We investigate experimentally and numerically suppression of drill-string torsional vibration while drilling by using a sliding mode control. The experiments are conducted on the novel experimental drill-string dynamics rig developed at the University of Aberdeen (Wiercigroch, M., 2010, Modelling and Analysis of BHA and Drill-string Vibrations) and using commercial Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) drill-bits and rock-samples. A mathematical model of the experimental setup, which takes into account the dynamics of the drill-string and the driving motor, is constructed. Physical parameters of the experimental rig are identified in order to calibrate the mathematical model and consequently to ensure robust predictions and a close agreement between experimental and numerical results for stick–slip vibration is shown. Then, a sliding mode control method is employed to suppress stick–slip vibration. A special attention is paid to prove the Lyapunov stability of the controller in presence of model parameter uncertainties by defining a robust Lyapunov function. Again experimental and numerical results for the control cases are in a close agreement. Stick–slip vibration is eliminated and a significant reduction in vibration amplitude has been observed when using the sliding controller.

Simple and systematic algorithms for relating differential equations are given. They are based on comparing the local symmetries admitted by the equations. Comparisons of the infinitesimal generators and their Lie algebras of given and target equations lead to necessary conditions for the existence of mappings which relate them. Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for the existence of invertible mappings from a given nonlinear system of partial differential equations to some linear system of equations with examples including the hodograph and Legendre transformations, and the linearizations of a nonlinear telegraph equation, a nonlinear diffusion equation, and nonlinear fluid flow equations. Necessary and sufficient conditions are also given for the existence of an invertible point transformation which maps a linear partial differential equation with variable coefficients to a linear equation with constant coefficients. Other types of mappings are also considered including the Miura transformation and the invertible mapping which relates the cylindrical KdV and the KdV equations.

Adhesion of cells to one another and their environment is an important regulator of many biological processes but has proved difficult to incorporate into continuum mathematical models. This paper develops further the new modelling approach proposed by Armstrong et al. (A continuum approach to modelling cell–cell adhesion, J. Theor. Biol. 243: 98–113, 2006). The models studied in the present paper use an integro-partial differential equation for cell behaviour, in which the integral represents the sensing by cells of their local environment. This enables an effective representation of cell–cell adhesion, as well as random cell movement, and cell proliferation. The authors use this modelling approach to investigate the ability of cell–cell adhesion to generate spatial patterns during cell aggregation. The model is also extended to give a new representation of cancer growth, whose solutions reflect the balance between cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion in regulating cancer invasion. The non-local term in these models means that there is no standard theory from which one can deduce the boundedness required for biological realism: specifically, solutions for cell density must lie between zero and a positive density corresponding to close cell packing. Here the authors derive a number of conditions, each of which is sufficient for the required boundedness, and they demonstrate numerically that cell density increases above the upper bound for some parameter sets not satisfying these conditions. Finally the authors outline what they regard as the main mathematical challenges for future work on boundedness in models of this type.

There are symbolic programs based on heuristics that sometimes, but not always, explicitly integrate the determining equations for the infinitesimal Lie symmetries admitted by systems of differential equations. We present a heuristic-free algorithm ‘Structure constant’, which can always determine whether the Lie symmetry group of a given system of PDEs is finite- or infinite-dimensional. If the group is finite-dimensional then ‘Structure constant’ can determine the dimension and structure constants of its associated Lie algebra without the heuristics of integration involved in other methods. If the group is infinite-dimensional, then ‘Structure constant’ computes the number of arbitrary functions which determine the infinite-dimensional component of its Lie symmetry algebra and also calculates the dimension and structure of its associated finite-dimensional subalgebra. ‘Structure constant’ employs the algorithms ‘Standard form’ and ‘Taylor’, described elsewhere. ‘Standard form’ is a heuristic-free algorithm which brings any system of determining equations to a standard form by including all integrability conditions in the system. ‘Taylor’ uses the standard form of a system of differential equations to calculate its Taylor series solution. These algorithms have been implemented in the symbolic language MAPLE. ‘Structure constant’ can also automatically determine the dimension and structure constants of the Lie symmetry algebras of entire classes of differential equations dependent on variable coefficients. In particular, we obtain new group classification results for some physically interesting classes of nonlinear telegraph equations depending on two variable coefficients, one representing a nonlinear wave speed and the other representing a nonlinear dispersion.

