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Chemical composition and lead isotopy of copper and bronze from Nuragic Sardinia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Friedrich Begemann ,
Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker ,
Ernst Pernicka  and
Fulvia Lo Schiavo
Friedrich Begemann*
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (Otto-Hahn-Institut), Mainz, Germany
Sigrid Schmitt-Strecker*
Affiliation:
Lehrstuhl fur Archäometallurgie, Freiberg, Germany
Ernst Pernicka*
Affiliation:
Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, Rome, Italy
Fulvia Lo Schiavo*
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (Otto-Hahn-Institut), Mainz, Germany
*
[email: begemann@mpch-mainz.mpg.de]
[email: strecker@mpch-mainz.mpg.de]
[email: pernicka@ww.tu-freiberg.de]
[email: f.loschiavo@ime.rm.cnr.it]
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Abstract

We present data on the chemical and lead isotope composition of copper and bronze objects from Nuragic Sardinia. The sample suite comprises, inter alia, objects from the hoard finds at Arzachena (21 objects), Bonnanaro (10), Ittireddu (34), and Pattada (20), all in northern Sardinia. With one exception, all ingot fragments (49) consist of unalloyed copper; the exception comes from Ittireddu and contains 11 per cent tin. In contradistinction, all implements (21) are made from standard bronze with a mean tin content of 10.8 per cent. A dozen sword fragments from the Arzachena hoard, all of fairly uniform small size, are pieces of a large number of different swords. The low tin content of only about 1 per cent would have made for poor weapons, confirming the archaeological identification of the fragments as pieces of votive swords. Scrap metal from Arzachena is remarkable for its wide range of trace element contents and lead isotope abundance ratios. It is dissimilar to all other metal samples investigated, possibly representing metal from local smelting experiments using a variety of different copper ores. Lead isotope data and trace element patterns, alone or in conjunction, do not allow us to tell oxhide ingots from plano-convex (bun) ingots. Most ingot fragments have a lead isotope signature similar to those of Cypriot copper ores but there are also a number of ingots whose lead isotope fingerprints are fully compatible with them being local products. Of the bronzes, none has lead with an isotopic composition characteristic of copper ingots from Cyprus. All contain local lead, suggesting the bronze implements were manufactured locally. Isotopically-fitting lead is found in copper and lead ore deposits from the Iglesiente-Sulcis district in south-west Sardinia and from Funtana Raminosa in central Sardinia.

Nous présentons des données sur la composition chimique et l'isotope de plomb d'objets en cuivre et bronze de la Sardaigne Nuragique. La série d'échantillons comprend, entre autres, des objets des dépôts d'Arzachena (21 exempl.), Bonnanaro (10), Ittireddu (34), et Pattada (20), tous dans le Nord de la Sardaigne. À une exception près tous les fragments de lingots (49) consistent en cuivre non allié; seulement Ittiredu contient 11% d'étain. Par contre tous les artefacts (21) sont fabriqués d'un bronze standard, avec en moyenne 10.8% d'étain. Une douzaine de petits fragments d'épées du dépôt d'Arzachena, tous d'une taille plus ou moins uniforme, provient d'épées différentes. Leur contenu en étain de 1% permettrait de produire seulement des armes peu efficaces, ce qui confirme leur interprétation archéologique comme épées votives. Les épreuves d'Arzachena sont remarquables pour leur grande diversité d'impuretés et leurs proportions abondantes d'isotope de plomb. Ceci les rend différentes de tous les autres échantillons analysés, et fait penser qu'il s'agit de métaux issus d'expérimentations d'extraction locales à base de minerais de cuivre d'origines différentes. L'isotopie de plomb et les impuretés, seules ou combinées, ne permettent pas de différencier les lingots oxyde des lingots plano-convexe (bun). La majorité des fragments de lingots ont une signature isotopique similaire à celle des mines de cuivre chypriote. Pour un nombre de lingots l'empreinte digitale isotopique est par contre entièrement compatible à celle des produits locaux. Parmi les objets en bronzes, aucun n'a une composition isotopique comparable aux lingots chypriotes. Tous contiennent du plomb local, ce qui suggère qu'ils sont de production locale. Du plomb provenant des mines de cuivre et plomb de la région d'Inglesiente-Sulcis en Sardaigne du sud-ouest et de Funtana Raminosa en Sardaigne centrale conviendrait parfaitement du point de vue isotopique.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Metallobjekte aus den nord-sardischen nuraghischen Hortfunden von Arzachena (21), Bonnanaro (10), Ittireddu (34) und Pattada (20) wurden auf ihre chemische Zusammensetzung und die isotopische Zusammensetzung ihres Bleis untersucht. Mit einer Ausnahme (11 Prozent Zinn) bestehen alle Barren und Barrenfragmente (49) aus unlegiertem Kupfer, alle Werkzeuge (21) aus Bronze mit einem mittleren Zinngehalt von 10,8 Prozent. Fünfzehn Schwertfragmente andererseits enthalten nur etwa 1 Prozent Zinn, zu wenig, als daß dadurch die Eigenschaften als Waffe gegenüber reinem Kupfer signifikant verbessert worden wären. Es handelt sich um Fragmente (einer großen Zahl) verschiedener Votiv-Schwerter. Acht der Arzachena-Proben von undefinierten Metallstückchen und Blechen sind in ihren Spurenelementgehalten und ihrer Blei-Isotopie extrem heterogen. Keine der Proben enthält Zinn, Arsengehalte (bis 5,3 Prozent) sind etwa zehnmal höher als in allen anderen Proben, und Silber (bis zu 3,2 Prozent) ist ungewöhnlich hoch. Die Proben sind chemisch und isotopisch völlig verschieden von dem mit ihnen in derselben Urne gefundenen Meißel und den Schwertfragmenten; möglicherweise handelt es sich dabei um Produkte lokaler Kupfergewinnung, bei der eine Reihe verschiedener Erze versuchsweise eingesetzt wurde. – Die Blei-Isotopie der meisten Barrenfragmente weist auf Zypern als Herkunftsort; einige wenige sind aber verträglich mit einer lokalen Produktion. Mit Ausnahme von zwei Schwertfragmenten findet sich die ‘zypriotische’ Signatur des Bleis in keinem der Endprodukte; deren Blei hat vielmehr die isotopische Zusammensetzung wie das der lokalen Kupfer- und Bleierze, insbesondere aus dem Südwesten der Insel und bei Funtana Raminosa im Zentrum. Es spricht alles dafür, daß diese Endprodukte lokalen Ursprungs sind.

Keywords

lead isotopyNuragic artifactsoxhide ingotsprovenance studiesSardinian Bronze Age
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , 2001 , pp. 43 - 85
Copyright
Copyright © 2001 Sage Publications 

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