korean Studies 20 (1): 7–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yun-sŏn, Cho. 2002. Chosŏn hugi sosong yŏn'gu [A study of lawsuits in the late Chosŏn]. Seoul: Kukhak charyowŏn.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-mok, Chŏn. 2006. “19 segi ‘yusŏp'ilchi’ p'yŏn'gan ŭi t’ŭkching kwa ŭiŭi” [The characteristics and meaning of the nineteenth-century publication of Yusŏ p'ilchi]. Changsŏgak 15:198–229.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-mok, Chŏn. 2013. Komunsŏ, Chosŏn ŭi yŏksa rŭl malhada [Old documents tell the history of Chosŏn]. Seoul: Humanist.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-mok, Chŏn et al. , trans. 2006. Yusŏ p'ilchi 儒胥必知 [Essential knowledge for scholar-officials and clerks]. Seoul: Sagyejŏl ch'ulp’ansa.Google Scholar
Chin-yŏng, Chŏng. 1998. Chosŏn hugi hyangch'on sahoesa [Social history of local communities in late Chosŏn]. Seoul: Han'gilsa.Google Scholar
Kŭng-sik, Chŏng and Sang-hyŏk, Im. 1999. 16 segi sasongbŏpsŏ chipsŏng [Compilation of sixteenth-century lawsuits]. Seoul: Han'guk pŏpche yŏn'guwŏn.Google Scholar
Clark, Elizabeth A. 2004. History, Theory, Text: Historians and the Linguistic Turn. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Natalie Zemon. 1987. Fiction in the Archives: Pardon Tales and Their Tellers in Sixteenth-Century France. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Deuchler, Martina. 2002. “The Practice of Confucianism: Ritual and Order in Chosŏn Dynasty Korea.” In Rethinking Confucianism: Past and Present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, edited by Elman, Benjamin A., Duncan, John B., and Ooms, Herman, 292–334. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian Pacific Monograph Series.Google Scholar
Deuchler, Martina. 2015. Under the Ancestors’ Eyes: Kinship, Status, and Locality in Premodern Korea. Cambridge. Mass: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Fuma, Susumu. 2007. “Litigation Masters and the Litigation System of Ming and Qing China.” International Journal of Asian Studies 4 (1): 79–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sang-gwŏn, Han. 1996. Chosŏn hugi sahoe wa sowŏn chedo: Sangŏn/kyŏkchaeng yŏn'gu [Late Chosŏn society and the petition system: A study of written and oral petitions to the king]. Seoul: Ilchogak.Google Scholar
Sang-gwŏn, Han. 2008. “Chosŏn sidae sosong kwa oejibu: 1560 nyŏn kyŏngjubu kyŏlsong iban punsŏk” [Litigation and scriveners during the Chosŏn: An analysis of Kyŏngju County's legal cases in 1560]. Yŏksa wa hyŏnsil 69:255–92.Google Scholar
Han'guk yŏksa yŏn'guhoe, Chosŏn sigi sahoesa yŏn'guban, ed. 2003. Chosŏn ŭn chibang ŭl ŏttŏke chibae haennŭnga [How the Chosŏn dynasty governed local societies]. Seoul: Ak'anet.Google Scholar
Huang, Philip C. C. 1996. Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Philip C. C., and Bernhardt, Kathryn, eds. 2014. The History and Theory of Legal Practice in China: Toward a Historical-Social Jurisprudence. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sang-hyŏk, Im. 2003. “Sosong kip'i munhwa chŏnt'ong e taehan chaego wa han'guk sahoe” [A reconsideration of the anti-litigation cultural tradition and Korean society]. Pŏp kwa sahoe 24:145–60.Google Scholar
