Farmer participatory approaches for the identification or breeding of improved crop cultivars can be usefully categorized into participatory varietal selection (PVS) and participatory plant breeding (PPB). Various PVS and PPB methods are reviewed. PVS is a more rapid and cost-effective way of identifying farmer-preferred cultivars if a suitable choice of cultivars exists. If this is impossible, then the more resource-consuming PPB is required. PPB can use, as parents, cultivars that were identified in successful PVS programmes. Compared with conventional plant breeding, PPB is more likely to produce farmer-acceptable products, particularly for marginal environments. The impact of farmer participatory research on biodiversity is considered. The long-term effect of PVS is to increase biodiversity, but where indigenous variability is high it can also reduce it. PPB has a greater effect on increasing biodiversity although its impact may be limited to smaller areas. PPB can be a dynamic form of in situ genetic conservation.

Soil fertility decline and fallow effects were studied in Ferralsol-Acrisol catenas of plantations of sisal (Agave sisalana) in north-east Tanzania. The fertility of Ferralsols that had been subject to continuous sisal cultivation in the absence of fertilizers was extremely low but that of Ferralsols that had been under 18 years of bush fallow or under secondary forest was slightly better. Acrisols that had been under continuous sisal cultivation were less depleted than the Ferralsols because of greater intrinsic fertility. A comparison of soil analytical data from the 1950s and 1960s with recent data from the same sisal fields showed that the topsoil pH of the Ferralsols had decreased by 1.5 (r2 = 0.807) and that of the Acrisols by 1.2 (r2 = 0.494) under continuous sisal cultivation. Thus there had been a serious decline in soil fertility under sisal cultivation, and this decline was not adequately reversed by fallowing.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of leaf stripping, de-tasselling and topping on the yield of maize and finger millet in a maize/finger millet intercropping system at Lumle in Nepal. De-tasselling of maize before pollen shedding reduced the number of barren plants, and increased test weight and grain yield but de-tasselling after pollination had no significant effect. Defoliation of maize by removal of leaves below and above the ear, or by topping 30 days after 50% silking, had no effect on either maize grain yield or on that of the relay planted finger millet. This contradicts the hypothesis that increased light penetration due to reduced shading improves the yield of millet under maize.

A series of researcher-managed wheat fertilizer trials was conducted on representative farmers' fields across northwest Syria between 1986 and 1990. Wheat grain and straw yields were strongly correlated with seasonal (October-May) rainfall, almost irrespective of soil fertility, crop sequence or fertilizer rate, with a highly significant response to nitrogen fertilizer which increased with increasing rainfall and decreasing initial soil mineral-nitrogen values. These results were summarized in regression equations which express yield in terms of fertilizer rates, seasonal rainfall and their interactions. The equations with applied nitrogen and seasonal rainfall were the most appropriate for determining fertilizer needs. Economic analysis indicated that all fertilizer treatment rates were profitable under existing price conditions and that fertilizer use would still be beneficial for a nitrogen price up to three times higher than that of the price of grain (weight for weight) with a seasonal rainfall of 250 mm, and up to six times higher with a seasonal rainfall of 450 mm.

Earlier work has shown that, in cereals in general, grain yield (Y) and protein content (P) are strongly negatively related. It is shown here that the expected positive expected relationship between grain yield and protein yield also holds, with (YP) given approximately by YP = 0.141 + 0.0969 Y. All cereal breeding in which high protein content is desired therefore faces a compromise with grain yield.

The response to nitrogen of four high yielding good quality clones of tea was investigated on fertile virgin soil. The yields of all the clones examined were maintained without additional nitrogen during the first two years after planting but Clone PC 81 responded to nitrogen in the second year after planting. This was the earliest recorded stage at which seedling or clonal tea had responded to nitrogen in Malawi. The other clones examined all responded to nitrogen in the third year after planting, and the yields of all the clones were substantially increased by the higher rates of nitrogen applied in the early years after planting, though the responses to nitrogen differed between seasons.

Farmer participatory varietal selection (PVS) was used to identify farmer-acceptable cultivars of rice and chickpea. Farmers' requirements in new crop cultivars (varieties) were determined, a search was carried out for released and non-released cultivars that matched these needs, and they were tested in farmer-managed, participatory trials. Farmer-acceptable cultivars were found amongst released material, but not among the recommended material for the area. Lack of adoption is, therefore, because resource-poor farmers have not been recommended or exposed to the most appropriate cultivars under the existing system of varietal identification and popularization. Adoption rates of cultivars would be improved by increased farmer participation, the systematic testing in zonal trials of locally popular cultivars to define their domains properly, a more liberal release system, and a more open system of providing seeds of new cultivars to farmers.

The effect of spatial variation on experimental error variance and the significance of differences between genetic entries was evaluated in five performance trials. A significant portion of spatial variation could be detected in all the experiments investigated and various neighbour plot residuals were applied to adjust for local field trends. Neighbour plot adjustment was clearly more efficient than the randomized complete block design in reducing error variance and in detecting significant differences between entries. It was also more efficient than lattice designs in trial fields exhibiting short distance trends, which could not be covered efficiently by incomplete blocks. In most experiments with long and narrow plots, longitudinal adjustment using two neighbours at each side of a test plot was superior to adjustment by only one ‘nearest’ neighbour.

