Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-xq9c7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-01T07:19:34.823Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Infrared Observations of Late Type Stars

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2016

K.M. Merrill
K.M. Merrill*
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota School of Physics and Astronomy, 116 Church Street, S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Substantative mass-loss resulting in appreciable circumstellar dust envelopes is common in late-type stars. The evolutionary history and physical state of a cool star determine the chemistry within the outer stellar atmosphere mirrored by the molecular and particulate material present in the envelope. The observational consequences of this debri determined by moderate spectral resolution (λ/Δλ ~ 50-100) infrared spectrophotometry are reviewed. Significant information is provided by observations of the emergent energy flux of both the cool stellar photosphere and of the circumstellar dust envelope. While most of the infrared features observed in late-type stars can be plausibly identified, an as yet unknown emission mechanism marked by strong infrared band structure is known to be operative in a variety of infrared sources. The observed range in shell optical depth in both M and C stars suggests that mass-loss occurs to some degree throughout late stellar evolutionary phases and that occasional periods of high mass-loss are not uncommon.

Type
Part III: Evolved Stars
Information
International Astronomical Union Colloquium , Volume 42: The Interaction of Variable Stars with their Environment , 1977 , pp. 446 - 494
Copyright
Copyright © Veröff. Der Remeis-Sterwarte 1977

References

Allen, D.A., Hyland, A.R., Longmore, A.J., Caswell, J.L., Goss, W.M., and Haynes, R.F. 1977 (preprint).Google Scholar
Andersson, C., Johansson, L.E.B., Goss, W.M., Winnberg, A., Nguyen-Quang-Riew, 1974, Astron. & Astrophys., 30, 475.Google Scholar
Apruzese, J.P. 1976, Ap.J., 207, 799.Google Scholar
Baldwin, J.R., Frogel, J.A., and Persson, S.E. 1973, Ap.J., 184, 427.Google Scholar
Barnes, T.G., Beer, R., Hinkle, K.H. and Lambert, D.L. 1977, Ap.J., 213, 71.Google Scholar
Bedijn, P.J. 1977, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden.Google Scholar
Bregman, J.D. 1977, Publ. A.S.P., 89, 335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bregman, J.D., and Rank, D.M. 1975, Ap.J. (Letters), 195, L125.Google Scholar
Ciatti, F., Mammano, A., and Vittone, A. 1977, Astron. & Astrophys. (in press).Google Scholar
Cohen, M., Anderson, C.M., Cowley, A., Coyne, G.V., Fawley, W., Gull, T.R., Harlan, E.A., Herbig, G.H., Holden, F., Hudson, H.S., Jakoubek, R.O., Johnson, H.M., Merrill, K.M., Schiffer, F.H., Soifer, B.T., and Zuckerman, B. 1975, Ap.J., 196, 179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M., and Kuhi, L.V. 1976, Publ. A.S.P., 88, 535.Google Scholar
Cohen, M., and Kuhi, L.V. 1977, preprint.Google Scholar
Cudaback, D.D., Gaustad, J.E., and Knacke, R.F. 1971, Ap.J. (Letters), 166, L49.Google Scholar
Davidson, K., Humphreys, R.M., and Merrill, K.M. 1977, Ap.J. (in press).Google Scholar
Day, K.L. 1974, Ap.J. (Letters), 192, L15.Google Scholar