Karasawa, Yusuhiko. 2007. “From Oral Testimony to Written Records.” In Thinking with Cases: Specialist Knowledge in Chinese Cultural History, edited by Furth, Charlotte, Zeitlin, Judith T., and Hsiung, Ping-chen, 101–22. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Hyŏk, Kim. 2017. “Chosŏn hugi wanŭi munsŏ ŭi t’ŭksŏng kwa kŭ sahoe chŏk kinŭng” [Characteristics of the wanŭi document and its social function in the late Chosŏn]. Yŏksa wa sirhak 63:77–132.Google Scholar
Kim, Jisoo M. 2015. The Emotions of Justice: Gender, Status, and Legal Performance in Chosŏn Korea. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Jungwon. 2014. “Deeper than the Death: Chaste Suicide, Emotions, and the Politics of Honour in Nineteenth-Century Korea.” In Honour, Violence and Emotion in History, edited by Strange, Carolyn, Cribb, Robert, and Forth, Christopher E., 163–82. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Kim, Kyŏng-suk. 2005. “Chosŏn hugi yŏsŏng ŭi chŏngso hwaldong” [Women's petitioning activity in the late Chosŏn]. Han'guk munhwa 36: 89–123.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-suk, Kim. 2008. “Chosŏn hugi sansong kwa sangŏn kyŏkchaeng yŏn'gu—No Sang-ch'u ka wa Pak Ch'un-no ka ŭi sosong ŭl chungsimŭro” [A study of gravesite litigation and the practice of written and oral petitions in the late Chosŏn—The lawsuit case of the No Sang-ch'u and Pak Ch'un-no families]. Komunsŏ yŏn'gu 33:253–80.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-suk, Kim. 2012. Chosŏn ŭi myoji sosong [Gravesite litigation during the Chosŏn dynasty]. Seoul: Munhak tongne.Google Scholar
Kim, Marie Seong-hak. 2012. Law and Custom in Korea: Comparative History. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Sun Joo, and Kim, Jungwon. 2014. Wrongful Deaths: Selected Inquest Records from Nineteenth-Century Korea. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Macauley, Melissa Ann. 1998. Social Power and Legal Culture: Litigation Masters in Late Imperial China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McSheffrey, Shannon. 2008. “Detective Fiction in the Archives: Court Records and the Uses of Law in Late Medieval England.” History Workshop Journal 65:65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chun-ho, Pak. 2018. “Chosŏn hugi p'yŏngmin yŏsŏng ŭi hangŭl soji kŭlssŭgi” [A commoner woman's writing of a petition in the late Chosŏn]. Kukhak yŏn'gu 36:409–41.Google Scholar
Pyŏng-ho, Pak. 1972. Chŏnt'ongjŏk pŏpch'egye wa pŏp ŭisik [The traditional legal system and legal consciousness]. Seoul: Han'guk munha yŏn'guso.Google Scholar
Pyŏng-ho, Pak. 1993. Han'guk ŭi chŏnt'ong sahoe wa pŏp [Korean traditional society and law]. Seoul: Sŏul taehakgyo ch'ulp’anbu.Google Scholar
Palais, James B. 1996. Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Tadao, Sakai. 1985. “Yi Yulgok and the Community Compact.” In The Rise of Neo-Confucianism in Korea, edited Theodore de Bary, William and Haboush, JaHyun Kim, 323–48. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, William R. 1981. Legal Norms in a Confucian State. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley, Center for Korean Studies.Google Scholar
Sim, Chae-u. 2013. “Chosŏn hugi ch'ungch’ŏngdo Yŏn'gi chiyŏk minjang kwa kaldŭng yangsang” [Litigations and conflicts in the Yŏn'gi area of Ch'ungch’ŏng Province in the late Chosŏn]. Chŏngsin munhwa yŏn'gu 37 (1): 7–39.Google Scholar
