Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T06:23:19.459Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

School age effects of Minding the Baby—An attachment-based home-visiting intervention—On parenting and child behaviors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 September 2020

Amalia Londono Tobon*
Affiliation:
Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Eileen Condon
Affiliation:
Yale School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA
Lois S. Sadler
Affiliation:
Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Yale School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA
Margaret L. Holland
Affiliation:
Yale School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA
Linda C. Mayes
Affiliation:
Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Arietta Slade
Affiliation:
Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Yale School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Amalia Londono Tobon, MD., Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 S. Frontage Road, New Haven, CT06520, USA; E-mail: Amalia.londonotobon@yale.edu.

Abstract

Multiple interventions have been developed to improve the caregiver–child relationship as a buffer to the effects of early life adversity and toxic stress. However, relatively few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of these early childhood interventions, particularly on parenting and childhood behaviors. Here we describe the early school-age follow-up results of a randomized controlled trial of Minding the Baby ® (MTB), a reflective, attachment-based, trauma-informed, preventive home-visiting intervention for first-time mothers and their infants. Results indicate that mothers who participated in MTB are less likely to show impaired mentalizing compared to control mothers two to eight years after the intervention ended. Additionally, MTB mothers have lower levels of hostile and coercive parenting, and their children have lower total and externalizing problem behavior scores when compared to controls at follow-up. We discuss our findings in terms of their contribution to understanding the long-term parenting and childhood socio-emotional developmental effects of early preventive interventions for stressed populations.

Type
Regular Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This is an updated version of the original article. For details please see the notice at https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001923

References

Achenbach, T. M., & Ruffle, T. M. (2000). The child behavior checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral/emotional problems and competencies. Pediatrics in Review, 21, 265271. doi:10.1542/pir.21-8-265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, J. (2012). Mentalizing in the development and treatment of attachment trauma. London: Karnac.Google Scholar
Anda, R. F., Brown, D. W., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2007). Adverse childhood experiences and prescribed psychotropic medications in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, 389394. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2004). Mentalization-based treatment of BPD. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 3651. doi:10.1521/pedi.18.1.36.32772CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323370. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report: Manual. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace & Company.Google Scholar
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Desmond, D. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 169190. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berthelot, N., Ensink, K., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of attachment in abused and neglected mothers: The role of trauma-specific reflective functioning. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 200212. doi:10.1002/imhj.21499CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bick, J., Palmwood, E. N., Zajac, L., Simons, R., & Dozier, M. (2019). Early parenting intervention and adverse family environments affect neural function in middle childhood. Biological Psychiatry, 85, 326335. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borelli, J. L., Stern, J. A., Marvin, M. J., Smiley, P. A., Pettit, C., & Samudio, M. (2020). Reflective functioning and empathy among mothers of school-aged children: charting the space between. Emotion Emotion. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000747.Google Scholar
Borelli, J. L., St John, H. K., Cho, E., & Suchman, N. E. (2016a). Reflective functioning in parents of school-aged children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86, 24. doi:10.1037/ort0000141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borelli, J. L., Vazquez, L., Rasmussen, H. F., Teachanarong, L., & Smiley, P. (2016b). Attachment and maternal sensitivity in middle childhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33, 10311053. doi:10.1177/0265407515616280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breslau, J., Miller, E., Breslau, N., Bohnert, K., Lucia, V., & Schweitzer, J. (2009). The impact of early behavior disturbances on academic achievement in high school. Pediatrics, 123, 14721476. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1406CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bucci, M., Marques, S. S., Oh, D., & Harris, N. B. (2016). Toxic stress in children and adolescents. Advances in Pediatrics, 63, 403428. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkhart, M. L., Borelli, J. L., Rasmussen, H. F., Brody, R., & Sbarra, D. A. (2017). Parental mentalizing as an indirect link between attachment anxiety and parenting satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 31, 203. doi:10.1037/fam0000270CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerezo, M. A. (1998). Parent-child conflict, coercive family interaction, and physical child abuse. In Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Family Violence (pp. 1740). London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Condon, E. M., Holland, M. L., Slade, A., Redeker, N. S., Mayes, L. C., & Sadler, L. S. (2019a). Associations between maternal caregiving and child indicators of toxic stress among multiethnic, urban families. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 33, 425436. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2018.12.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condon, E. M., Holland, M. L., Slade, A., Redeker, N. S., Mayes, L. C., & Sadler, L. S. (2019b). Maternal adverse childhood experiences, family strengths, and chronic stress in children. Nursing Research, 68, 189199. doi:10.1097/NNR.0000000000000349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dallaire, D. H., Pineda, A. Q., Cole, D. A., Ciesla, J. A., Jacquez, F., LaGrange, B., & Bruce, A. E. (2006). Relation of positive and negative parenting to children's depressive symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 313322. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ensink, K., Berthelot, N., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., & Fonagy, P. (2014). Another step closer to measuring the ghosts in the nursery: Preliminary validation of the trauma reflective functioning scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1471. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01471CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245258. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Leigh, T., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., & Target, M. (1995). Attachment, the reflective self, and borderline states: The predictive specificity of the adult attachment interview and pathological emotional development. In Goldberg, S., Muir, R. & Kerr, J. (Eds.), Attachment theory: Social, developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 233278). New York: Analytic Press.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, & Target, M. (2002). Early intervention and the development of self-regulation. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 22, 307335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, S. E., Levitt, P., & Nelson, C. A. III (2010). How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. Child Development, 81, 2840. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01380.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garner, A. S. (2013). Home visiting and the biology of toxic stress: Opportunities to address early childhood adversity. Pediatrics, 132, S65–S73. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1021DCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, B. L., Ayoub, C., Bartlett, J. D., Von Ende, A., Furrer, C., Chazan-Cohen, R., … Klevens, J. (2014). The effect of early head start on child welfare system involvement: A first look at longitudinal child maltreatment outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 42, 127135. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.044CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grienenberger, J. F., Kelly, K., & Slade, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning, mother–infant affective communication, and infant attachment: Exploring the link between mental states and observed caregiving behavior in the intergenerational transmission of attachment. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 299311. doi:10.1080/14616730500245963Google ScholarPubMed