Day, K.L. 1976, Icarus, 27, 561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, K.L., Steyer, T.R., and Huffman, D.R. 1974, Ap.J., 191, 415.Google Scholar
Dokuchaeva, O.D. 1976, I.A.U. Information Bull. Variable Stars, No. 1189.Google Scholar
Dorschner, J. 1971, Astron. Nachr., 293, 53.Google Scholar
Dorschner, J., Gürtler, J., and Friedemann, C. 1976, Astron. Nachr., 297, 159.Google Scholar
Dyck, H.M., and Simon, T. 1975, Ap.J., 195, 689.Google Scholar
Evans, N.J., and Beckwith, S. 1977, Ap.J. (in press).Google Scholar
Fäy, T.D., and Ridgway, S.T. 1976, Ap.J., 203, 600.Google Scholar
Finn, G.D., and Simon, T. 1977, Ap.J., 212, 472.Google Scholar
Forrest, W.J. 1974, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Forrest, W.J., Gillett, F.C. and Stein, W.A. 1975, Ap.J., 195, 423.Google Scholar
Forrest, W.J., Gillett, F.C., Houck, J.R., McCarthy, J., Merrill, K.M., Pipher, J.L., Puetter, R.C., Russell, R.W., Soifer, B.T., and Willner, S.P. 1977, Ap.J. (in press).Google Scholar
Frogel, J.A., and Hyland, A.R. 1972, Mem. Soc. Royal Sciences Liege III, 111.Google Scholar
Fujita, Y. 1970, Interpretation of Spectra and Atmospheric Structure in Cool Stars (Baltimorel: university Park Press).Google Scholar
Gehrz, R.D. and Hackwell, J.A. 1976, Ap.J. (Letters), 206, L161.Google Scholar
Geisel, S.L., Kleinmann, D.E., and Low, F.J. 1970, Ap.J. Letters), 161, L101.Google Scholar
Gillett, F.C., Forrest, W.J., and Merrill, K.M. 1973, Ap.J., 183, 87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillett, F.C., Forrest, W.J., Merrill, K.M., Capps, R.W., and Soifer, B.T. 1975, Ap.J., 200, 609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillett, F.C., Jones, T.W., Merrill, K.M., and Stein, W.A. 1976, Astron. & Astrophys., 45, 77.Google Scholar
Gillett, F.C., Kleinmann, D.E., Wright, E.L., and Capps, R.W. 1975, Ap.J. (Letters), 198, L65.Google Scholar
Gilman, R.C. 1974, Ap.J., 188, 87.Google Scholar
Gilra, D.P. 1972, in The Scientific Results from the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO-2), ed. Code, A.D. (NASA SP-310).Google Scholar
Gilra, D.P. 1977, in preparation.Google Scholar
Goebel, J.H., Bregman, J.D., Strecker, D.W., Witteborn, F.C., and Erickson, E.F. 1977, Bull. A.A.S., 9, 364.Google Scholar
Goldreich, P., and Scoville, N. 1976, Ap.J., 205, 144.Google Scholar
Grasdalen, G.L., and Joyce, R.R. 1976, Ap.J. (Letters), 205, L11.Google Scholar
Hagen, W., Simon, T., and Dyck, H.M. 1975, Ap.J. (Letters), 201, L81.Google Scholar
Hall, D.N.B., Kleinmann, S.G., Ridgway, S.T., Weinberger, D.A., and Wojslaw, R.S. 1977 (preprint).Google Scholar
Hinkle, K.H., Barnes, T.G., Lambert, D.L. and Beer, R. 1976, Ap.J. (Letters), 210, L141.Google Scholar
Hoyle, F., and Wickramasinghe, N.C. 1977, Nature, 268, 610.Google Scholar
Humphreys, R.M. 1974, Ap.J., 188, 75.Google Scholar
Humphreys, R.M., and Ney, E.P. 1974, Publ. A.S.P., 86, 444.Google Scholar
Hunt, G.R. and Salisbury, J.H. 1976, Mid-Infrared Spectral Behavior of Metamorphic Rocks, AFCRL-TR-0003.Google Scholar
Hunt, G.R. and Salisbury, J.H. 1974, Mid Infrared Spectral Behavior of Igneous Rocks, AFCRL-TR-0625.Google Scholar
Hyland, A.R., Becklin, E.E., Frogel, J.A., Neugebauer, G. 1972, Astron. SAstrophys., 16, 204.Google Scholar
Israel, F.P., Habing, H.J., and de Jong, T. 1973, Astron. & Astrophys., 27, 143.Google Scholar