Wu, Yanhong. 2015. “The Community of Legal Experts in 16th- and 17th-Century China.” In Chinese Law: Knowledge, Practice, and Transformation, 1530s–1950s, edited by Chen, Li and Zelin, Madeleine, 205–30. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Yag-yong, Chŏng 丁若鏞 (1762–1836). 1821. Mongmin simsŏ 牧民心書 [Admonitions on governing the people]. 48 vols. Hansŏng: Pagmunsa, 1901.Google Scholar
Chosŏn wangjo sillok 朝鮮王朝實錄 [Veritable records of the kings of the Chosŏn dynasty]. 1970. Reprint, 48 vols. Seoul: Kuksa p'yŏnch'an wiwŏnhoe.Google Scholar
Confucius, . 2007. The Analects of Confucius 論語. Translated by Watson, Burton. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Chŏng-guk, Kim 金正國. 1519. Kyŏngminp'yŏn 警民扁 [A compendium to enlighten the people]. Seoul: Kungnip chungang tosŏgwan, hankojo 30–6.Google Scholar
Paek-kan, Kim 金伯幹. 1585. Sasong yuch'wi 詞訟類聚 [A collected manual of litigations]. Seoul: Kungnip chungang tosŏgwan, hangwigojo 34–11.Google Scholar
Koryŏsa 高麗史 [History of the Koryŏ dynasty]. 1451. Reprint, 3 vols. Seoul: Yŏnhŭi taehakkyo tongbanghak yŏn'guso, 1955.Google Scholar
Kyŏngguk taejŏn 經國大典 [The great code of administration]. 1485. Reprint, edited by Han'gukhak munhŏn yŏn'guso. Seoul: Asea munhwasa, 1983.Google Scholar
Sinbo sugyo chimnok 新補受敎輯錄 [Revised and supplemented Collection of Received Edicts]. 1743. Seoul: Sŏul taehakgyo kyujanggak, 1997.Google Scholar
Sok taejŏn 續大典 [Amended Great Code]. 1744. Reprinted and edited by Han'gukhak munhŏn yŏn'guso. Seoul: Asea munhwasa, 1983.Google Scholar
“Son Akchi Ogan” 孫惡只獄案 [Criminal investigation report on Son Akchi]. 1746. Sangsan nok 商山錄 [Record of Sangsan], kŏn [vol. 1], Kyujanggak Archive, Ko 5120–42 (1746); Han'guk chibangsaryo cho'ongsŏ. Seoul: Yŏgang ch'ulp’ansa, 1987, vol. 3.Google Scholar
Sugyo chimnok 受敎輯錄 [Collection of received edicts]. 1686. Seoul: Sŏul taehakkyo kyujanggak, 1997.Google Scholar
Taejŏn hoet'ong 大典會通 [Comprehensive collection of dynastic code]. 1865. Reprint, Seoul: Han'guk pŏpche yŏn'guwŏn, 1996.Google Scholar
Taejŏn t'ongp’yŏn [Comprehensive Great Code]. 1786. Reprint, Seoul: Pŏpchech’ŏ, 1963.Google Scholar
Yi I 李珥. 1924. “Haeju ilhyang yaksok” [Community compact of the Haeju region]. In Yulgok sŏnsaeng chŏnsŏ, vol. 16.3. Seoul: Kungnip chungang tosŏgwan, ŭisango 3648–62–306.Google Scholar
Yullye yoram 律例要覽 [Conspectus of laws and precedents]. 1837. Seoul: Pŏpche ch’ŏ, 1970.Google Scholar
Yusŏ p'ilchi 儒胥必知 [Essential knowledge for scholar-officials and clerks]. 1872. Seoul: Kyujanggak Collection, kyu no. 6700.Google Scholar
Chen, Li. 2012. “Legal Specialists and Judicial Administration in Late Imperial China, 1651–1911.” Late Imperial China 33 (1): 1–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Li. 2015. “Regulating Private Legal Specialists and the Limits of Imperial Power in Qing China.” In Chinese Law: Knowledge, Practice, and Transformation, 1530s–1950s, edited by Chen, Li and Zelin, Madeleine, 254–86. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, Hwisang. 2015. “Feeling Power in Early Chosŏn Korea: Popular Grievances, Royal Rage, and the Problem of Human Sentiments.” Journal of Korean Studies 20 (1): 7–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yun-sŏn, Cho. 2002. Chosŏn hugi sosong yŏn'gu [A study of lawsuits in the late Chosŏn]. Seoul: Kukhak charyowŏn.