Gross, D., Fogg, L., Young, M., Ridge, A., Cowell, J. M., Richardson, R., & Sivan, A. (2006). The equivalence of the child behavior checklist/1 1/2-5 across parent race/ethnicity, income level, and language. Psychological Assessment, 18, 313. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.3.313CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hails, K. A., Reuben, J. D., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2018). Transactional associations among maternal depression, parent–child coercion, and child conduct problems during early childhood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47(sup1), S291S305. doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1280803CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hesse, E., & Main, M. (1999). Second-generation effects of unresolved trauma in nonmaltreating parents: Dissociated, frightened, and threatening parental behavior. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19, 481540. doi:10.1080/07351699909534265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., … Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2, e356–e66. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, D. E., Guthrie, D., Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2010). Growth and associations between auxology, caregiving environment, and cognition in socially deprived Romanian children randomized to foster versus ongoing institutional care. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164, 507516. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Julian, M., Lawler, J., & Rosenblum, K. (2017). Caregiver-child relationships in early childhood: Interventions to promote well-being and reduce risk for psychopathology. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 4, 8798. doi:10.1007/s40473-017-0110-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katznelson, H. (2014). Reflective functioning: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 107117. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitzman, H. J., Olds, D. L., Cole, R. E., Hanks, C. A., Anson, E. A., Arcoleo, K. J., … Holmberg, J. R. (2010). Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on children: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164, 412418. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.76CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561592. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovejoy, M. C., Weis, R., O'Hare, E., & Rubin, E. C. (1999). Development and initial validation of the parent behavior inventory. Psychological Assessment, 11, 534. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.4.534CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2015). The neurobiology of mentalizing. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6, 366. doi:10.1037/per0000117CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Nijssens, L., & Fonagy, P. (2017). The parental reflective functioning questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation. PloS One, 12, e0176218. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons-Ruth, K., Bronfman, L., & Parsons, L. (1999). Maternal frightened, frightening and atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment strategies. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64, 6796. doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K. & Jacobvitz, D. (2016). Attachment disorganization: Genetic factors, parenting contexts, and developmental transformation from infancy to adulthood. In Shaver, J. C. P. (Ed.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 667696). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lyons–Ruth, K., Yellin, C., Melnick, S., & Atwood, G. (2005). Expanding the concept of unresolved mental states: Hostile/helpless states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview are associated with disrupted mother–infant communication and infant disorganization. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism?Google Scholar
Mayes, L. C. (2006). Arousal regulation, emotional flexibility, medial amygdala function, and the impact of early experience: Comments on the paper of Lewis et al. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 178192. doi:10.1196/annals.1376.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Fradley, E., & Tuckey, M. (2001). Rethinking maternal sensitivity: Mothers’ comments on infants’ mental processes predict security of attachment at 12 months. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42, 637648. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00759CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendez, M., Durtschi, J., Neppl, T. K., & Stith, S. M. (2016). Corporal punishment and externalizing behaviors in toddlers: The moderating role of positive and harsh parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 887. doi:10.1037/fam0000187CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., Silva, P., & Stanton, W. (1996). Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial conduct problems in males: Natural history from ages 3 to 18 years. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 399424. doi:10.1017/S0954579400007161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muzik, M., Rosenblum, K. L., Alfafara, E. A., Schuster, M. M., Miller, N. M., Waddell, R. M., & Kohler, E. S. (2015). Mom Power: Preliminary outcomes of a group intervention to improve mental health and parenting among high-risk mothers. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 18, 507521. doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0490-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narayan, A. J., Rivera, L. M., Bernstein, R. E., Harris, W. W., & Lieberman, A. F. (2018). Positive childhood experiences predict less psychopathology and stress in pregnant women with childhood adversity: A pilot study of the benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) scale. Child Abuse and Neglect, 78, 1930. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Broadbent, J. M., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., … Caspi, A. (2008). Female and male antisocial trajectories: From childhood origins to adult outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 673716. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000333CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D., Henderson, C. R. Jr., Cole, R., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., … Powers, J. (1998). Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children's criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 280, 12381244. doi:10.1001/jama.280.14.1238CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D. L., Holmberg, J. R., Donelan-McCall, N., Luckey, D. W., Knudtson, M. D., & Robinson, J. (2014). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses on children: Follow-up of a randomized trial at ages 6 and 9 years. JAMA Pediatrics, 168, 114121. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3817CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Cole, R., Robinson, J., Sidora, K., Luckey, D. W., … Holmberg, J. (2004). Effects of nurse home-visiting on maternal life course and child development: Age 6 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114, 15501559. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0962CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordway, M. R., Sadler, L. S., Dixon, J., Close, N., Mayes, L., & Slade, A. (2014). Lasting effects of an interdisciplinary home visiting program on child behavior: Preliminary follow-up results of a randomized trial. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 29, 313. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2013.04.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pajulo, M., & Kalland, M. (2013). Mentalizing-based intervention with mother-baby dyads. In Suchman, N. E., Pajulo, M., & Mayes, L. C. (Eds.), Parenting and substance abuse: Developmental approaches to intervention (pp. 282302). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Porges, S. P. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions attachment, communication, and self-regulation. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Reef, J., Diamantopoulou, S., van Meurs, I., Verhulst, F., & van der Ende, J. (2010). Predicting adult emotional and behavioral problems from externalizing problem trajectories in a 24-year longitudinal study. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 577585. doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0088-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuben, A., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Belsky, D. W., Harrington, H., Schroeder, F., … Danese, A. (2016). Lest we forget: Comparing retrospective and prospective assessments of adverse childhood experiences in the prediction of adult health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 11031112. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12621CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robles, A., Gjelsvik, A., Hirway, P., Vivier, P. M., & High, P. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and protective factors with school engagement. Pediatrics 144, e20182945. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2945CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rostad, W. L., & Whitaker, D. J. (2016). The association between reflective functioning and parent–child relationship quality. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 21642177. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0388-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadler, L. S., Slade, A., Close, N., Webb, D. L., Simpson, T., Fennie, K., & Mayes, L. C. (2013). Minding the baby: Enhancing reflectiveness to improve early health and relationship outcomes in an interdisciplinary home-visiting program. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34, 391405. doi:10.1002/imhj.21406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sama-Miller, E., Akers, L., Mraz-Esposito, A., Zukiewicz, M., Avellar, S., Paulsell, D., & Del Grosso, P. (2018). Home visiting evidence of effectiveness review: Executive summary. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
San Cristobal, S., Santelices, M. P., & Miranda Fuenzalida, D. A. (2017). Manifestation of trauma: The effect of early traumatic experiences and adult attachment on parental reflective functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 449. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00449CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scaramella, L. V., & Conger, R. D. (2003). Intergenerational continuity of hostile parenting and its consequences: The moderating influence of children's negative emotional reactivity. Social Development, 12, 420439. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.t01-1-00241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schechter, D. S., Coates, S. W., Kaminer, T., Coots, T., Zeanah, C. H. Jr, Davies, M., … Trabka, K. A. (2008). Distorted maternal mental representations and atypical behavior in a clinical sample of violence-exposed mothers and their toddlers. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 9, 123147. doi:10.1080/15299730802045666CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schechter, D. S., Coots, T., Zeanah, C. H., Davies, M., Coates, S. W., Trabka, K. A., … Myers, M. M. (2005). Maternal mental representations of the child in an inner-city clinical sample: Violence-related posttraumatic stress and reflective functioning. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 313331. doi:10.1080/14616730500246011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schechter, D. S., Myers, M. M., Brunelli, S. A., Coates, S. W., Zeanah, J., Charles, H., … Trabka, K. A. (2006). Traumatized mothers can change their minds about their toddlers: Understanding how a novel use of video feedback supports positive change of maternal attributions. Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of The World Association for Infant Mental Health, 27, 429447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., McGuinn, L., … Care, D. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 129(1), e232–e46. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2663CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silber, S., Hermann, E., Henderson, M., & Lehman, A. (1993). Patterns of influence and response in abusing and nonabusing families. Journal of Family Violence, 8, 2738. doi:10.1007/BF00986991CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, A. (2002). Keeping the baby in mind. Zero to Three, 6, 1015.Google Scholar
Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 269281. doi:10.1080/14616730500245906CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slade, A., Aber, J. L., Berger, B., Bresgi, I., & Kaplan, M. (2004). The Parent Development Interview–Revised. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Slade, A., Grienenberger, J., Bernbach, E., Levy, D., & Locker, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning, attachment, and the transmission gap: A preliminary study. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 283298. doi:10.1080/14616730500245880CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slade, A., Holland, M. L., Ordway, M. R., Carlson, E. A., Jeon, S., Close, N., … Sadler, L. S. (2019). Minding the Baby®: Enhancing parental reflective functioning and infant attachment in an attachment-based, interdisciplinary home visiting program. Development and Psychopathology, 115.Google Scholar
Slade, A., Sadler, L., Close, N., Simpson, T., Webb, D., & Fitzpatrick, S. E. (2017). Minding the Baby®: The impact of threat on the mother-baby and mother-clinician relationship. In Gojman-de-Millan, S., Herreman, C. & Sroufe, L. A. (Eds.), Attachment across clinical and cultural perspectives (pp. 182205). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smaling, H. J., Huijbregts, S. C., Suurland, J., Van Der Heijden, K. B., Van Goozen, S. H., & Swaab, H. (2015). Prenatal reflective functioning in primiparous women with a high-risk profile. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 251261. doi:10.1002/imhj.21506CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. A., & Collins, W. A. (2009). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Stacks, A. M., Muzik, M., Wong, K., Beeghly, M., Huth-Bocks, A., Irwin, J. L., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2014). Maternal reflective functioning among mothers with childhood maltreatment histories: Links to sensitive parenting and infant attachment security. Attachment and Human Development, 16, 515533. doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.935452CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suchman, N. E., DeCoste, C., Leigh, D., & Borelli, J. (2010). Reflective functioning in mothers with drug use disorders: Implications for dyadic interactions with infants and toddlers. Attachment and Human Development, 12, 567585. doi:10.1080/14616734.2010.501988CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suchman, N., Mayes, L., Conti, J., Slade, A., & Rounsaville, B. (2004). Rethinking parenting interventions for drug-dependent mothers: From behavior management to fostering emotional bonds. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 179–85. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2004.06.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabachnick, A. R., Raby, K. L., Goldstein, A., Zajac, L., & Dozier, M. (2019). Effects of an attachment-based intervention in infancy on children's autonomic regulation during middle childhood. Biological Psychology, 143, 2231. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R., Tabone, J. K., Litrownik, A. J., Briggs, E. C., Hussey, J. M., English, D. J., & Dubowitz, H. (2011). Early adolescent risk behavior outcomes of childhood externalizing behavioral trajectories. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31, 234257. doi:10.1177/0272431609361203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, C, Brooks-Gunn, J, Martin, A, & Klute, M. M. (2013). III. Impacts of Early Head Start participation on child and parent outcomes at ages 2, 3, and 5. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78, 3663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, E. A., Unutzer, J., Rutter, C., Gelfand, A., Saunders, K., VonKorff, M., … Katon, W. (1999). Costs of health care use by women HMO members with a history of childhood abuse and neglect. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 609613. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.609CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, J. J., Cowan, P. A., & Baker, B. L. (2002). Behavior problems and peer rejection in preschool boys and girls. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 163, 7288. doi:10.1080/00221320209597969CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zajac, L., Raby, K. L., & Dozier, M. (2020). Sustained effects on attachment security in middle childhood: Results from a randomized clinical trial of the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61, 417424. doi:10.1111/jcpp.13146CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed