Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-15T22:42:32.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is a Consolidation of Liberal Democracy in the Russia Federation a Reality?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2014

Chaim Shinar*
Affiliation:
Independent Scholar, Marzouk ve Azar St. 21c, Kiryat Ono, 55218, Israel. Email: shinarch@012.net.il

Abstract

The downfall of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union was at first considered by sociologists as a matter of transition from a dictatorial to a democratic regime. As a result, they inferred an affinity between the ongoing processes in the states constituting part of the Soviet Empire and the process of democratization occurring in Latin American or Southern European states. Shortly afterwards, however, the disparity between the various processes became obvious, when in some of the post-Soviet states the dictatorial regime lingered on, while others returned to a dictatorial regime after having been democratic in the past. Thus, sociologists have, in fact, no guidelines to account for the regime changes in these states, and it is also not clear what type of regime developed during Yeltsin’s presidency and what type of regime is developing in Russia under Putin.

Rus, whither are you speeding to? Answer me. No answer. The middle bell trills out in a dream its liquid soliloquy; the roaring air is torn to pieces and becomes wind; all things on earth fly by and other nations and states gaze askance as they step aside and give her the right of way. (Nikolai Gogol)

Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time. (Winston Churchill)

Type
Focus: Nihilism
Copyright
Copyright © Academia Europaea 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

1.Lipset, S. M. (1959) Some social prerequisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53, p. 79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Schumpeter, J. A. (1947) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper & Bros.), p. 269.Google Scholar
3.Przeworski, A. (1991) Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), p. 14.Google Scholar
4.Roxburgh, A. (2012) The Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia (New York and London: I.B. Tauris), p. 126f.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Vladimir Putin inaugural speech (May 7, 2000) Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Online edition. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/media_reports/739432.stmGoogle Scholar
6.Pimenov, A. (2013) Putin 2013: sociologia vlasti, NKO, opoziciia i ‘molchalivoie bol’shinstvo,’ GOLOS AMERIKI, 10 June. http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/content/pimenov-ngos/1685314.htmlGoogle Scholar
7.Jackson, B. P. (2013) The post-Soviet twilight. Policy Review, 177, pp. 1732.Google Scholar
8.Pain, E. (2008) Ot imperii k federacii i obratno (From Empire to Federation and Back). Nezavisimaya, 17 December 2008. http://www.ng.ru/ideas/2008-12-7/7_imeria.htmlGoogle Scholar
9.Shevtsova, L. (2012) Implosion, atrophy, or revolution? Journal of Democracy, 23(3), p. 19.Google Scholar
10.Hale, H. E. (2005) regime cycles: democracy, autocracy, and revolution in post-Soviet Eurasia. World Politics, 58, p 137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Gellner, E. (1996) Adam Ferguson and the surprising robustness of civil society. In: E. Gellner and C. Cansino (eds), Liberalism in Modern Times (New York: Central European University Press), p. 131.Google Scholar
12.Guriev, S. (2012) The middle class will deliver Russia’s inevitable democratization. The Daily Star, 1 May, Lebanon. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=158883&mode=printGoogle Scholar
13.Gelman, V. (2012) The regime, the opposition, and challenges to electoral authoritarianism in Russia. Russian Analytical Digest, 118, p. 2.Google Scholar
14.Diehl, J. (2012) The coming collapse: authoritarians in China and Russia face an endgame. The Washington Post, p. 23.Google Scholar
15.Traub, J. (2013) Democracy in Turkey and Brazil. TwinCities.com. http://www.the-american-interest.com/Google Scholar
16.Shevtsova, L. (2012) Russia under Putin: Titanic looking for its iceberg? Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45, p. 214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Gorbachev, M. (2012) They were truly idiots: interview with Mikhail Gorbachev in Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegelGoogle Scholar
18.Dubin, B. (2011) The ‘Special Path’ and the social order in today’s Russia. Sociological Research, 50(3), p. 58.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Cox, S. E. (2013) Reverse revolution: Russia’s constitutional crisis. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 22(1), pp. 122.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. A. (1971) Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Dahl, R. A. (1989) Democracy and its Critics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Derluguian, G. M. (2005) Bourdieu’s Secret Admirer in Caucasus: A World-System Biography (London: The University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
De Smaele, H. (2007) Mass media and the information climate in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies, 59(8), pp. 12991313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diehl, J. (2012) The coming collapse: authoritarians in China and Russia face an endgame. The Washington Post, pp. 1525.Google Scholar
Dubin, B. (2011) The ‘Special Path’ and the social order in today’s Russia. Sociological Research, 50(3), pp. 5676.Google Scholar
Gelman, V. (2012) The regime, the opposition, and challenges to electoral authoritarianism in Russia. Russian Analytical Digest, 118, pp. 24.Google Scholar
Golosov, G. V. (2012) The 2012 political reform in Russia: the interplay of liberalizing concessions and authoritarian corrections. Problems of Post-Communism, 59(6), pp. 314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gogin, S. (2012) Homo Sovieticus: 20 years after the end of the Soviet Union. Russian Analytical Digest, 109, pp. 1215.Google Scholar
Gorbachev, M. (2012) They were truly idiots: interview with Mikhail Gorbachev. In Der Spiegel, 16 August. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegelGoogle Scholar
Guriev, S. (2012) The middle class will deliver Russia’s inevitable democratization. The Daily Star, 1 May. Lebanon. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ArticlePrint.aspx?id=158883&mode=printGoogle Scholar
Gustafson, T. (2012) Putin’s petroleum problems: how oil is holding Russia back – and it could save it. Foreign Affairs, November/December. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/print/135463Google Scholar
Hale, H. E. (2005) Regime cycles: democracy, autocracy, and revolution in post-Soviet Eurasia. World Politics, 58, pp. 133165.Google Scholar
Hale, H. E. (2010) Eurasian polities as hybrid regimes: the case of Putin’s Russia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 1, pp. 3341.Google Scholar
Hassner, P. (2008) Russia’s transition to autocracy. Journal of Democracy, 19(2), pp. 515.Google Scholar
Hedlund, S. (2006) Vladimir the Great, Grand Prince of Muscovy: resurrecting the Russian service state. Europe-Asia Studies, pp. 775801.Google Scholar
Jackson, B. P. (2013) The post-Soviet twilight. Policy Review, 177, pp. 1732.Google Scholar
Jarrell, A. (2012) Local democracy in Russia: an antidote for aimless protest movement. Russian Analytical Digest, 118, pp. 810.Google Scholar
Kara-Murza, V. (2012) Russia’s local elections: politics in spite of Putin. World Affairs, 175(3), pp. 14.Google Scholar
Kasamara, V. and Sorokina, A. (2012) Imperial ambitions of Russians. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45, pp. 279288.Google Scholar
Knox, Z., Lentini, P. and Williams, B. (2006) Parties of power and Russian politics: a victory of the state over civil society? Problems of Post-Communism, 53(1), pp. 314.Google Scholar
Krastev, I. (2011) Paradoxes of the new authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 22(2), pp. 116.Google Scholar
Kryshtanovskaya, O. (2008) The Russian elite in transition. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 24(4), pp. 585603.Google Scholar
Levinson, A. (2012) How Putin can become a modernizer. Levada Center oD Russia. http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/alexei-levinsonGoogle Scholar
Lipset, S. M. (1959) Some social prerequisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53, pp. 69105.Google Scholar
March, L. (2009) Managing opposition in a hybrid regime: just Russia and parastatal opposition. Slavic Review, 68(3), pp. 504–527.Google Scholar
McFaul, M. and Stoner-Weiss, K. (2008) The myth of the authoritarian model. Foreign Affairs, 87(1), pp. 6884.Google Scholar
McFaul, M., Petrov, N. and Ryabov, A.; with Krasnov, M., Petukhov, V., Sheinis, V., and Treyger, E. (2004) Between Dictatorship and Democracy: Russian Post-Communist Political Reform (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace).Google Scholar
Mironov, N. (2005) Russia – democracy without freedom of speech? Russian Politics and Law, 43(1), pp. 7076.Google Scholar
Motyl, A. J. (2012) Fascistoid Russia: whither Putin’s brittle realm? World Affairs, 174(6), pp. 5362.Google Scholar
Pain, E. (2008) Ot imperii k federacii i obratno (From empire to federation and back). Nezavisimaya, 17 December. http://www.ng.ru/ideas/2008-12-7/7_imeria.htmlGoogle Scholar
Pimenov, A. (2013) Putin 2013: sociologia vlasti, NKO, opoziciia i ‘molchalivoie bol’shinstvo,’ GOLOS AMERIKI, 10 June. http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/content/pimenov-ngos/1685314.htmlGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, A. (1991) Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Roxburgh, A. (2012) The Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia (New York and London: I.B. Tauris).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakwa, R. (2012) Russia: from stalemate to crisis? Brown Journal of World Affairs, 6(1), pp. 231246.Google Scholar
Sakwa, R. (2012) Putin redux: continuity and change. oD Russia, Post-Soviet World, 14 September. http://www.opendemocracy.net/print/68068Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A. (1947) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper & Bros).Google Scholar
Shevtsova, L. (2012) Russia under Putin: Titanic looking for its iceberg? Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45, pp. 209216.Google Scholar
Shevtsova, L. (2012) Implosion, atrophy, or revolution? Journal of Democracy, 23(3), pp. 1932.Google Scholar
Shevtsova, L. and Kramer, D. J. (2013) The authoritarian surge: will it trigger a new revolution? The American Interest, 3 July. http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1459Google Scholar
Shlapentokh, V. (2007) Contemporary Russia as a Feudal Society: a New Perspective on the Post-Soviet Era (New York: Palgrave MacMillan).Google Scholar
Shlapentokh, V. (2008) Big money as an obstacle to democracy in Russia. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 24(4), pp. 512530.Google Scholar
Silitski, V. (2009) Reading Russia: tools of autocracy. Journal of Democracy, 20(2), pp. 4346.Google Scholar
Smyth, R. (2006) Candidate Strategies and Electoral Competition in the Russian Federation (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Stoner-Weiss, K. (2006) Resisting the State: Reform and Retrenchment in Post-Soviet Russia (Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, and Sao Paulo: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Tayler, J. (2013) Letter from Moscow: Putin’s progress. The American Scholar, 82(2), pp. 611.Google Scholar
They Were Truly Idiots (2012) Interview with Mikhail Gorbachev in Der Spiegel, 16 August. http:// www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegelGoogle Scholar
Traub, J. (2013) Democracy in Turkey and Brazil. TwinCities.com. http://www.the-american-interest.com/Google Scholar
Treisman, D. (2011) The Return: Russia’s Journey from Gorbachev to Medvedev (New York: Free Press).Google Scholar
Wergen, S. K. and Konitzer, A. (2007) Discussion article: prospects for managed democracy in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies, 59(6), pp. 10251047.Google Scholar
White, S. (2012) From Soviet to ‘Soviet’ elections? Russian Analytical Digest, 109, pp. 24.Google Scholar
Whitmore, B. (2012) Putin wants to party like it’s 2007. The Power Vertical. http://www.rferl.org/content/putinwants-to-party-like-its-2007/24592050.htmlGoogle Scholar
World Bank ’s Development Indicators. Update July 1, 1999.Google Scholar
Yaffa, J. (2012) Book review. Foreign Affairs: Angus Roxburgh (2012) The Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia (Tauris & Co. Ltd, London and New York); M. Gessen (2012) The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin (Penguin Books: London, England and New York, New York).Google Scholar