Fourteen young wether sheep were fed freshly cut Lotus pedunculatus as a sole diet to examine the effects of condensed tannins (CT; 55 g/kg lotus DM) on nitrogenous aspects of digestion. The experiment was carried out indoors at Palmerston North, New Zealand over 32 days with one group of sheep receiving an intraruminal infusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG; 100 g/day) to preferentially bind CT (PEG group) so that the lotus was essentially ‘CT-free'. The other sheep, not given PEG, were termed the ‘Tannin’ group.

The principal effects of CT were to increase the flow of feed nitrogen (N) to the abomasum despite a 12% reduction in DM intake of the Tannin sheep. Rumen microbial N turnover rate was slower in Tannin animals than in those receiving PEG (1·86 v. 2·63/day) but microbial N flux to the abomasum was similar in both treatments. The proportion of N intake disappearing from the rumen was lower in Tannin (0·13) than in PEG sheep (0·26) and the N digestibility was 0·67 and 0·81 for the respective treatments (P < 0·001).

The beneficial effects of CT in reducing rumen degradation of feed protein were negated in part by a reduction in fractional absorption of amino acids (AA) from the small intestine. Fractional absorption of essential AA was 0·66 in Tannin and 0·79 in PEG sheep; values for non-essential AA were 0'59 in Tannin and 0·73 in PEG groups. Amino acid concentrations in blood were similar for both groups, but Tannin sheep had lower plasma urea concentrations, a more rapid plasma urea turnover rate and a higher irreversible loss than those receiving PEG. Growth hormone concentrations in plasma were similar for both treatments.

This study was conducted in the central highlands of Ethiopia during 1990–92 to examine the effects of diet and partial suckling on lactation and reproductive performance of Boran (Bos indicus) cows. Primiparous Boran cows were allocated to dietary supplementation or no supplementation with either milking or partial suckling based on body weight at calving. All cows received grass hay ad libitum and the supplemented groups were provided with additional concentrate feed which supplied 222 g/kg DM crude protein and 10 MJ/kg DM energy. Calves were weaned at 8 weeks of age. Mean (±S.E.) dam calving and calf birth weights were 314±11·4 and 25±0·6 kg. Body weights at first postpartum oestrus and at conception were not affected by suckling. Supplemented cows however, were heavier at first oestrus (P = 0·06) and at conception (P < 0·01) than non-supplemented cows. Lactation length was longer (P < 0·01) and mean daily milk yield higher (P < 0·001) in suckled than in milked cows. Diet, however, did not influence either lactation length or daily milk yield. In suckled cows, mean daily milk yield declined sharply after weaning (week 9) and was lower by 38 and 43% of week 8 production in the supplemented and non-supplemented groups, respectively. The overall mean lactation yield was 212·4±64·6 litres; with a significant (P < 0·05) diet × suckling interaction effect. Concentrations of milk fat, total protein and total solids were not affected by either diet or suckling treatment. The postpartum anoestrus interval was longer (P < 0·01) in non-supplemented than in supplemented cows, but did not differ between suckled and milked cows. The percentage of cows cycling by 150 days postpartum was higher (P < 0·05) in supplemented than in nonsupplemented and in milked than in suckled (P > 0·05) cows. By this interval, a higher (P < 0·05) percentage of supplemented-milked (90%) cows cycled than in the other three treatment groups (48·5%). Pregnancy from the first insemination ranged from 45·5 to 63·6% in the four treatment groups. It was concluded that although partial suckling extended the postpartum anoestrus interval, lactation length and milk yield were improved. The negative effects of partial suckling on postpartum reproduction could be overcome with the appropriate dietary supplementation. The economic tradeoff between dietary supplementation, milk yield and reproduction has to be determined in partially suckled cows.

The effects of sucrose supplementation on nitrogen kinetics and energy metabolism were examined in sheep fed lucerne hay cubes using a 15N isotope dilution method and balance and respiration trials in Tsukuba, Japan in 1988. Sheep were fed lucerne hay cubes (1183 g DM/day), with or without 204 g/day sucrose, at 2 h intervals from continuous feeders. Supplementation with sucrose decreased urinary N excretion (P < 0·01), resulting in an increase in N retention from – 1·1 to + 2·0 g N/day (P < 0·01). Supplementation with sucrose resulted in no change in faeces and methane energy, a decrease in urinary energy (P < 0·01) and an increase in heat production and energy balance (P < 0·01). Sucrose supplementation also resulted in lower rumen ammonia (P < 0·05) and plasma urea concentrations (P < 0·05) and reduced urinary urea excretion (P < 0·01). The fermentation of sucrose in the rumen resulted in a decrease in rumen pH (P < 0·01) and in the acetate: propionate ratio (P < 0·05). Sucrose supplementation increased the proportion of urea transferred to the rumen (P < 0·05), non-ammonia N (NAN) concentration in the rumen (P < 0·001) and NAN flow from the rumen to the lower digestive tract (P < 0·001). Urinary allantoin excretion rate increased with sucrose supplementation (P < 0·05). The plasma glucose concentration was unchanged but plasma insulin concentration was increased with sucrose supplementation (P < 0·05). The influence of energy-rich supplements, such as sucrose, on N kinetics and the mechanism of the increase in N retention with sucrose supplementation are discussed.