Johnson, H.L., Mitchell, R.I., Iriarte, B., and Wisniewski, W.Z. 1968, Comm. Lunar Planetary Lab., 4, 99.Google Scholar
Johnson, H.R., Beebe, R.F., and Sneden, C. 1975, Ap.J. Suppl., 29, 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, T.W. and Merrill, K.M. 1976, Ap.J., 209, 509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, R.R., Capps, R.W., Gillett, F.C., Grasdalen, G., Kelinmann, S.G. and Sargent, D.G. 1977, Ap.J. (Letters), 213, L125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinmann, S.G., Sargent, D.G., Gillett, F.C., Grasdalen, G.L., and Joyce, R.R. 1977, Ap.J. (Letters), 215, L79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knacke, R.F., and Thompson, R.E. 1973, Publ. A.S.P., 85, 341.Google Scholar
Kwok, S. 1975, Ap.J., 198, 583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, D.L. and Snell, R.L. 1975, MNRAS, 172, 277.Google Scholar
Lebofsky, M.J. and Kleinmann, S.G. 1976, A.J., 81, 534.Google Scholar
Lebofsky, M.J., Kleinmann, S.G., Rieke, G.H. and Low, F.J. 1976, Ap.J. (Letters), 206, L157.Google Scholar
Low, F.J., Johnson, H.L., Kleinmann, D.E., Latham, A.S., and Geisel, S.L. 1970, Ap.J., 160, 531.Google Scholar
Low, F.J., Kurtz, R.F., Vrba, F.J. and Rieke, G.H. 1976, Ap.J. (Letters), 206, L153.Google Scholar
McCammon, D., Münch, G., and Neugebauer, G. 1967, Ap.J., 147, 575.Google Scholar
McCarthy, D.W., Low, F.J., and Howell, R. 1977, Ap.J. (Letters), 214, L85.Google Scholar
Merrill, K.M., Russell, R.W., and Soifer, B.T. 1976, Ap.J., 207, 763.Google Scholar
Merrill, K.M., Soifer, B.T. and Russell, R.W. 1975, Ap.J. (Letters), 200, L37.Google Scholar
Merrill, K.M., and Stein, W.A. 1976a, Publ. A.S.P., 88, 285. (MSI).Google Scholar
Merrill, K.M., and Stein, W.A. 1976b, ibid., 88, 294 (MSII).Google Scholar
Merrill, K.M., and Stein, W.A. 1976c, ibid., 88, 874 (MSIII).Google Scholar
Morris, M. 1975, Ap.J. 197, 603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufson, S.L., Lyon, J., and Marionni, P.A. 1975, Ap.J. (Letters), 201, L85.Google Scholar
Neugebauer, G., and Leighton, R.B. 1969, Two-Micron Sky Survey (NASA SP-3047, Washington, D.C.).Google Scholar
Ney, E.P. 1977, Bull. A.A.S., 9, 316.Google Scholar
Ney, E.P., and Alien, D.A. 1969, Ap.J. (Letters), 155, L193.Google Scholar
Ney, E.P., and Hatfield, B.F. 1977, Ap.J. (Letters) (submitted).Google Scholar
Noguchi, K., Maihara, T., Okuda, H., Sata, S., and Mukai, T. 1976, Bull. A.A.S., 8, 526.Google Scholar
Olnon, F.M. 1977, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden.Google Scholar
Pennan, J.M. 1976a, M. N. R. A. S., 175, 149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennan, J.M. 1976b, M. N. R. A. S., 176, 539.Google Scholar
Perry, C.H., Agrawal, D.K., Anastassakis, E., Lowndes, R.P., Rastogi, A., and Tornberg, N.E. 1972, The Moon, 4, 315.Google Scholar
Pollack, J.B., Toon, O.B. and Khare, B.N. 1973, Icarus, 19, 372.Google Scholar
Price, S.D., and Walker, R.G. 1976, The AFGL Four Color Infrared Sky Survey, AFGL-TR-0208.Google Scholar
Puetter, R.C., Russell, R.W., Sellgren, K., and Soifer, B.T. 1977, Publ. A.S.P., 89, 320.Google Scholar
Querci, F., Querei, M., and Tsuiji, T. 1974, Astron. & Astrophys., 31, 265.Google Scholar
