Proceeding from duality results for the GI/G/1 queue, this paper obtains the probability of the number served in a busy period of a GI/G/1 system where customers initiating a busy period have a different service time distribution from other customers. Using duality arguments for processes with interchangeable increments, the Laplace transform of the busy period duration is found for a modified GI/M/1 queue.

The Edgeworth expansion gives an indication of the rate of convergence of the distribution function of the sum of a fixed number of random variables to the normal distribution. A similar expansion is given here for the distribution function of the sum of a random number N of random variables, when the probability generating function of N takes a special form.

Let X(t), – ∞ < t < ∞, be a stationary time series with mean cx. Let 0 < τ1 < τ2 < … < τN ≦ T denote A given sampling times in the interval (0, T]. We determine the asymptotic distribution of the estimate [X(τ1) + … + X(τN)]/N of cx when the sampling times are fixed, satisfying a form of generalised harmonic analysis requirement, and when the sampling times are the times of events of a stationary point process independent of the series X(t). The results obtained may be viewed as non-standard central limit theorems.

R-positivity theory for Markov chains is used to obtain results for random environment branching processes whose environment random variables are independent and identically distributed and whose environmental extinction probabilities are equal. For certain processes whose eventual extinction is almost sure, it is shown that the distribution of population size conditioned by non-extinction at time n tends to a left eigenvector of the transition matrix. Limiting values of other conditional probabilities are given in terms of this left eigenvector and it is shown that the probability of non-extinction at time n approaches zero geometrically as n approaches ∞. Analogous results are obtained for processes whose extinction is not almost sure.

If Z(t) denotes the population size in a Bellman-Harris age-dependent branching process such that a non-denenerate random variable W, then it is known that E(W) = 1 and that ϕ (u) = E(e–uW) satisfies a well-known integral equation. In this situation Athreya [1] has recently found a NASC for E(W |log W| y) <∞, for γ > 0. This paper generalizes Athreya's results in two directions. Firstly a more general class of branching processes is considered; secondly conditions are found for E(W 1 + βL(W)) < ∞ for 0 β < 1, where L is one of a class of functions of slow variation.

Let D = [0, S] × [0, T] be a rectangle in E2 and X(s, t), (s, t)∈D, be a two parameter Yeh-Wiener process. This paper finds the probability distribution of the supremum of X(s, t) on the boundary of D by taking the limit of the probability distribution of the supremum of X(s, t) along certain paths as these paths approach the boundary of D. The probability distribution of the supremum of X(s, t) on the boundary of D gives a nice lower bound for the probability distribution of the supremum of X(s, t) on D, which is unknown.

The paper discusses models for genetic drift in haploid models; non-overlapping models following Wright, and overlapping models following Moran. It is shown that these models, and their extensions by Chia and Watterson, can all be restated as non-overlapping models. This equivalence between the two sets of models greatly facilitates the specification of latent roots and vectors.

If the information content of a complete finite probability scheme is greater than that of another such scheme in one measure of information, it seems reasonable to expect that this relation remains true in any other valid measure. In this paper Shannon and Rényi measures are discussed, regarding this aspect.

An application of the generating function to genetics has provided the probability distribution of homozygotes obtained by self-fertilization, in the case of two linked genetic loci. The individual probabilities are functions of the frequency of genetic recombination between the two loci.

Studies of storage capacity of reservoirs, under the assumption of infinite storage, lead to the problem of finding the distribution of the range or adjusted range of partial sums of random variables.

In this paper, formulas for the expected values of the range and adjusted range of partial sums of exchangeable random variables are presented. Such formulas are based on an elegant result given in Spitzer (1956). Some consequences of the aforementioned formulas are discussed.

The first part of the paper gives a multitude of essentially different representations of a stationary stochastic process. The second part gives a sufficient condition for the sum of two oscillatory processes to be again oscillatory.

The simple branching process {Zn} with mean number of offspring per individual infinite, is considered. Conditions under which there exists a sequence {pn} of positive constants such that pn log (1 +Zn) converges in law to a proper limit distribution are given, as is a supplementary condition necessary and sufficient for pn~ constant cn as n→∞, where 0 < c < 1 is a number characteristic of the process. Some properties of the limiting distribution function are discussed; while others (with additional results) are deferred to a sequel.

We prove a ratio identity giving a transform of the distribution of the position of a two barrier random walk as a ratio of the equivalent transforms for the one barrier random walk. This ratio identity holds for skip free random walks where the increments are dependent on both the previous increment and also the position of the random walk.

In this paper we consider maximum likelihood estimation of the rate constant for stochastic rth-order reactions based on observation of the level of the system at time t > 0. Conditions are found for which the waiting time until the nth. reaction event is asymptotically normal, as the initial number of molecules and the number of reaction events become large. This distributional result is used to derive an approximate estimator which is shown for the second-order case to be close to the exact maximum likelihood estimate over a wide range of percentage completion.

The Poisson process enjoys two special properties: the mean forward recurrence time at time t does not depend on t, and the mean backward recurrence time at time t is the “mean” of the interval distribution truncated at t. Poisson process is the only renewal process with these properties.

In a single-shelf library of N books we suppose that books are selected one at a time and returned to the kth position on the shelf before another selection is made. Books are moved to the right or left as necessary to vacate position k. The probability of selecting each book is assumed to be known, and the N! arrangements of the books are considered as states of an ergodic Markov chain for which we find the stationary distribution.

The various duality results existing for two-barrier random walks are unified. Particular cases in the literature involving reflecting and reversing are deduced as corollaries.

A stationary Gaussian process is exhibited with the following property: the covariance function of the process is not differentiable at the origin and yet almost all the sample paths of the process are differentiable in a set of points of the power of the continuum. The process provides a counter example to a statement of Slepian.

The asymptotic properties of the unique stationary measure of a Markov branching process will be given. In the critical case with finite variance, the result can be deduced from a result for discrete time processes of Kesten, Ney and Spitzer (1966) where the proof makes use of a stronger assumption than the finiteness of variance. For the continuous time case where the stationary measure has an explicit form, we can use the discrete renewal theorem which takes care of the infinite variance case as well.

The set of transient states of a Markov chain is considered as a system. If numbers of arrivals to the system at discrete time points have constant mean and covariance matrix then there is a limiting distribution of numbers in the states. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for this distribution to yield zero correlations between states.