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-mok, Chŏn. 2006. “19 segi ‘yusŏp'ilchi’ p'yŏn'gan ŭi t’ŭkching kwa ŭiŭi” [The characteristics and meaning of the nineteenth-century publication of Yusŏ p'ilchi]. Changsŏgak 15:198–229.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-mok, Chŏn. 2013. Komunsŏ, Chosŏn ŭi yŏksa rŭl malhada [Old documents tell the history of Chosŏn]. Seoul: Humanist.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-mok, Chŏn et al. , trans. 2006. Yusŏ p'ilchi 儒胥必知 [Essential knowledge for scholar-officials and clerks]. Seoul: Sagyejŏl ch'ulp’ansa.Google Scholar
Chin-yŏng, Chŏng. 1998. Chosŏn hugi hyangch'on sahoesa [Social history of local communities in late Chosŏn]. Seoul: Han'gilsa.Google Scholar
Kŭng-sik, Chŏng and Sang-hyŏk, Im. 1999. 16 segi sasongbŏpsŏ chipsŏng [Compilation of sixteenth-century lawsuits]. Seoul: Han'guk pŏpche yŏn'guwŏn.Google Scholar
Clark, Elizabeth A. 2004. History, Theory, Text: Historians and the Linguistic Turn. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Natalie Zemon. 1987. Fiction in the Archives: Pardon Tales and Their Tellers in Sixteenth-Century France. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Deuchler, Martina. 2002. “The Practice of Confucianism: Ritual and Order in Chosŏn Dynasty Korea.” In Rethinking Confucianism: Past and Present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, edited by Elman, Benjamin A., Duncan, John B., and Ooms, Herman, 292–334. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian Pacific Monograph Series.Google Scholar
Deuchler, Martina. 2015. Under the Ancestors’ Eyes: Kinship, Status, and Locality in Premodern Korea. Cambridge. Mass: Harvard University Asia Center.Google Scholar
Fuma, Susumu. 2007. “Litigation Masters and the Litigation System of Ming and Qing China.” International Journal of Asian Studies 4 (1): 79–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sang-gwŏn, Han. 1996. Chosŏn hugi sahoe wa sowŏn chedo: Sangŏn/kyŏkchaeng yŏn'gu [Late Chosŏn society and the petition system: A study of written and oral petitions to the king]. Seoul: Ilchogak.Google Scholar
Sang-gwŏn, Han. 2008. “Chosŏn sidae sosong kwa oejibu: 1560 nyŏn kyŏngjubu kyŏlsong iban punsŏk” [Litigation and scriveners during the Chosŏn: An analysis of Kyŏngju County's legal cases in 1560]. Yŏksa wa hyŏnsil 69:255–92.Google Scholar
Han'guk yŏksa yŏn'guhoe, Chosŏn sigi sahoesa yŏn'guban, ed. 2003. Chosŏn ŭn chibang ŭl ŏttŏke chibae haennŭnga [How the Chosŏn dynasty governed local societies]. Seoul: Ak'anet.Google Scholar
Huang, Philip C. C. 1996. Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Philip C. C., and Bernhardt, Kathryn, eds. 2014. The History and Theory of Legal Practice in China: Toward a Historical-Social Jurisprudence. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sang-hyŏk, Im. 2003. “Sosong kip'i munhwa chŏnt'ong e taehan chaego wa han'guk sahoe” [A reconsideration of the anti-litigation cultural tradition and Korean society]. Pŏp kwa sahoe 24:145–60.Google Scholar
Karasawa, Yusuhiko. 2007. “From Oral Testimony to Written Records.” In Thinking with Cases: Specialist Knowledge in Chinese Cultural History, edited by Furth, Charlotte, Zeitlin, Judith T., and Hsiung, Ping-chen, 101–22. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Hyŏk, Kim. 2017. “Chosŏn hugi wanŭi munsŏ ŭi t’ŭksŏng kwa kŭ sahoe chŏk kinŭng” [Characteristics of the wanŭi document and its social function in the late Chosŏn]. Yŏksa wa sirhak 63:77–132.Google Scholar