This paper introduces an algorithm for calculating all discrete point symmetries of a given partial differential equation with a known nontrivial group of Lie point symmetries. The method enables the user to determine the discrete symmetries with little more effort than is used to find the Lie symmetries. It is used to obtain the discrete point symmetries of Burgers' equation, the spherical Burgers' equation, and the Harry–Dym equation. The method can be extended to some types of nonlocal symmetry; we derive the quasi-local discrete symmetries of a system of PDEs from gas dynamics.

An algorithm is presented to linearize nonlinear partial differential equations by non-invertible mappings. The algorithm depends on finding nonlocal symmetries of the given equations which are realized as appropriate local symmetries of a related auxiliary system. Examples include the Hopf-Cole transformation and the linearizations of a nonlinear heat conduction equation, a nonlinear telegraph equation, and the Thomas equations.

We review the Short model of urban residential burglary derived from taking the continuum limit of two difference equations – one of which models the attractiveness of individual houses to burglary, and the other of which models burglar movement. This leads to a system of non-linear partial differential equations. We propose a change to the Short model and also add deterrence caused by the presence of uniformed officers to the model. We solve the resulting system of non-linear partial differential equations numerically and present results both with and without deterrence.

In both modern stochastic analysis and more traditional probability and statistics, one way of characterizing a static or dynamic probability distribution is through its quantile function. This paper is focused on obtaining a direct understanding of this function via the classical approach of establishing and then solving differential equations for the function. We establish ordinary differential equations and power series for the quantile functions of several common distributions. We then develop the partial differential equation for the evolution of the quantile function associated with the solution of a class of stochastic differential equations, by a transformation of the Fokker–Planck equation. We are able to utilize the static formulation to provide elementary time-dependent and equilibrium solutions.

Such a direct understanding is important because quantile functions find important uses in the simulation of physical and financial systems. The simplest way of simulating any non-uniform random variable is by applying its quantile function to uniform deviates. Modern methods of Monte–Carlo simulation, techniques based on low-discrepancy sequences and copula methods all call for the use of quantile functions of marginal distributions. We provide web resources for prototype implementations in computer code. These implementations may variously be used directly in live sampling models or in a high-precision benchmarking mode for developing fast rational approximations also for use in simulation.

We generalise the notion of fractal interpolation functions (FIFs) to allow data sets of the form where I=[0,1]n. We introduce recurrent iterated function systems whose attractors G are graphs of continuous functions f:I→, which interpolate the data. We show that the proposed constructions generalise the previously existed ones on . We also present some relations between FIFs and the Laplace partial differential equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Finally, the fractal dimensions of a class of FIFs are derived and some methods for the construction of functions of class Cp using recurrent iterated function systems are presented.

We consider the non-local problem

It is found that for the case of decreasing f then: (i) for

there is a unique steady state which is globally asymptotically stable; (ii) for

then the problem can be scaled so that

in which case: (a) for λ < 8 there is a unique steady state which is globally asymptotically stable; (b) for λ = 8 there is no steady state and u is unbounded; (c) for λ > 8 there is no steady state and u blows up for all x, −1 < x, < 1. Some formal asymptotic estimates for the local behaviour of u as it blows up are obtained.

A model for superconductors co-existing with normal materials is presented. The model, which applies to such situations as superconductors containing normal impurities and superconductor/normal material junctions, is based on a generalization of the Ginsburg–Landau model for superconductivity. After presenting the model, it is shown that it reduces to well-known models due to de Gennes for certain superconducting/normal interfaces, and in particular, for Josephson junctions. A provident feature of the modified model is that it can, by itself, account for all of these as well as other physical situations. The results of some preliminary computational experiments using the model are then provided; these include flux pinning by normal impurities and a superconductor/normal/superconductor junction. A side benefit of the modified model is that, through its use, these computational simulations are more easily obtained.

In the limit of small activator diffusivity, the stability of a one-spike solution to the shadow Gierer–Meinhardt activator-inhibitor system is studied for various ranges of the reaction-time constant $\tau$ associated with the inhibitor field dynamics. By analyzing the spectrum of the eigenvalue problem associated with the linearization around a one-spike solution, it is proved, for a certain parameter regime, that a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues crosses into the unstable right half-plane $Re(\lambda) > 0$ as $\tau$ increases past a critical value $\tau_0$. For this parameter regime, it is proved that there are exactly two eigenvalues in the right half-plane when $\tau > \tau_0$ and none when $0 \leq \tau < \tau_0$. It is shown numerically that this critical value of $\tau$ represents the onset of an oscillatory instability in the height of the spike. For other parameter regimes, a similar Hopf bifurcation is confirmed numerically. Full numerical solutions to the shadow problem are computed for a spike that is initially centred at the origin of a radially symmetric domain. Different types of large-scale oscillatory motions for the height of a spike are observed numerically for values of $\tau$ well beyond $\tau_0$.

