Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-21T00:59:52.388Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Processes of evaporation from vegetation of the uplands of Scotland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

R. L. Hall
R. L. Hall
Affiliation:
Institute of Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, U.K.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The results of a series of experiments to study the physical processes governing the evaporation from upland vegetation in Scotland, i.e. coniferous forest, heather and grass, are described. Particular attention is given to the interception process occurring in heather, one of the dominant indigenous species in Scottish upland catchments. Attention is also given to the interception of snow precipitation which in the Scottish uplands is a significant proportion of the total precipitation. A comparison of the parameters describing the efficiency of the transport process of water vapour for coniferous forest and heather indicates that the process is more efficient than predicted by classical diffusion theory: additional transport mechanisms are considered. A simple model, based upon the results of the process studies, was applied to data from the Monachyle catchment (Balquhidder) and the model predictions compared with observations. This study, in conjunction with recent results from the Balquhidder catchment experiment, illustrates the necessity of further investigations to give a fuller understanding of the evaporation from high altitude grassland.

Keywords

catchment modelheatherhigh altitude grassinterceptionScottishsimple seasonal modelsprucetranspirationtransport mechanisms
Type
Engineering and applied hydrology
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 78 , Issue 4: Hydrology in Scotland , 1987 , pp. 327 - 334
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bell, J. P. 1976. Neutron probe practice. Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology, REP 19.Google Scholar
Blackie, J. R. 1987. The Balquhidder catchments, Scotland: the first four years. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH EARTH SCI 78, 227–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackie, J. R., Hudson, J. A. & Johnson, R. C. 1986. Upland afforestation and water resources. Preliminary analysis of phase I of the Balquhidder catchment studies. Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology.Google Scholar
Calder, I. R. 1976. The measurement of water losses from a forested area using a “natural lysimeter”. J HYDROL 30, 311–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, I. R. 1977. A model of transpiration and interception loss from a spruce forest in Plynlimon, central Wales. J HYDROL 33, 247–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, I. R. 1986. The influence of land use change on water yield in upland areas of the U.K. J HYDROL 88, 201–211.Google Scholar
Calder, I. R., Hall, R. L., Harding, R. J. & Rosier, P. T. W. 1983a. Upland afforestation progress report. Process studies 1982–1983. Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology.Google Scholar
Calder, I. R., Harding, R. J. & Rosier, P. T. W. 1983b. An objective assessment of soil-moisture deficit models. J HYDROL 60, 329–55.Google Scholar
Calder, I. R., Hall, R. L., Harding, R. J. & Wright, I. R. 1984. The use of a wet-surface weighing lysimeter system in rainfall interception studies of heather (Calluna vulgaris). J CLIMATE APPLIED METEOR 23, 461–74.Google Scholar
Calder, I. R., Hall, R. L., Harding, R. J., Rosier, P. T. W. & Wright, I. R. 1986. Upland afforestation and water resources. Progress report 1985–1986. Process studies, Phase I. Wallingford: Institute of Hydrology.Google Scholar
Calder, I. R. & Newson, M. D. 1979. Land-use and upland water resources in Britain—a strategic look. WATER RES BULL 15, 1628–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, I. R. & Rosier, P. T. W. 1976. The design of large plastic-sheet net-rainfall gauges. J HYDROL 30, 403–05.Google Scholar
Calder, I. R. & Wright, I. R. 1986. Gamma ray attenuation studies of interception from Sitka spruce: some evidence for an additional transport mechanism. WATER RESOUR RES 22, 109–417.Google Scholar
Crowther, J. M. & Hutchings, N. J. 1985. Correlated vertical wind speeds in a spruce canopy. In Hutchinson, B. A. & Hicks, B. B. (eds) The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, 534–61. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Denmead, O. T. 1984. Plant physiological methods for studying evapotranspiration: problems of telling the forest from the trees. AGRIC WATER MANAGE 8, 167–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnigan, J. J. 1979. Turbulence in waving wheat II. Structure of momentum transfer. BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOR 16, 213–36.Google Scholar
Grant, R. H., Bertolin, G. E. & Herrington, L. P. 1986. The intermittent vertical heat flux over a spruce forest canopy. BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOR 35, 317–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, R. L. 1985. Further interception studies of heather using a wet-surface weighing lysimeter system. J HYDROL 81, 193–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, R. L. 1986. The use of a PET microcomputer in rainfall interception studies of heathland. In Clark, J. A., Gregson, K. & Saffell, R. A. (eds) Computer Applications in Agricultural Environments, 45–56. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Harding, R. J. 1986. Exchanges of energy and mass associated with a melting snowpack. In Morris, E. M. (ed.) Modelling Snowmelt–induced Processes, Proceedings of the Budapest Symposium, July 1986. IAHS PUBL 155.Google Scholar
Jarvis, P. G. 1981. Stomatal conductance, gaseous exchange and transpiration. In Grace, J., Ford, E. D. & Jarvis, P. G. (eds) Plants and their atmospheric environment, 21st Symposium of the British Ecological Society, 175–204. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
McNaughton, K. G. & Jarvis, P. G. 1984. Using the Penman–Monteith equation predictively. AGRIC WATER MANAGE 8, 263–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteith, J. L., 1965. Evaporation and the environment. In The State and Movement of Water in Living Organisms. SYMP SOC EXP BIOL 19, 205–34. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Monteith, J. L. & Szeicz, G. 1962. Radiative temperature in the heat balance of natural surfaces. Q J R METEOR SOC 88, 496–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olszyczka, B. 1979. Gamma ray determinations of surface water storage and stem water content for coniferous forests. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Strathclyde.Google Scholar
Penman, H. L. 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. PROC R SOC LONDON A193, 120–45.Google Scholar
Raupach, M. R. & Legg, B. J. 1984. The uses and limitations of flux-gradient relationships in micrometeorology. AGRIC WATER MANAGE 8, 119–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, A. J., Kershaw, K. A., Robins, P. C., & Morton, A. J. 1971. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. 1, Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine. AGRIC METEOR 9, 367–84.Google Scholar
Siva Fernandes, A. M. S. 1964. Studies on plant cuticle, surface waxes in relation to water-repellency. ANN APPL BIOL 56, 297–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, J. S., Roberts, J. M. & Roberts, A. M. 1982. Evaporation from heather moorland in North Yorkshire, England. In Proceedings of a Symposium on Hyrological Research Basins, Sonderheft. Landeshydrologie, Bern (1982), 397–405.Google Scholar