Experiments were carried out in 1992 with ten male calves, 4 weeks old initially, on a milk diet. Five calves received 80 mg/head virginiamycin (a feed antibiotic) daily for about 14 weeks. Virginiamycin significantly (P < 0·05) increased weight gains (122±2 kg ν. 114±2 kg), digestibility of ash, serum iron and haemoglobin. The feed intake per 1 kg of gain was non-significantly lowered in the virginiamycin group. The phagocytic activity of granulocytes in blood samples of treated calves was slightly increased with a concomitant decrease in the concentration of immunoglobulins. Meat of virginiamycin-fed calves tended to be somewhat darker, to contain more K, Na and Fe and to have a higher pH 24 h post mortem. There were no major differences in other qualitative characteristics of meat between the groups.

Two populations of perennial ryegrass (PRG) (Lolium perenne L.) were selected for low (LS) and high leaf shear breaking load (HS) in 1984 at DSIR, Palmerston North. Leaf shear breaking load for the LS group was c. 41% lower than for the HS group and the LS selection had significantly shorter, narrower leaves and smaller leaf cross-sectional areas than the HS selection. LS leaves were c. 27% less resistant to shear than HS leaves per unit of cross-sectional area. The lower leaf shear strength in the LS selection was associated with a significantly lower concentration of sclerenchyma tissues in the leaf cross-sectional area compared with the HS selection. The total shear load required to break down the same dry weight of leaves to 1 mm particle size (leaf index of masticatory load) was calculated and shown to be influenced by the differences in leaf morphology. LS leaves were estimated to have a 21% lower index of masticatory load than HS leaves when both were grown under optimum climatic conditions.

Over 5 years (1987–91), the progeny of rams selected for fast (Low T-half) or slow (High T-half) glucose clearance after an intravenous glucose tolerance test, differed significantly in glucose tolerance. In comparison with an unselected control, the line differences were mainly in the direction of Low T-half. They appear to have arisen during the establishment period, with little evidence of enhanced divergence over the four subsequent years of continued selection (heritability 0·10±0·03). The Low line had higher plasma insulin concentrations during the glucose tolerance test than the High line. Basal plasma concentrations of glucose were lower, and urea higher in the Low than the High line. In addition, carcasses of Low line ram progeny had more subcutaneous fat at the same carcass weight than High line carcasses (11% higher GR in the final year of the experiment). Selection of sheep for glucose clearance appeared to be associated with differential partitioning of nutrients into adipose tissue, the pooled genetic correlation between T-half and GR being −0·28±0·13.

A series of experiments was conducted at Palmerston North, New Zealand, during 1988–91 to compare the efficiency of chewing during eating and rumination, rumen fractional outflow rate (FOR), voluntary organic matter intake, liveweight gain and wool production in sheep fed either low (LS) or high (HS) leaf shear breaking load perennial ryegrass (PRG). The LS ryegrass had a 13% lower mean leaf shear breaking load and ingestion rates tended to be higher than for HS PRG, but no consistent significant treatment differences were observed in rate of particle breakdown, rumen FOR, voluntary intake or animal performance. It was concluded that selection for reduced leaf shear breaking load per se did not improve feeding value. The total shear load required to reduce a unit dry weight of PRG leaf to < 1 mm particles (index of masticatory load; IML) differed by only 3% between LS and HS PRG in this study, due to higher leaf length:dry weight ratios for LS PRG. It is therefore suggested that IML, which takes into account both leaf shear breaking load and associated changes in leaf morphology may be a better criterion for selection than leaf shear breaking load alone in breeding programmes to improve the feeding value of perennial ryegrass.

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of zinc (Zn) supplementation on the performance and mineral metabolism of lambs fed forage-based diets containing 15–23 mg Zn/kg. In Expt 1, 20 lambs were fed a good-quality orchardgrass (21·4 mg Zn/kg) or a low-quality tall fescue (14·7 mg Zn/kg) hay and supplemental Zn (as ZnO) at 0 or 30 mg/day in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Forage was fed ad libitum and all lambs received 92 g dry matter/day of a corn-based supplement which served as the carrier of the supplemental Zn. Lambs fed orchardgrass hay had a greater (P < 0·01) dry matter intake and average daily gain for the 42-day study. Zinc supplementation did not affect performance of lambs fed tall fescue but tended to improve performance in those fed orchardgrass hay. At the end of the 42-day growth phase, lambs were placed in metabolism crates for a 7-day total collection of urine and faeces. Supplemental Zn increased intake (P <0·01) and faecal excretion (P <0·01) of Zn. Absorbed Zn was greater (P < 0·05) for lambs fed supplemental Zn. There was a tendency for a forage × Zn interaction (P < 0·10) for urinary Zn excretion and retention. Urinary Zn excretion was highest in lambs fed tall fescue hay supplemented with Zn. In Expt 2, 24 lambs were fed diets consisting of ad libitum chopped tall fescue hay (23 mg Zn/kg) and 176 g/day of a corn and mineral supplement which served as the carrier of the Zn treatments. Treatments were no supplemental Zn or 30 mg/day supplemental Zn as ZnO, ZnSO4 or Zn methionine. Zinc oxide and ZnSO4 supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0·10) and decreased feed/gain (P < 0·10) for the 56-day study when compared to control and Zn methionine-supplemented lambs.

This group, which is concerned with the applications of mathematics to agricultural science, is sponsored by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. It was formed in 1970, and has since met at approximately yearly intervals in London for one-day meetings. The twenty-fifth meeting of the group, chaired by Dr T. M. Addiscott of the Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, was held in the Wellcome Meeting Room at the Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace, London on Friday, 15 April 1994, when the following papers were read.