Kim, Jisoo M. 2015. The Emotions of Justice: Gender, Status, and Legal Performance in Chosŏn Korea. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Jungwon. 2014. “Deeper than the Death: Chaste Suicide, Emotions, and the Politics of Honour in Nineteenth-Century Korea.” In Honour, Violence and Emotion in History, edited by Strange, Carolyn, Cribb, Robert, and Forth, Christopher E., 163–82. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Kim, Kyŏng-suk. 2005. “Chosŏn hugi yŏsŏng ŭi chŏngso hwaldong” [Women's petitioning activity in the late Chosŏn]. Han'guk munhwa 36: 89–123.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-suk, Kim. 2008. “Chosŏn hugi sansong kwa sangŏn kyŏkchaeng yŏn'gu—No Sang-ch'u ka wa Pak Ch'un-no ka ŭi sosong ŭl chungsimŭro” [A study of gravesite litigation and the practice of written and oral petitions in the late Chosŏn—The lawsuit case of the No Sang-ch'u and Pak Ch'un-no families]. Komunsŏ yŏn'gu 33:253–80.Google Scholar
Kyŏng-suk, Kim. 2012. Chosŏn ŭi myoji sosong [Gravesite litigation during the Chosŏn dynasty]. Seoul: Munhak tongne.Google Scholar
Kim, Marie Seong-hak. 2012. Law and Custom in Korea: Comparative History. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Sun Joo, and Kim, Jungwon. 2014. Wrongful Deaths: Selected Inquest Records from Nineteenth-Century Korea. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Macauley, Melissa Ann. 1998. Social Power and Legal Culture: Litigation Masters in Late Imperial China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McSheffrey, Shannon. 2008. “Detective Fiction in the Archives: Court Records and the Uses of Law in Late Medieval England.” History Workshop Journal 65:65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chun-ho, Pak. 2018. “Chosŏn hugi p'yŏngmin yŏsŏng ŭi hangŭl soji kŭlssŭgi” [A commoner woman's writing of a petition in the late Chosŏn]. Kukhak yŏn'gu 36:409–41.Google Scholar
Pyŏng-ho, Pak. 1972. Chŏnt'ongjŏk pŏpch'egye wa pŏp ŭisik [The traditional legal system and legal consciousness]. Seoul: Han'guk munha yŏn'guso.Google Scholar
Pyŏng-ho, Pak. 1993. Han'guk ŭi chŏnt'ong sahoe wa pŏp [Korean traditional society and law]. Seoul: Sŏul taehakgyo ch'ulp’anbu.Google Scholar
Palais, James B. 1996. Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Tadao, Sakai. 1985. “Yi Yulgok and the Community Compact.” In The Rise of Neo-Confucianism in Korea, edited Theodore de Bary, William and Haboush, JaHyun Kim, 323–48. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, William R. 1981. Legal Norms in a Confucian State. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Berkeley, Center for Korean Studies.Google Scholar
Sim, Chae-u. 2013. “Chosŏn hugi ch'ungch’ŏngdo Yŏn'gi chiyŏk minjang kwa kaldŭng yangsang” [Litigations and conflicts in the Yŏn'gi area of Ch'ungch’ŏng Province in the late Chosŏn]. Chŏngsin munhwa yŏn'gu 37 (1): 7–39.Google Scholar
Wu, Yanhong. 2015. “The Community of Legal Experts in 16th- and 17th-Century China.” In Chinese Law: Knowledge, Practice, and Transformation, 1530s–1950s, edited by Chen, Li and Zelin, Madeleine, 205–30. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar