International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies of the United Nations — Article IX, Section 31 — Duty of agencies to make available alternative procedures for the settlement of disputes

International organizations — Immunity — Waiver — Effect of failure of international organization to lodge a reply to proceedings brought against it — Whether ever constituting waiver — Requirement of express statement of waiver — Passage of time following service of writ without reply — Whether constituting proof of refusal to submit to jurisdiction — The law of Argentina

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Family of diplomatic agent — Immunity from criminal jurisdiction — Enquiry into circumstances of death of wife of diplomatic agent — Whether ordinary courts may exercise jurisdiction where diplomat himself is not a party to the proceedings — The law of Argentina

Human rights — Right to respect for private life — Whether requiring legal recognition of transsexual’s new identity — Balance between general and individual interest — Margin of appreciation — Right to marry — Whether referring to traditional marriage between persons of opposite biological sex — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 8 and 12

Treaties — Interpretation — Changed circumstances — Human rights — Right to respect for private life — Legal recognition of transsexuals — Whether need for appropriate measures to be kept under review — Right to marry — Whether referring to traditional marriage between persons of opposite biological sex — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Human rights — Right to respect for private life — Whether societal and legal developments requiring legal recognition of transsexual’s new identity — Balance between general and individual interest — Margin of appreciation — Right to marry — Whether referring to traditional marriage between persons of opposite biological sex — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 8 and 12

Treaties — Interpretation — Changed circumstances — Human rights — Right to respect for private life — Legal recognition of transsexuals — Whether societal and legal developments require new interpretation — Whether need for appropriate measures to be kept under review — Right to marry — Whether referring to traditional marriage between persons of opposite biological sex

International tribunals — European Court of Human Rights — Precedent — Reasons for departing from precedent — Requirements of legal certainty and orderly development of case-law — Changed circumstances

Human rights — Right to respect for family life — Right to marry — Whether including right to divorce and remarry — Extent of positive obligations incumbent on respondent State to protect rights — Discrimination — Freedom of conscience and religion — Whether applicable — Legal and social status of illegitimate child — Whether to be placed in same position as legitimate child — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 8, 9, 12 and 14

Treaties — Interpretation — Changed circumstances — Right to marry — Whether including right to divorce — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 12 — Travaux préparatoires — Use to reveal object and purpose of provision — Evolutive interpretation — Whether permissible

International tribunals — Procedure — European Court of Human Rights — Preliminary pleas — Whether applicants “victims” — Exhaustion of local remedies — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 25

Damages — Human rights violations — Legal costs and expenses — Material and non-pecuniary loss — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50

Human rights — Right to marry — Permissible restrictions — Whether temporary prohibition on remarriage justifiable — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 12

Treaties — Interpretation — Changed circumstances — Right to marry — Need to interpret Convention in light of present day circumstances and requirements — Isolated position of national legislation not necessarily offending Convention

Damages — Human rights violations — Non-pecuniary loss — Whether finding that violation occurred constitutes sufficient satisfaction — Just satisfaction — Whether Court entitled to order State to alter legislation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50

Human rights — Right to respect for private life — Use of secret information in assessing suitability for employment in post of importance for national security — Whether job applicant entitled to release of secret information — Balance between State’s national security interest and individual interest — Margin of appreciation — Freedom to express opinion — Freedom to receive information — Whether refusal to release secret information to individual who is subject of that information constituting interference — Right to effective remedy before national authority — Whether referring to investigative and decision making body independent of executive — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 8, 10 and 13

Human rights — Right to respect for private life — Whether including sexual life — Prohibition of homosexual acts between consenting adults in private — Law of Republic of Ireland — Absence of prosecutions — Whether law no longer enforced — Whether mere existence of legislation affected private life — Whether applicant a victim within meaning of Article 25 of Convention — Justifications for interference — Whether necessary in a democratic society — Margin of appreciation of national authorities — Whether more extensive for issues involving morals — European standard — Pressing social need — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 8 and 25

Damages — Human rights violations — Breach of right to respect for private life established — Just satisfaction — Whether finding of breach in itself adequate satisfaction — Legal costs referable to proceedings before national courts — Whether recoverable — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50

Human rights — Standing to complain of violation — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 25 — Concept of victim of human rights violations — Laws against homosexual activity — Laws not enforced — Whether campaigner for homosexual rights a victim of human rights violation — Whether possessing standing

