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Roles and attitudes of French and Italian delegates to the European Community

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

William R. Pendergast
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Extract

Students of regional integration have suggested that participants in international activities may experience attitudinal changes which are favorable for subsequent integrative processes. Interviews with 24 French and Italian staff members of permanent delegations at European Community headquarters, however, indicate that these delegates did not increase their support for integration during their tenure, but that they became more realistic about European Community politics. Delegates A appear to differ primarily on the basis of ministerial affiliation and nationality, while no significant variations appeared to be correlated with other factors tested.

Type
Research Note
Information
International Organization , Volume 30 , Issue 4 , Autumn 1976 , pp. 669 - 677
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1976

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References

1 Literature on attitudes and integration includes: Deutsch, Karl et al. , France, Germany and the Western Alliance, (New York: Scribner's, 1967)Google Scholar; Lerner, Daniel and Gorden, Morton, Euratlantica: Changing Perspectives of the European Elites. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969)Google Scholar; Kelman, Herbert C., “Changing Attitudes Through International Activities,” Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1962): 67–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wolf, Peter, “International Organization and Attitude Change: A Re-examination of the Functionalist Approach,” International Organization, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Summer 1973): 347–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bonham, G. Matthew, “Participation in Regional Parliamentary Assemblies: Effects on Attitudes of Scandinavian Parliamentarians,” Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4 (05 1970): 325–336CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kerr, Henry Jr, “Changing Attitudes Through International Participation: European Parliamentarians and Integration,” International Organization, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Winter 1973): 45–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Alger, Chadwick, “Personal Contact in Inter-governmental Organizations,” in Kelman, Herbert, ed., International Behavior, (New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1965), pp. 521–47Google Scholar.

2 Haas, Ernst, Tlie Uniting of Europe, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958), p. 5Google Scholar; Deutsch, Karl et al. , Political Community in the North Atlantic Area, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968), passimCrossRefGoogle Scholar; Etzioni, Amitai, Political Unification, (New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1965), pp. 16–34Google Scholar.

3 Lindberg, Leon, The Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963), pp. 286–87Google Scholar.

4 Lindberg, Leon and Scheingold, Stuart, Europe's Would-Be Polity, (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970), pp. 119,159–60Google Scholar.

5 Kerr; Smith, Keith, “The European Economic Community and National Civil Servants of the Member States-A Comment,” International Organization, Vol. 27, No. 4, (Autumn 1973); 563–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Feld, Werner and Wildgen, John, “Electoral Ambitions and European Integration,” International Organization, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Spring 1975): 447–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6 A survey of the permanent representatives is: Salmon, Jean A., “Le Rôle des Représentants Permanentes” in Geibet, Pierre and Pe'py, Daniel, eds., La Décision dans les Communautis Europiennes, (Bruxelles: Presses Universitaires de Bruxelles, 1969), pp. 57–73Google Scholar. See also: Virally, M. et al. , Les Missions Permanentes Aupres des Organisations Internationales, (Bruxelles: Bruylant, 1971)Google Scholar; Spinelli, Altiero, The Eurocrats: Conflict and Crisis in the European Community, trans, by Haines, C. Grove, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966)Google Scholar; Noël, Emile and Etienne, Henri, “The Permanent Representatives Committee and the ‘Deepening’ of the Communities,” Government and Opposition, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Autumn 1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Noël, Emile, “The Committee of Permanent Representatives,” Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1967): 219–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wallace, Helen, National Governments and the European Communities, (London: Chatham House/PEP, 1973)Google Scholar.

7 Lindberg, pp. 286–87.

8 Price, Roy, The Politics of the European Community, (London: Butterworth, 1973), p. 69Google Scholar. Lindberg perceived stronger European feelings among the Permanent Representatives than in the Council, (p. 79). Altiero Spinelli concurs (p. 79).

9 Jacob, Philip E. and Toscano, James V., eds., The Integration of Political Communities, (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1964), pp. 237–38Google Scholar.

10 The size of French and Italian delegations has varied. Between January 1960 and January 1974 a total of 53 individuals passed through the French delegation while the Italian delegation sponsored 65 persons. Turnover occurs most frequently among Foreign Ministry representatives, with much longer tenure for some representatives of technical ministries.

11 This conclusion supports the earlier suggestion by Scheinman, Laurence in “Some Preliminary Notes on Bureaucratic Relationships in the European Economic Community,” International Organization, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1966): 564CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 The concept of “engagement” was introduced by Haas, Ernst, p. 522Google Scholar.

13 Smith, p. 564.

14 Wolf, pp. 369–70.

15 Ibid., passim, but especially pp. 367 ff.

16 Mitrany, David. A Working Peace System. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1948, p. 35Google Scholar.

17 Haas, p. 251.

18 Scheinman, Laurence, “Euratom: Nuclear Integration in Europe,” in Nye, J. S. Jr, ed., International Regionalism: Readings, (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), p. 279Google Scholar.