1. Unknown Abbot student quoted in Lloyd, Susan Mcintosh, A Singular School, Abbot Academy 1828–1973 (Hanover, New Hampshire, 1979), pp. 44, 486.Google Scholar

2. Woody, Thomas was able to locate records of the existence of only six private schools for “young ladies” in the period 1790–1820; 104 operated at some time between 1820 and 1850, and 96 more were incorporated in the decade 1850–1860. A History of Women's Education in the United States, v. 1 (New York, 1929), pp. 392–395.Google Scholar

3. Especially influential works have been Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, “The Female World of Love and Ritual,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1 (Autumn 1975): 1–29, and Cott, Nancy, The Bonds of Womanhood: “Woman's Sphere” in New England, 1780–1835 (New Haven, 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4. On Mount Holyoke's network see Locke Stowe, Sarah D., History of Mount Holyoke Seminary, South Hadley, Mass., During the First Half Century, 1837–1887 (South Hadley, 1887). On Troy's network see Scott, Anne Firor, “The Ever Widening Circle: The Diffusion of Feminist Values from the Troy Female Seminary, 1822–1872,” History of Education Quarterly, 19 (Spring 1979): 3–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. Green, P. 156. There is a fuller discussion of Beecher's textbook promotions in Sklar, Kathryn Kish, Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity (New Haven, 1973), p. 301.Google Scholar

6. Willard, for example, persuaded Hale and novelist Lydia Sigourney to become Honorary Vice-Presidents of Troy's alumnae association, the Willard Association for the Mutual Improvement of Female Teachers. Flexner, Eleanor, Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 1959; New York, 1973), p. 29.Google Scholar

7. Allmendinger, David F. Jr., “Mount Holyoke Students Encounter the Need for Life-Planning, 1839–1850,” History of Education Quarterly, 19(Spring 1979): 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. Larcom, Lucy, A New England Girlhood (Boston, 1889), p. 223.Google Scholar

9. Pond, Jean Sarah and Mitchell, Dale, Bradford, A New England School, Revised Edition (Bradford, Mass., 1954), p. 141. Not that Bradford discouraged religious experiences and Christian service. Incomplete alumnae records for the period 1816–1846 name 20 who went to overseas missions; another estimate holds that 40 became missionaries and some 300 married ministers. p. 63.Google Scholar

10. Sklar, Kathryn Kish, The Founding of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary: A Look at Causation and Change in Female Education in Massachusetts, 1776–1837. Unpublished paper presented at Mount Holyoke College and South Hadley Joint Bicentennial Celebrations, February 13, 1976. A shorter version is published in Norton, Mary Beth and Berkin, Carol (eds.), The Women of America: Original Essays and Documents (Boston, 1979). See also Allmendinger, David F. Jr., Paupers and Scholars: The Transformation of Student Life in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1975).Google Scholar

11. Sexton, Patricia Cayo, The Feminized Male: Classrooms, White Collars and the Decline of Manliness (New York, 1969). Sugg notes that Sexton continues the society's devaluing of the “second sex” by concentrating upon the negative effects of women teachers and feminized school on boys; both sexes, he argues suffer from Motherteacher.Google Scholar

12. Educational Wastelands (Urbana, Ill., 1953); Anti-Intellecutalism in American Life (New York, 1962). There is an analysis of the shifting tides of criticism of the public school curriculum over the past quarter century in Clifford, G. J. The Shape of American Education (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1975), 129–163.Google Scholar

13. Welter, Barbara, “The Cult of True Womanhood,” American Quarterly, 18 (Summer 1966): 151–174; Smith, Daniel Scott, “Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America,” Feminist Studies, 1 (1973): 40–57; Katz, Michael B., The Irony of Early School Reform: Educational Innovation in Mid-Nineteenth Century Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass., 1968); Kaestle, Carl F., The Evolution of an Urban School System, New York City, 1750–1850 (Cambridge, Mass., 1973); Lazerson, Marvin, Orgins of the Urban School: Public Education in Massachusetts, 1870–1915 (Cambridge, Mass., 1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

14. Welter, Rush, Popular Education and Democratic Thought in America (New York, 1962).Google Scholar

15. Wylile, Philip, A Generation of Vipers (New York, 1942).Google Scholar

16. Douglas, Ann, The Feminization of American Culture (New York, 1977). See also Fitts, Deborah, “Una and the Lion: The Feminization of District School-Teaching and Its Effects on the Roles of Students and Teachers in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts,” in Finkelstein, Barbara (ed.), Regulated Children, Liberated Children: Education in Psychohistorical Perspective (New York, 1979), pp. 140–157.Google Scholar

17. Fishman, Sterling, “The Double-Vision of Education in the Nineteenth-Century: The Romantic and the Grotesque.” In Finkelstein, , op. cit., esp. pp. 96, 102.Google Scholar

18. Albert, Judith Strong, “Transition in Transcendental Education: The Schools of Bronson Alcott and Hiram Fuller,” Educational Studies (Forthcoming).Google Scholar

19. Bloch, Ruth H., “American Feminine Ideals in Transition: The Rise of the Moral Mother, 1785–1815,” Feminist Studies, 4 (February 1978): 100–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20. Etzioni, Amitai (ed.), The Semi-Professions and Their Organization: Teachers, Nurses, Social Workers (New York, 1969).Google Scholar

21. Ginzberg, Eli, “Education, Jobs, and All that,” New York University Education Quarterly, 11 (Winter 1980): 13.Google Scholar

22. Krug, Edward A., The Shaping of the American High School, v. 1 (New York, 1964), pp. 187, 441.Google Scholar

23. Fitzgerald, Peter Hopkins, Democracy, Utility, and Two Land-Grant Colleges in the Nineteenth Century: The Rhetoric and the Reality. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1972.Google Scholar

24. Moffett, M'Ledge, The Social Background and Activities of Teachers College[s] Students. Teachers College, Columbia University Contributions to Education No. 375 (New York, 1929).Google Scholar

25. Donovan, Frances R., The Schoolma'am (New York, 1938), p. 7.Google Scholar

26. Robinson, Mable L., The Curriculum of the Women's College. Bureau of Education Bulletin, 1918, No. 6 (Washington, D.C., 1918), p. 120; Goodsell, Willystine, Education of Women (New York, 1923), pp. 153–154.Google Scholar

27. Allen, Grant, “Women's Place in Nature,” Forum, 7 (June 1889): 258, 263.Google Scholar

28. Preface to Van Vorst, Bessie and Vorst, Marie Van, The Woman Who Toils: Being the Experiences of Two Gentlewomen as Factory Girls (New York, 1903), p. viii.Google Scholar

29. Park, Rosemary, “Some Considerations on the Higher Education of Women,” in Astin, Helen S. and Hirsch, Werner Z. (eds.), The Higher Education of Women: Essays in Honor of Rosemary Park (New York, 1978), p. 25.Google Scholar

30. Stricker, Frank, “Cookbooks and Law Books: The Hidden History of Career Women in Twentieth-Century America,” Journal of Social History, 10 (Fall 1976): 4. On systematic discrimination practiced by the medical profession, see Walsh, Mary Ruth, Doctors Wanted: No Women Need Apply (New Haven, 1977) and “The Rediscovery of the Need for a Feminist Medical Education,” Harvard Educational Review, 49 (November 1979), especially 447–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar