Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-2l2gl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-26T07:08:23.041Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Routes: The Development of European Cultural Heritage Policy and Practice from a Critical Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Sven Grabow
Sven Grabow*
Affiliation:
Wellington, New Zealand
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Using the case study of the Council of Europe's European Cultural Routes Project, this article examines if and how far supra-national rhetorics of cultural openness, inclusivity, and diversity become reality in terms of actual cultural heritage projects. Against this background, it conducts a critical examination of what is considered one of the flagships of European supranational cultural heritage projects, the Council of Europe's Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Routes. It focuses on the specific implementation of the Council of Europe's supra-national message of cultural heritage in this project and in its accompanying guidebook. By placing the project in its historical context and comparing it to later additions to the European Cultural Routes Project, this article reflects on the development of a pan-European cultural identity paradigm over the last two decades.

Se fondant sur l'exemple du projet des Itinéraires Culturels Européens du Conseil de l'Europe, cet article analyse si et à quel degré les rhétoriques supranationales d'ouverture culturelle, d'inclusivité et de diversité sont réalisées dans le sens de projets réels de patrimoine culturel. Dans ce contexte on examine de façon critique ce qui est considéré comme un des projets phares de patrimoine culturel européen supranational du Conseil de l'Europe, à savoir les chemins de pèlerinage de Saint-Jacques-de- Compostelle. L'attention est surtout portée sur l'implémentation spécifique du message supranational d'héritage culturel du Conseil de l'Europe dans ce projet et dans le guide l'accompagnant. En plaçant le projet dans son contexte historique et en le comparant à des adjonctions ultérieures du projet des Itinéraires Culturelles Européens, cet article réfléchit sur le développement d'un paradigme d'identité culturelle paneuropéenne au cours des deux dernières décennies.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Der folgende Beitrag analysiert am Beispiel des “Europäische Kulturstraßen Projektes” des Europarates ob und inwiefern supra-nationale Rhetorik der kulturellen Offenheit, Inklusivität und Vielfalt im Sinne von konkreten Kulturerbeprojekten in die Realität umgesetzt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird eines der Flaggschiffe eurokratischer supra-nationaler Kulturerbeprojekte – das der Pilgerrouten nach Santiago de Compostela – kritisch untersucht. Der spezielle Fokus liegt in der konkreten Implementierung der kulturellen Botschaft im Sinne von Kulturdenkmälern, als auch im Zusammenhang der begleitenden Publikation in der Gestalt des projektspezifischen Reiseführers. Durch die Präsentation des Projektes im historischen Kontext und im Vergleich mit späteren Erweiterungen des Projektes, reflektiert dieser Beitrag über die Entwicklung paneuropäischer Identitätskonzepte während der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte.

Keywords

Council of Europecultural heritagecultural identityculture policyEuropean Institute of Cultural Routespilgrim routesSt JamesSantiago de CompostelaConseil de l'Europepatrimoine culturelidentité culturellepolitique culturelleInstitut Européen des Itinéraires Culturelschemins de pèlerinageSt JacquesSt-Jacques-de CompostelleEuroparatKulturerbekulturelle IdentitätKulturstrategieEuropäisches Institut für KulturroutenPilgerroutenSt. JakobSantiago de Compostela
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , 2010 , pp. 89 - 116
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 Sage Publications 

