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⁵ Ibid., 143.

⁶ Metz argues against the theologies of Jürgen Moltmann and Hans Urs von Balthasar, among others, who speak of the suffering of God or of suffering within the Trinitarian God. Metz wishes to distance his own understanding from these. He argues that there is a danger in these perspectives of eternalizing suffering or of a “secret aes-theticization of all suffering.” Metz warns that these perspectives evidence a Hegelian sublation of the negativity of suffering that reduces suffering once again to its concept. See Metz, Johann Baptist, “Suffering unto God,” trans. Matthew Ashley, J., Critical Inquiry 20/4 (Summer 1994): 619.Google Scholar

⁷ Ibid. See also Metz, Johann Baptist, “Theology as Theodicy?” in A Passion For God: The Mystical-Political Dimension of Christianity, trans. Matthew Ashley, J. (New York: Paulist, 1998), 54–71.Google Scholar

⁸ See Ashley's translator's note in Metz, , “Suffering unto God,” 611.Google Scholar

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¹² Jeffrey Means, J., Trauma and Evil: Healing the Wounded Soul (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2000).Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Ibid., 23–49.

¹⁹ Ibid., 22.

²⁰ LaCapra, , History and Memory After Auschwitz, 23.Google Scholar

²¹ It must be noted that victims, during and in the immediate aftermath of the victimization will often minimize what is happening through dissociation and memory loss as part of a survival strategy. Victims should not be criticized for doing this, since it is a coping strategy that functions to protect the victim from the immediacy of the event. Facing the full impact of the suffering and working through the trauma can only take place some time after the traumatic event in a protected environment, once physical safety has been established.

²² Herman, Judith, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (New York: Basic Books, 1992).Google Scholar

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²⁹ See Cooper-White, Pamela, The Cry of Tamar: Violence Against Women and the Church's Response (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995), 94Google Scholar; and Fortune, Marie M., “The Transformation of Suffering: A Biblical and Theological Perspective,” in Violence Against Women: A Christian Sourcebook, 85–91.Google Scholar

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