Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-19T15:42:11.180Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Multi-layer approach of polarization agile oscillating-type active integrated array antennas for RFtransmitter front-end

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2022

Maodudul Hasan Open the ORCID record for Maodudul Hasan [Opens in a new window] ,
Eisuke Nishiyama  and
Ichihiko Toyoda
Maodudul Hasan*
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga-shi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
Eisuke Nishiyama
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga-shi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
Ichihiko Toyoda
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga-shi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
*
Author for correspondence: Maodudul Hasan, hasan@ceng.ec.saga-u.ac.jp
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper presents a polarization switchable self-oscillating active integrated array antenna (AIAA) using a multi-layer approach. The antenna comprises two antenna elements, four PIN diodes, and a Gunn oscillator employing a microstrip line resonator. Reconfiguring the feed network of the array antenna realizes slant polarization (± 45°) switching. The multi-layer structure allows the patch spacing to be adjusted, thereby helping to minimize the antenna's sidelobe level. The Gunn oscillator, which employs a λ/2 microstrip–line resonator, is placed at the bottom layer. The proposed AIAA has an effective isotopic radiated power (EIRP) of + 18.25 dBm at the oscillation frequency of 9.47 GHz. EIRP is improved by better than 8.45 dB compared to the single-layer structure. The proposed AIAA features a transmitted power of + 8.45 dBm, DC-to-RF efficiency of 1.0%, and a low phase noise of −101.8 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset frequency with better than 12-dB cross-polarization suppression.

Keywords

active integrated antennasGunn oscillatorlinear polarizationpolarization switchingmulti-layer structure
Type
Antenna Design, Modeling and Measurements
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , May 2023 , pp. 600 - 608
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with the European Microwave Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Chang, K, York, RA, Hall, PS and Itoh, T (2002) Active integrated antennas. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 50, 937–944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, Y and Itoh, T (1998) Progress in active integrated antennas and their applications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 46, 1891–1900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kracek, J, Švanda, M, Mazanek, M and Machac, J (2016) Implantable semi-active UHF RFID tag with inductive wireless power transfer. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 15, 1657–1660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y and Chen, Z (2003) A dual-gate FET subharmonic injection-locked self-oscillating active integrated antenna for RF transmission. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 13, 199–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y, Wu, C and Ma, T (2011) Miniaturized self-oscillating annular ring active integrated antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 59, 3597–3606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, CH, Lee, RQ, Romanofsky, RR, Kory, CL, Lambert, KM, Van Keuls, FW, and Miranda, F. A. (2008) Small-size X-band active integrated antenna with feedback loop. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 56, 1236–1241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ding, Z, Fan, L and Chang, K (1995) A new type of active antenna for coupled Gunn oscillator driven spatial power combining arrays. IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, 5, 264–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, K, Hummer, KA and Klein, JL (1989) Experiments on injection locking of active antenna elements for active phased arrays and spatial power combiners. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 37, 1078–1084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, J and Itoh, T (1994) Two-dimensional quasi-optical power-combining arrays using strongly coupled oscillators. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 42, 734–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H and Yoon, YJ (2007) Wideband design of the fully integrated transmitter front-end with high power-added efficiency. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 55, 916–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, D-H and Park, S-O (2005) A varactor-tuned active-integrated antenna using slot antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 4, 191–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y and Ma, T (2013) Frequency-reconfigurable self-oscillating active antenna with gap-loaded ring radiator. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12, 337–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minegishi, M, Lin, J, Itoh, T and Kawasaki, S (1995) Control of mode-switching in an active antenna using MESFET. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 43, 1869–1874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, M, Nishiyama, E and Toyoda, I (2021) A beam switchable self-oscillating active integrated array antenna using Gunn oscillator and magic-Ts. The IEICE Transactions on Communications, E104-B, 3003.Google Scholar
Singh, RK, Basu, A and Koul, SK (2019) Reconfigurable oscillating active integrated antenna using two-element patch array for beam switching applications. Engineering Reports, 1, e12071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chew, ST and Itoh, T, A 2×2 beam-switching active antenna array. 1995 IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Orlando, FL, USA, 1995.Google Scholar
Lin, J, Itoh, T and Nogi, S, Mode switch in a two-element active array. 1993 IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. and Int. Symp. Dig., Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1993.Google Scholar
Hasan, M, Nishiyama, E, Tanaka, T and Toyoda, I (2021) A dual-beam switchable self-oscillating Ku-band active array antenna integrating positive feedback type push-push oscillator and PSK modulator. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, 116, 181–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, C and Ma, T (2014) Pattern-reconfigurable self-oscillating active integrated antenna with frequency agility. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 62, 5992–5999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, RK, Basu, A and Koul, SK (2017) A novel pattern-reconfigurable oscillating active integrated antenna. EEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 16, 3220–3223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, S, Sambell, A and Zhong, SS (2006) Polarization-agile antennas. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 48, 28–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ushijima, Y, Nishiyama, E and Aikawa, M (2012) Single layer extensible microstrip array antenna integrating SPDT switch circuit for linear polarization switching. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 60, 5447–5450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hossain, MA, Nishiyama, E, Toyoda, I and Aikawa, M (2012) High gain linear polarization switchable planar array antenna. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, 30, 93–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsai, Y, Chu, HN and Ma, T (2020) Self-oscillating circularly polarized active integrated monopole antenna using cross-coupled pair and inverted-L strip. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 19, 1132–1136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, S, Fusco, VF and Humphrey, DEJ (2001) Ring-coupled-oscillator sequentially rotated active antenna. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 49, 1492–1497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birkeland, J and Itoh, T, A circularly polarized FET oscillator active radiating element. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Boston, MA, USA, 1991.Google Scholar
Chu, HN, Chen, Y, Tsai, Y and Ma, T (2019) Low-cost polarization sensing system for self-oscillating circularly-polarized active integrated antenna. IEEE Access, 7, 170534–170544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, RK, Basu, A and Koul, SK, Asymmetric coupled polarization switchable oscillating active integrated antenna, Proc. Asia-Pacific Microwave Conf. (APMC), New Delhi, India, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toyoda, I, Furukawa, Y, Nishiyama, E, Tanaka, T and Aikawa, M (2018) Polarization agile self-oscillating active integrated antenna for spatial modulation wireless communications. Electronics and Communications in Japan, 101, 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, M, Nishiyama, E and Toyoda, I (2019) A polarization switchable active integrated array antenna with a single-lambda slot-ring Gunn oscillator and PSK modulator. IEICE Communications Express, 8, 560–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, M, Ushiroda, H, Nishiyama, E and Toyoda, I, A polarization switchable active array antenna integrating a multiport oscillator and PSK modulators. Proc. Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Kyoto, Japan, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, X-X, Zhong, S-S and Gao, S-C, A novel polarization-agile active microstrip antenna array with LNA. Proc. Int'l Symp. Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE2000), Beijing, China, 2000.Google Scholar
Hasan, M, Nishiyama, E and Toyoda, I, A microstrip–line Gunn oscillator loaded active integrated array antenna using inclined patches for polarization switching function. Proc. Int'l Symp. Antennas Propagation (ISAP2020), Osaka, Japan (virtual), 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aikawa, M and Ogawa, H (1989) Double-sided MIC's and their applications. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 37, 406–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramesh, G, Bhartia, P, Bahl, I and Ittipiboon, A (2001) Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. 2nd ed., Artech House, MA.Google Scholar