Surveys of the relationship between pests and diseases and crop sustainability in several areas of Kenya, Nigeria, and other regions of Africa indicate that the production of numerous crops has declined sharply as a result of major pest and disease outbreaks, and others are threatened with major decline because of a surge in virulence of an endemic pest or disease, the introduction of a virulent exotic pest or pathogen, or because a system of control used previously has collapsed. Many of the crops that have declined were already experiencing reduced economic demand. In other cases, crop sustainability has been preserved by vigorous farmer responses or by the intervention of national and international research institutions. Most pests and pathogens, however, remain within tolerable bounds most of the time, though this often requires the use of chemical or cultural controls, or the availability of adequate land to compensate for losses. As land availability declines, more strenuous management efforts may be needed to sustain productivity.

A participatory plant breeding (PPB) programme was conducted for the high altitude areas of Nepal. The aim was to breed acceptable varieties with minimum use of resources and to utilize farmers' knowledge in the PPB programme. Farmer participation began at the F5 stage and progress was followed over two seasons in two villages. Farmers proved to be willing participants and made selections in the segregating material, often with great success. Large differences in farmers' preferences between the F5 bulks were found and the most preferred were adopted rapidly. The most adopted variety, Machhapuchhre-3, performed well in the formal trials system, and much better than the products from conventional centralized breeding. The PPB programme increased biodiversity in the two participating villages.

The yield response to drought and temperature of six contrasting tea clones was studied in a line-source irrigation experiment in Southern Tanzania. The selected clones, all commercially and/or scientifically important in eastern Africa, embrace a range of morphological and physiological types. The bushes were planted in August 1988 and differential drought treatments were imposed for 16 and 13 weeks towards the end of the dry seasons in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The resulting soil water deficits were successfully simulated using a water balance model. Under well-watered conditions Clone S15/10 (from Kenya) gave the highest yield of dry tea, reaching 5600 kg ha−l in the fourth year after planting (1991/92) compared with 3640–4420 kg ha−1 for the other five clones. During the cool season Clone SFS150 (from Malawi) yielded more than Clones 1, 207, 6/8 and K35. Although annual yields decreased curvi-linearly as the maximum soil water deficit increased, single values for the drought sensitivity of each clone could be derived by using stress time as an index of drought. On this basis Clones S15/10 and 207 were identified as being the most sensitive to drought; Clones SFS150 and 1 were drought resistant. The reasons for these differences in yield responses and the importance of determining drought sensitivity over an appropriate time period are discussed.

Length and weight of pigeonpea roots were measured weekly in different soil layers and compared with estimates obtained from a root simulation model using daily climatic data, soil physico-chemical properties and dry matter allocation to roots. Daily moisture content and temperature at different soil depths were well simulated using sub-routines from the CERES-Maize model. Daily allocation of dry matter to roots was calculated from logistic functions fitted to the growth data for shoots and roots. Although root length and weight tended to be underestimated by the model, regressions between measured and simulated root growth were highly significant so that the model could, with a few modifications, be used to predict root system development.

The competition for fertilizer nitrogen between sugarcane and a companion crop (maize or potato) grown between the sugarcane rows was studied using nitrogen-15 labelled nitrogen in three field experiments in Mauritius. The effect of the timing of nitrogen application on nitrogen recovery by sugarcane was also investigated. Not more than 15 kg ha−1 of the 120 kg ha−1 nitrogen applied to the sugarcane was taken up by the companion crop but this was compensated for by the uptake of 8 kg ha−1 nitrogen applied to maize or potato. The present recommendations for nitrogen fertilization of pure stand sugarcane were found to be applicable to sugarcane intercropped with non-leguminous food crops. Though fertilizer nitrogen uptake by sugarcane was increased by delaying nitrogen application until after the harvest of the maize and potato, this was not accompanied by an increase in sugarcane yields.

The best time to plant Calliandra calothyrsus in association with Pennisetum purpureum and the appropriate in-row spacing of Calliandra for fodder and fuelwood production when grown on contour bunds were investigated. Main plot treatments were Pennisetum planted in November 1988 and associated with Calliandra in February 1989, Calliandra planted in November 1988 and associated with Pennisetum in February 1989, and both species planted simultaneously in November 1988. Sub-plot treatments were three within-row spacings of Calliandra. Survival of neither species was affected by time of planting. Total treatment yields of the second and third years were not influenced by time of planting but lower yields of leaf and wood were obtained from the later-planted Calliandra. Total yields were not significantly influenced by the spacing, but leaf and wood yields of the Calliandra at the 25 cm spacing were greater than those at the 100 cm spacing although not significantly different from those at the 50 cm spacing. Neither the time of planting nor the spacing of Calliandra affected the yield of maize or beans grown in the interbund areas. Simultaneous planting of Calliandra and Pennisetum is recommended.

The most important technological needs and farmers' problems in agricultural entomology were identified by analysis of data collected from farmers in Tamil Nadu, India. This showed that damage due to leaf hoppers in rice was the most important research need and that due to brown plant hoppers in rice was the most important extension problem.

On-farm experiments were used for assessing the processing and food value of four promising sorghum cultivars and the willingness of farmers to pay for the herbicide 2,4-D for controlling the parasitic weed Striga hermonlhica in coarse grains. The active participation of farmers in these experiments was useful in determining the conditions under which the improved sorghum cultivars and the herbicide would be most likely to he adopted by smallholder farmers in southern Mali.