Rank, D.M., Geballe, T.R., and Wollman, E.R. 1974, Ap.J. (Letters), 187, L111.Google Scholar
Ridgway, S.T., Carbon, D.F., and Hall, D.N.B. 1976, Bull. A.A.S., 8, 526.Google Scholar
Ridgway, S.T., Hall, D.N.B., Kleinmann, S.G., Weinberger, D.A., and Wojslaw, R.S. 1976, Nature, 264, 345.Google Scholar
Rose, A. 1977a, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Rose, A. 1977b, Icarus (submitted).Google Scholar
Russell, R.W., Soifer, B.T., and Forrest, W.J. 1975, Ap.J. (Letters), 198, L41.Google Scholar
Russell, R.W., Soifer, B.T. and Merrill, K.M. 1977, Ap.J., 213, 66.Google Scholar
Russell, R.W., Soifer, B.T. and Willner, S.P. 1977a, Ap.J. (Letters), (in press).Google Scholar
Russell, R.W., Soifer, B.T. and Willner, S.P. 1977b, Ap.J. (submitted).Google Scholar
Salpeter, E.E. 1974, Ap.J., 193, 585.Google Scholar
Scalo, J.M. 1974, Ap.J., 194, 361.Google Scholar
Schmid-Burgk, J. and Scholz, M. 1976, Astron. & Astrophys., 51, 209.Google Scholar
Schultz, G.V., Kreysa, E. and Sherwood, W.A. 1976, Astron. & Astrophys., 50, 171.Google Scholar
Smyth, M.J., Cork, G.M.W., Harris, J., and Wallace, T. 1971, Nature (Physical Science), 231, 104.Google Scholar
Spinrad, H., Pyper, D.M., Newburn, R.L., and Younkin, R.L. 1966, Ap.J., 143, 291.Google Scholar
Steyer, T.R., 1974, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona.Google Scholar
Steyer, T.R., Day, K.L., and Huffman, D.R. 1974, Applied Optics, 13, 1586.Google Scholar
Stover, R.J. and Sivertsen, S. 1977, Ap.J. (Letters), 214, L33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strecker, D.W., Erickson, E.F., and Witteborn, F.C. 1976, Bull. A.A.S., 8, 509.Google Scholar
Strecker, D.W. and Ney, E.P. 1974a, Astron. J., 79, 797.Google Scholar
Strecker, D.W. and Ney, E.P. 1974b, ibid., 79, 1410.Google Scholar
Sutton, B.C., Betz, A.L., Townes, C.H., and Spears, D.L. 1976, Bull. A.A.S., 8, 525.Google Scholar
Taam, R.E., and Schwartz, R.D. 1976, Ap.J., 204, 842.Google Scholar
Telesco, C.M., and Harper, D.A. 1977, Ap.J., 211, 475.Google Scholar
Thomas, J.A., Robinson, G., and Hyland, A.R. 1976, M. N. R. A. S., 174, 711.Google Scholar
Toombs, R.I., Becklin, E.E., Frogel, J.A., Law, S.K., Porter, F.C., and Hestphal, J.A. 1972, Ap.J. (Letters). 173, L71.Google Scholar
Treffers, R., and Cohen, M. 1974, Ap.J., 188, 545.Google Scholar
Tsuiji, T. 1973, Astron. & Astrophys., 23, 411.Google Scholar
Walker, R.G., and Price, S.D. 1975, AFCRL Infrared Sky Survey, Vol. 1, AFCRL-TR-0373.Google Scholar
Wing, R.F., and Yorka, S.B. 1977, M. N. R. A. S., 178, 383.Google Scholar
Wollman, E.R., Geballe, T.R., Greenberg, L.T., Holtz, J.Z., and Rank, D.M. 1973, Ap.J. (Letters), 184, L85.Google Scholar
Woolf, N.J. 1973, in Interstellar Dust and Related Topics, Greenberg, and Hulst, Van de (eds.), (Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht) p. 485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolf, N.J. and Ney, E.P. 1969, Ap.J. (Letters), 155, L185.Google Scholar
Zaikowski, A., and Knacke, R.F. 1975, Astrophys. & Space Sic, 37, 3.Google Scholar
Zaikowski, A., Knacke, R.F., and Porco, C.C. 1975, Astrophys. & Space Sci., 35, 7.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, B., Palmer, P., Morris, M., Turner, B.E., Gilra, D.P., Bowers, P.F., Gilmore, W. 1977, Ap.J. (Letters), 211, L97.Google Scholar