We study an initial-boundary value problem for a coupled Cahn–Hilliard–Hele–Shaw system that models tumour growth. For large initial data with finite energy, we prove global (local resp.) existence, uniqueness, higher order spatial regularity and the Gevrey spatial regularity of strong solutions to the initial-boundary value problem in two dimensions (three dimensions resp.). Asymptotically in time, we show that the solution converges to a constant state exponentially fast as time tends to infinity under certain assumptions.

A mean-field model for the motion of rectilinear vortices in the mixed state of a type-II superconductor is formulated. Steady-state solutions for some simple geometries are examined, and a local existence result is proved for an arbitrary smooth geometry. Finally, a variational formulation of the steady-state problem is given which shows the solution to be unique.

We examine a number of initial boundary value problems for a paradigm sixth-order degenerate parabolic equation of the form $h_t=(h^n h_{xxxxx})_x$ which arises when considering the motion of a thin film of viscous fluid driven by an overlying elastic plate. Analytical and numerical methods are exploited to characterise the solutions, which turn out to be rather sensitive to the value of $n$.

We prove that the thin film equation ht+div (hn grad (Δh))=0 in dimension d[ges ]2 has a unique C1 source-type radial self-similar non-negative solution if 0<n<3 and has no solution of this type if n[ges ]3. When 0<n3 the solution h has finite speed of propagation and we obtain the first order asymptotic behaviour of h at the interface or free boundary separating the regions where h>0 and h=0. (The case d=1 was already known [1]).

Numerical methods for initial-value problems which develop singularities in finite time are analyzed. The objective is to determine simple strategies which produce the correct asymptotic behaviour and give an accurate approximation of the blow-up time. Fixed step methods for scalar ordinary differential equations are studied first and it is shown that there is a natural embedding of the discrete process in a continuous one. This shows clearly how and why the fixed-step strategy fails. A class of time-stepping strategies that correspond to a time- continuous re-scaling of the underlying differential equation is then proposed; this class is analyzed and criteria established to determine suitable choices for the re-scaling. Finally the ideas are applied to a partial differential equation arising from the study of a fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity. The numerical method involves re-formulating the equationas a moving boundary problem for the peak value and applying the ODE time-steppingstrategies based on this peak value.

For a pattern-forming system with two unbounded spatial directions that is near the onset to instability, we prove the existence of modulated fronts that connect (i) stable hexagons with the unstable trivial pattern, (ii) stable hexagons with unstable roll solutions, (iii) stable hexagons with unstable hexagons, and (iv) stable roll solutions with unstable hexagons. Our approach is based on spatial dynamics, bifurcation theory, and geometric singular perturbation theory.

In this paper1 we introduce a family of models to describe the spatio-temporal dynamics of criminal activity. It is argued here that with a minimal set of mechanisms corresponding to elements that are basic in the study of crime, one can observe the formation of hot spots. By analysing the simplest versions of our model, we exhibit a self-organised critical state of illegal activities that we propose to call a warm spot or a tepid milieu2 depending on the context. It is characterised by a positive level of illegal or uncivil activity that maintains itself without exploding, in contrast with genuine hot spots where localised high level or peaks are being formed. Within our framework, we further investigate optimal policy issues under the constraint of limited resources in law enforcement and deterrence. We also introduce extensions of our model that take into account repeated victimisation effects, local and long range interactions, and briefly discuss some of the resulting effects such as hysteresis phenomena.

The steady-state viscous quantum hydrodynamic model in one space dimension is studied. The model consists of the continuity equations for the particle and current densities, coupled to the Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential. The equations are derived from a Wigner–Fokker–Planck model and they contain a third-order quantum correction term and second-order viscous terms. The existence of classical solutions is proved for “weakly supersonic” quantum flows. This means that a smallness condition on the particle velocity is still needed but the bound is allowed to be larger than for classical subsonic flows. Furthermore, the uniqueness of solutions and various asymptotic limits (semiclassical and inviscid limits) are investigated. The proofs are based on a reformulation of the problem as a fourth-order elliptic equation by using an exponential variable transformation.