References

Alsina, F.L., 1989. The development of the Camino de Santiago in Castile and Leon between 850 and 1050. The Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Routes. Report of the Bamberg Congress. Architectural Heritage Reports and Studies, No. 16: 48–54. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, Publications and Documents Division.Google Scholar
Asad, T., 2002. Muslims and European identity: can Europe represent Islam? In Pagden, A. (ed.), The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union: 209–227. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Woodrow Wilson Centre.Google Scholar
Ballester, J.M., 2002. Saint Jacques et L'Europe. In Bourdarias, J. and Wasielewski, M., Guide Européen des Chemins de Compostelle (nouvelle édition revue et augmentée): 11–12. Lamnay: Le Sarment.Google Scholar
Bellier, I. and Wilson, T.M., 2000. Building, imagining and experiencing Europe: institutions and identities in the European Union. In Bellier, I. and Wilson, T.M. (eds), An Anthropology of the European Union: Building, Imagining and Experiencing the New Europe: 1–27. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Billig, M., 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Bourdarias, J. and Wasielewski, M., 2002. Guide Européen des chemins de Compostelle (nouvelle édition revue et augmentée). Lamnay: Le Sarment.Google Scholar
Broers, M., 1996. Europe Under Napoleon, 1799–1815. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 1954. European Cultural Convention (ETS 18-Cultural Convention, 19 July 1954). URL (consulted 1 October 2004: http:www.bologna-bergen2005.no/Docs/02-C0E/541219Cultural_con_018.pdf Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 25.05.1988. European Cultural Routes: Secretary General's Memorandum Prepared by the Directorate of Education, Culture and Sport. ICE (88) 9.Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 20.01.1992. European Cultural Routes: First Meeting of the ‘European Cultural Itineraries’ Group — Thoughts on Council of Europe Action in this Field. ICE (92) 3.Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 11.01.1993. Second Meeting of the Advisory Committee (Meeting Report prepared by the Directorate of Education, Culture and Sport) (CD-CULT). ICCE (93) 1.Google Scholar
Council of Europe 19. 11. 1993. Revitalisation of the Santiago Pilgrim Ways: Ethics and Deontology of a Cultural Route. ICCE (93) 8.Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 17.03.1994. Practical Guide to Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe (Advisory Committee for Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe 3rd meeting) (CULT-CR). ICCE (94) 8 rev.Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 24.03.1994. Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe — Third Meeting of the Advisory Committee: Meeting Report (CULT-CR). ICCE (94) 13.Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 16.06.1994. Council of Europe Cultural Routes — Culture and Tourism: Making Culture and Tourism Complementary and Interactive. ICCE (94) 20.Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 01.10.1996. Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe. Seminar on Cultural Routes — Challenges of Citizenship and Sustainable Development: Introductive Report. ICCE (96) 10.Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 27.04.1997. Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe — 5th Advisory Committee Meeting: Draft Rules (CULT-CR). ICCE (97) 12.Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 2003a. European Cultural Routes. URL (consulted 15 July 2003: http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural%5FCo%2Co-operation/Heritage/European%5FCultural%5FRoutes/_Summary.asp#Top0fPage Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 2003b. The Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Routes. URL (consulted 15 July 2003: http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Co-operation/Heritage/European_Cultural_Routes/The_Cultural_Routes/1Stjaques.asp#TopOfPage Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 2004a. European Identity Now and in the Future. URL (consulted 8 July 2004: http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/Files/Themes/Identity/default.asp Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 2004b. Culture and Heritage. URL (consulted 29 June 2004: http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/Culture.asp Google Scholar
Council of Europe, 2007. Resolution CM/Res(2007) 12 on the Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 10 October 2007 at the 1006th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). URL (consulted 16 November 2009: http://www.transromanicaserver.de/data/mediadb/cms_mime/%7B3e6e6235-11f3-d631-5c94-4b2b72c22dfb%7D.pdf Google Scholar
Delanty, G., 1995. Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dobson, L., 2004. We have the stars, let's add the moon: EU, Turkey and the constitutional values of free citizens (The Federal Trust for Education & Research Online Paper). URL (consulted 26 September 2004: http://europa.eu.int/futurum/analyse/contrib/acad/0006_c21_en.pdf Google Scholar
Dodd, P., 2002. The quest for European identity. In Leonard, D. and Leonard, M. (eds), The Pro-European Reader: 189–195. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Elliot, G., 1992. Twentieth-Century Book of the Dead. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
European Institute of Cultural Routes, 2003. The Cultural Routes Programme of the Council of Europe. Information document provided at the conference ‘Industrial Society and Heritage — A New Cultural Route of the Council of Europe? From the Grande Région towards Europe’, Château de Bourglinster, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, 24–25 October 2003.Google Scholar
European Institute of Cultural Routes, 2004a. The Pilgrim Pathways: The Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Pathways. URL (consulted 9 August 2004: http://www.culture-routes.1u/php/fo_index.php?lng=en&dest=bd_pa_det&id=00000003 Google Scholar
European Institute of Cultural Routes, 2004b. The Legacy of Al-Andalus: Arabs in Spain. URL (consulted 2 January 2004: http://www.culture-routes.lu/php/fo_index.php?lng=en&dest=bd_pa_det&rub=59 Google Scholar
European Institute of Cultural Routes, 2005. The Council of Europe Cultural Routes, Information Leaflet.Google Scholar
European Institute of Cultural Routes, 2006. European Jewish Heritage Route. URL (consulted 28 June 2006: http://www.culture-routes.1u/php/fo_index.php?lng=en&dest=bd_pa_det&rub=73 Google Scholar
European Institute of Cultural Routes, 2008a. The Phoenician Routes. URL (consulted 20 October 2008: http://www.culture-routes.lu/php/fo_index.php?lng=en&dest=bd_pa_det&rub=54 Google Scholar
European Institute of Cultural Routes, 2008b. The Routes of the Olive Tree. URL (consulted 20 October 2008: http://www.culture-routes.1u/php/fo_index.php?lng=en&dest=bd_pa_det&rub=77 Google Scholar
Fletcher, R., 1984. St. James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmirez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Fuchs, D., Gerhards, J. and Roller, E., 1995. Nationalism versus Eurocentrism? The construction of collective identities in Western Europe. In Martiniello, M. (ed.), Migration, Citizenship and Ethno-National Identities in the European Union: 165–178. Aldershot: Avebury.Google Scholar
Gibbs, L.E., 1997. Forging a unique Spanish Christian identity: Santiago and El Cid in the Reconquista. The Student Historical Journal 1996–1997 28:25–32.Google Scholar
Gitlitz, D.M. and Davidson, L.K., 2000. The Pilgrimage Road to Santiago: The Complete Cultural Handbook. New York: St Martin's Griffin.Google Scholar
Grabow, S., 2006. Culture Heritage Management Policy by the European Union: Reconciling Diversity and Inclusivity. Unpublished , University of York.Google Scholar
Graham, B., 1998a. The past in Europe's present: diversity, identity and the con-struction of place. In Graham, B. (ed.), Modern Europe: Place, Culture and Identity: 19–49. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Graham, B., 1998b. Europe's geographies: diversity and integration (epilogue). In Graham, B. (ed.), Modern Europe: Place, Culture and Identity: 311–317. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Graham, B.J. and Murray, M., 1997. The spiritual and the profane: the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. Ecumene 4(4):389–409.Google Scholar
Haddad, Y.Y., 1999. The globalization of Islam: the return of Muslims to the West. In Esposito, J. L. (ed.), The Oxford History of Islam: 601–641. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, L.P., 1990. Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Heffernan, R., 2001. Building the European Union. In Bromley, S. (ed.), Governing the European Union: 27–52. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Heintz, M., 2001. The citadel - a metaphor for the study of the European Union identity. Cambridge Anthropology 22(1):37–49.Google Scholar
Huber, D., 1999. A Decade Which Made History - The Council of Europe 1989–1999. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Kabbani, R., 2001. Letter to Christendom (3rd edn). Damascus: Virago Press.Google Scholar
Kenny, J., 2007. Visions of Europe: constructions of stereotype Europe and common ‘heritage’ landscapes. In Grabow, S., Hull, D. and Waterton, E. (eds), Which Past, Whose Future? Treatments of the Past at the Start of the 21st Century: 167–175. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (International Series S1633).Google Scholar
Kofman, E. and Sales, R., 1992. Towards fortress Europe? Women's Studies International Forum 15(1):29–39.Google Scholar
Kubicek, P., 2003. The European Union and Democratization: Reluctant States. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Luard, N., 1998. To Santiago de Compostela: a journey of remembrance. In Fladmark, J. M. (ed.), In Search of Heritage as Pilgrim or Tourist?: 77–89. Shaftesbury: Donhead.Google Scholar
Nugent, N., 1989. The Government and Politics of the European. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Paasi, A., 2001. Europe as a social process and discourse - considerations of place, boundaries and identity. European Urban and Regional Studies 8(1):7–28.Google Scholar
Pantel, M., 1999. Unity-in-diversity: cultural policy and EU legitimacy. In Banchoff, T. and Smith, M.P. (eds), Legitimacy and the European Union: The Contested Polity: 46–65. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Said, E.W., 1978. Orientalism. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Schwimmer, W., 2003. The Council of Europe at the Dawn of the 21st Century. URL (consulted 29 June 2004: http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/SGspeech.asp Google Scholar
Stråth, B., 2002. A European identity: to the historical limits of a concept, European Journal of Social Theory 5(4):387–401.Google Scholar
Thomas-Penette, M., 1999. Cultural Routes: key factors in the discovery of a common heritage. European Heritage 7:7–10.Google Scholar
Thomas-Penette, M., 2003. Les itinéraires de pèlerinages et le tourisme culturel. In Péricard-Méa, D. (ed.), Recontres sur les chemins de Saint-Jacques: 187–199. Anglet: Atlantica.Google Scholar
Wallace, W., 1990. The Transformation of Western Europe. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
Wilson, K. and Den Dussen, J. VAN, 1993. The History of the Idea of Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zeff, E.E. and Pirro, E.B., 2001. Introduction. In Zeff, E.E. and Pirro, E.B. (eds), The European Union and the Member States: Cooperation, Coordination, and Compromise: 1–6. London: Rynne Rienner.Google Scholar