Human rights — Right to respect for private life and home — The law of England — Anton Piller order authorizing search for video cassettes made in breach of copyright — Balancing of interests of individual against rights of others to be free from unauthorized infringement of copyright — Whether “in accordance with law” including common law — Whether sufficient safeguards to ensure proportionality to legitimate aim — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8

Human rights — Grounds for interference with rights — Requirement that interference be “in accordance with law” — Legal certainty — Whether rules of unwritten common law sufficient — European Convention on Human Rights

Human rights — Right to respect for private and family life — Right to receive information — Whether applicant entitled to unrestricted access to case records regarding applicant’s time as child in care — Balance between general and individual interest — Extent of positive obligations on State — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 8 and 10

Damages — Human rights violations — Just satisfaction — Non-pecuniary loss — Emotional distress — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 50

Expropriation — Taking of property — Breaches of contractual obligations — Contract between State and foreign company — Repudiation by State of its contractual obligations — Confiscation of property without proper notice — Proper law of agreement — Law of contracting State to be supplemented by international law — Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, 1965

Damages — For expropriation — Measure of damages — Damnum emergens and lucrum cessans — Amounts invested and lost due to confiscation — Loss of profits — Costs and expenses incurred

Arbitration — Arbitration between State and foreign company — ICSID arbitration — Jurisdiction of tribunal — Procedure in default of appearance by State — Applicable law

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Waiver of immunity — ICSID arbitration — Property of foreign States used for commercial purposes — Whether tonnage fees, registration fees and other taxes collected by agents of State from shipowners in foreign country where attachment sought immune

Arbitration — Enforcement — ICSID arbitration — Enforcement through proceedings in national courts — The law of the United States

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Property of foreign State used for commercial purposes — Whether bank accounts used for expenses of diplomatic mission immune — Mixed fund in use for commercial and public purposes — ICSID arbitration — Waiver of immunity from enforcement not applicable to embassy bank accounts — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Embassy property — Bank account — Whether liable to attachment — The law of the United States

Arbitration — Arbitrators — Disqualification — Arbitrator appointed by party to arbitration — Previous connection with party — Whether grounds for disqualification — Duties of party-appointed arbitrator

Arbitration — Award — Annulment — Grounds for annulment — Failure to decide all the questions referred to the Tribunal — Failure to state reasons on which award based — Consequences of partial annulment — Resubmission of case to new arbitration Tribunal — Whether those parts of first award which were not annulled constitute res judicata — Jurisdiction of Tribunal on resubmission of case

Arbitration — Law governing arbitration — ICSID Arbitration — Proceedings for annulment of award — Law governing annulment proceedings — Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, 1965 — Principles and rules of treaty interpretation generally recognized in international law

Arbitration — Jurisdiction of arbitration Tribunal — Arbitration clause in contract between government and company — Whether clause to be restrictively construed — Standing of claimant company — Corporate group — Which company within group entitled to initiate arbitration proceedings

Expropriation — Taking of property — Contractual rights — Company entitled to share in profits from hotel — Whether takeover of hotel a taking of rights under the contract — Whether causing loss — Principles of international law regarding expropriation — Concept of acquired rights — Due process — Measure of compensation — ICSID Convention, Article 42(1)

Damages — For expropriation — Measure of damages — Contractual rights — Damnum emergens — Lucrum cessans — Methods of valuation — Discounted cash flow method — Access of company to daily cash flow generated by business subject to fiduciary duties — Effect on compensation

International tribunals — ICSID system — Arbitration — Challenge to award of arbitration tribunal — Reference to ad hoc Committee under ICSID Convention, Article 52(3) — Effect of partial annulment — Resubmission of case to new arbitration tribunal

Nationality — Companies — Corporate group — Company investing in foreign State — Wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in State of investment — Whether treated as foreign business for purpose of international law — Parent company's existence determined by law of State of incorporation

State responsibility — For injury to aliens — Duty to protect aliens — Duty to protect from arbitrary action by officials — State responsibility for judicial acts — Whether limited to cases of denial of justice

Sources of international law — Equity — Whether part of international law — Distinction between equity and power of Tribunal to decide ex aequo et bono

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles of interpretation — Good faith — ICSID Convention — Whether principle that arbitration provisions should be restrictively interpreted