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Dynamic changes in postnatal growth predict adolescent mental health problems in survivors of extremely low birth weight (ELBW)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2023

Karen J. Mathewson Open the ORCID record for Karen J. Mathewson [Opens in a new window] ,
Christina A. Brook Open the ORCID record for Christina A. Brook [Opens in a new window] ,
Saroj Saigal ,
Ryan J. Van Lieshout  and
Louis A. Schmidt
Karen J. Mathewson*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Christina A. Brook
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Saroj Saigal
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Ryan J. Van Lieshout
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Louis A. Schmidt
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
*
Corresponding author: Karen J. Mathewson; Email: mathewkj@mcmaster.ca
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Abstract

Although individuals born at extremely low birth weight (ELBW; ≤1000 g) are known to be at greater risk for mental health problems than individuals born at normal birth weight (NBW; ≥2500 g), contributions of postnatal growth to these relations have not been fully explored. We compared individual differences in the Ponderal Index [(PI; weight(kg)/height(m3)] and head circumference (HC) in predicting internalizing and externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence in a cohort of ELBW survivors (N = 137) prospectively followed since birth. Baseline models indicated that infants who were born thinner or with smaller HC showed greater PI or HC growth in the first 3 years. Latent difference score (LDS) models showed that compensatory HC growth in the first year (ΔHC = 20.72 cm), controlled for birth HC, predicted ADHD behaviors in adolescence in those born with smaller HC. LDS models also indicated that the PI increased within the first year (ΔPI = 1.568) but decreased overall between birth and age 3 years (net ΔPI = −4.597). Modeling further showed that larger increases in the PI in the first year and smaller net decreases over 3 years predicted more internalizing behaviors in adolescence. These findings suggest early growth patterns prioritizing weight over height may have negative effects on later mental health in ELBW survivors, consistent with developmental programming theories.

Keywords

AdolescentExtremely low birth weight (ELBW)Internalizing/Externalizing behaviorsMental healthPonderal index
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , First View , pp. 1 - 17
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© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

KJM and CAB contributed equally to the manuscript.

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