Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T07:36:40.527Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conceptual Models of Early and Involuntary Retirement among Canadian Registered Nurses and Allied Health Professionals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2018

Sarah Hewko ,
Trish Reay ,
Carole A. Estabrooks  and
Greta G. Cummings
Sarah Hewko*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton
Trish Reay
Affiliation:
Alberta School of Business, University of Alberta, Edmonton
Carole A. Estabrooks
Affiliation:
Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton
Greta G. Cummings
Affiliation:
Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton
*
*La correspondance et les demandes de tirés-à-part doivent être adressées à : / Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to: Sarah Hewko, R.D., Ph.D. Health Sciences Building, 314 Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Ave Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3 <shewko@upei.ca>
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Availability of health professionals is fundamental to population health. Multiple trends contribute to provider shortages. Purpose: Develop and validate conceptual models of early and involuntary retirement among registered nurses (RNs) and allied health professionals (AHPs). Method: A review of retirement literature (n = 23 studies). Any factor reported as predictive of early or involuntary retirement was incorporated into a model. To achieve face validity, we conducted interviews with Canadian RNs/AHPs (n = 14). Results: The conceptual model of early retirement had eight categories (38 variables): workplace characteristics, socio-demographics, attitudes/beliefs, broader context, organizational factors, family, lifestyle/health, and work-related. The model of involuntary retirement had four categories (eight variables): broader context, socio-demographics, lifestyle/health, and family. Caregiving responsibilities (variable) was added based on interview data. Discussion: RNs/AHPs consider many factors when contemplating retirement; some are sensitive to intercession, which generates possibilities for extending the work lives of older RNs and AHPs.

Resumé

La disponibilité des professionnels de la santé est fondamentale pour la santé de la population. Plusieurs tendances contribuent cependant à la pénurie de ces professionnels. Objet : Élaborer et valider des modèles conceptuels de retraite hâtive et de retraite involontaire pour les infirmières et les professionnels paramédicaux (PP). Méthode : Une revue de la littérature sur la retraite (n = 23 études) a été réalisée. Toutes les variables rapportées comme des facteurs prédictifs de la retraite hâtive ou de la retraite involontaire ont été incorporées dans un modèle. Pour atteindre une validité apparente, nous avons mené des entrevues avec des infirmières et des PP canadiens (n = 14). Résultats : Le modèle conceptuel de la retraite hâtive incluait huit catégories (38 facteurs): caractéristiques du lieu de travail, variables sociodémographiques, attitudes et croyances, contexte plus général, facteurs organisationnels, famille, mode de vie et santé, en lien avec le travail. Le modèle de la retraite involontaire incluait quatre catégories (8 facteurs): contexte plus général, variables sociodémographiques, mode de vie et santé, famille. Les responsabilités en matière de soins (facteur) ont été ajoutées compte tenu des résultats des entrevues. Discussion : Les infirmières et les PP tiennent compte de nombreux facteurs lorsqu’ils envisagent leur retraite. Certains seraient sensibles à l’intercession, ce qui permettrait d’étendre la vie professionnelle des infirmières et des PP plus âgés.

Keywords

agingearly retirementinvoluntary retirementregistered nurseallied health professionshealth human resourcesvieillissementpréretraiteretraite involontaireinfirmièresprofessions paramédicalesressources humaines en santé
Type
Article
Information
Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement , Volume 37 , Issue 3 , September 2018 , pp. 294 - 308
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-TCrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2011). Nursing fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.aacnnursing.org/News-Information/Fact-Sheets/Nursing-Fact-SheetGoogle Scholar
Armstrong-Stassen, M. (2005). Human resource management strategies and the retention of older RNs. Nursing Research, 18(1), 50–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Association of Canadian Community Colleges. (2012). Sustaining the allied health professions: Research report. Ottawa, ON. Retrieved from www.collegesinstitutes.ca/file/sustaining-the-allied-health-professions-research-report/Google Scholar
Auerbach, D. I., Buerhaus, P. I., & Staiger, D. O. (2014). Registered nurses are delaying retirement, a shift that has contributed to recent growth in the nurse workforce. Health Affairs, 33(8), 1474–1480. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2016). Workforce. Bruce, AUS: Author. Retrieved from http://www.aihw.gov.au/workforce/Google Scholar
Barbosa, L.M., Monteiro, B., & Giardini Murta, S. (2016). Retirement adjustment predictors – A systematic review. Work, Aging and Retirement, 2(2), 262–280. doi: 10.1093/workar/waw008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beehr, T. A. (1986). The process of retirement. Personnel Psychology, 39, 31–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blakely, J. A., & Ribeiro, V. E. (2008). Early retirement among registered nurses: Contributing factors. Journal of Nursing Management, 16, 29–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2934.2007.00793.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boumans, N. P., de Jong, A. H., & Vanderlinden, L. (2008). Determinants of early retirement intentions among Belgian nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 63(1), 64–74. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04651.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, R. (2006). Emerging from the shadow of medicine: Allied health as a ‘profession community’ subculture. Health Sociology Review, 15, 520–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2015). Retirement patterns and the macroeconomy, 1992–2010: The prevalence and determinants of bridge jobs, phased retirement, and reentry among three recent cohorts of older Americans. The Gerontologist, 55(3), 384–403. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt146CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canadian Institute for Health Information (2010). Regulated nurses: Canadian trends, 2005 to 2009. Ottawa, ON: Author. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/icis-cihi/H115-48-2009-eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2013a). Occupational therapist workforce, 2012 (Resources, H. H., Trans.). Occupational therapists in Canada (report). Ottawa, ON: Author. Available for download from https://secure.cihi.ca/estore/productFamily.htm?locale=en&pf=PFC2433&lang=enGoogle Scholar
Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2013b). Pharmacist workforce, 2012. Pharmacists in Canada (report). Available for download from https://secure.cihi.ca/estore/productFamily.htm?locale=en&pf=PFC2353Google Scholar
Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2013c). Physiotherapist workforce, 2012 (Resources, H. H., Trans.). Physiotherapists in Canada (report). Ottawa, ON: Author. Available for download from https://secure.cihi.ca/estore/productFamily.htm?locale=en&pf=PFC2434&lan=enGoogle Scholar
Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2014). Canada’s health care providers: provincial profiles 2012 (H. H. Resources, Trans.). Ottawa, ON: Author. Available for download from https://secure.cihi.ca/estore/productFamily.htm?locale=en&pf=PFC2500Google Scholar
Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2015a). Canada’s health care providers: Provincial profiles, 2013. Ottawa, ON: Author. Available for download from https://secure.cihi.ca/estore/productFamily.htm?locale=en&pf=PFC3045&lang=frGoogle Scholar
Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2015b). Regulated nurses, 2014. Ottawa, ON: Author. Retrieved from https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/RegulatedNurses2014_Report_EN.pdfGoogle Scholar
Canadian Medical Protective Association. (2012). Legal and regulatory proceedings. The most responsible physician: A key link in the coordination of care. Ottawa, ON: Author. Retrieved from https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/legal-and-regulatory-proceedings/-/asset_publisher/a9unChEc2NP9/content/the-most-responsible-physician-a-key-link-in-the-coordination-of-careGoogle Scholar
Castonguay, C. (2006). Retirement: New perspectives on the horizon. In Stone, L. O. (Ed.), New frontiers of research on retirement (pp. 43–48). Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Industry. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-511-x/2006001/ch/5203536-eng.htmGoogle Scholar
Cook, S. L. (2015). Redirection: An extension of career during retirement. The Gerontologist, 55(3), 360–373. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cyr, J. P. (2005). Retaining older hospital nurses and delaying their retirement. Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(12), 563–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dal Bianco, C., Trevisan, E., & Weber, G. (2015). “I want to break free”. The role of working conditions on retirement expectations and decisions. European Journal of Ageing, 12(1), 17–28. doi: 10.1007/s10433-014-0326-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devine, C. M., Connors, M., Bisogni, C. A., & Sobal, J. (1998). Life-course influences on fruit and vegetable trajectories: Qualitative analysis of food choices. Journal of Nutrition Education, 30(6), 361–370. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3182(9870358-9)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dingemans, E., & Henkens, K. (2015). How do retirement dynamics influence mental well-being later in life? A 10-year panel study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 41(1), 16–23. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3464CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorn, D., & Sousa-Poza, A. (2010). ‘Voluntary’ and ‘involuntary’ early retirement: An international analysis. Applied Economics, 42, 427–438. doi: 10.1080/00036840701663277CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubois, C.-A., & Singh, D. (2009). From staff-mix to skill-mix and beyond: Towards a systematic approach to health workforce management. Human Resources for Health, 7, 87. doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-7-87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffield, C., Graham, E., Donoghue, J., Griffiths, R., Bichel-Findlay, J., & Dimitrelis, S. (2015). Why older nurses leave the workforce and the implications of them staying. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24(5-6), 824–831. doi: 10.1111/jocn.12747CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dussault, G., & Dubois, C.-A. (2003). Human resources for health policies: A critical component in health policies. Human Resources for Health, 1, 1. doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-1-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elder, G. H. Jr. (1973). Linking social structure and personality. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. Jr. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(1), 4–15.Google Scholar
Elmslie, K. (Producer). (n.d.). Against the growing burden of disease [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/presentation/89aa/f5e9c076937b1aa4e716a3ee3461c07edeb8.pdfGoogle Scholar
Elwood, T. W. (2013). Patchwork of scope-of-practice regulations prevent allied health professionals from fully participating in patient care. Health Affairs, 32(11), 1985–1989. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0530CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferreira de Macêdo, M. L. A., Pires de Pires, D. E., & Calvalcante, C. A. A. (2014). Retirement in nursing: A review of the literature. Revista Mineira de Enfermagem, 18(4), 986–991. doi: 10.5935/1415-2762.20140072Google Scholar
FitzGerald, D., Keane, R.-A., Reid, A., & O’Neill, D. (2013). Ageing, cognitive disorders and professional practice. Age and Ageing, 42, 608–614. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft068CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraccaroli, F., & Deller, J. (2015). Work, aging, and retirement in Europe: Introduction to the special issue. Work, Aging and Retirement, 1(3), 237–242. doi: 10.1093/workar/wav017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friis, K., Ekholm, O., Hundrup, Y. A., Obel, E. B., & Grønbæk, M. (2007). Influence of health, lifestyle, working conditions, and sociodemography on early retirement among nurses: The Danish nurse cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 35, 23–30. doi: 10/1080/14034940600777278Google ScholarPubMed
George, A., Springer, C., & Haughton, B. (2009). Retirement intentions of the public health nutrition workforce. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 15(2), 127–134. doi: 10.1097/01.PHH.0000346010.51651.13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleeson, D., & Gallagher, J. (2005). Ill-health retirement among healthcare workers in the Southern Health Board of the Republic of Ireland. Occupational Medicine, 55, 364–368. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqi098CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Global Health Workforce Alliance and World Health Organization. (2014). A universal truth: No health without a workforce. Geneva, CHE: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/GHWA-a_universal_truth_report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Government of Alberta. (n.d.). Occupations. OCCinfo: Occupations and educational programs. Edmonton, AB: Author. Retrieved from https://occinfo.alis.alberta.ca/occinfopreview/search-results.htmlGoogle Scholar
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. doi: 10.1177/1525822x05279903CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hershey, D.A., & Henkens, K. (2014). Impact of different types of retirement transitions on perceived satisfaction with life. The Gerontologist, 54(2), 232–244. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hewitt, A., Howie, L., & Feldman, S. (2010). Retirement: What will you do? A narrative inquiry of occupation-based planning for retirement: Implications for practice. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 57, 8–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1630.2009.00820.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, D. A., & McIntosh, B. R. (2010). Organizational and occupational commitment in relation to bridge employment and retirement intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 290–303. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juliá, M., Kilty, K. M., & Richardson, V. (1995). Social worker preparedness for retirement: Gender and ethnic considerations. Social Work, 40(5), 610–620.Google ScholarPubMed
Keele, S., & Alpert, P. T. (2013). Retirement financial planning and the RN. Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(11), 574–580. doi: 10.1097/01.NNA.0000434508.66749.35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kromer, B., & Howard, D. (2013). Labor force participation and work status of people 65 years and older (American Community Survey Brief 11–09). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce. Retrieved from www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2013/acs/acsbr11-09.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kuzel, A. (1992). Sampling in qualitative inquiry. In Crabtree, B. & Miller, W. (Eds.), Doing qualitative research: Research methods for primary care (pp. 31–44). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lagacé, M., Tougas, F., Laplante, J., & Neveu, J.-F. (2010). Communication âgiste au travail: Une voie vers le désengagement psychologique et la retraite des infirmières d’expérience? Revue internationale de psychologie sociale, 23, 91–121.Google Scholar
Lavoie-Tremblay, M., O’Brien-Pallas, L., Gélinas, C., Desforges, N., & Marchionni, C. (2008). Addressing the turnover issue among new nurses from a generational viewpoint. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(6), 724–733. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2934.2007.00828.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Légaré, F., Stacey, D., Gagnon, S., Dunn, S., Pluye, P., Frosch, D., … Graham, I. D. (2011). Validating a conceptual model for an inter-professional approach to shared decision-making: A mixed methods study. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(4), 554–564. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01515.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lunday, J. (2009). The need for visibility and engagement of AHPs in the global health agenda. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 16(3), 128–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDermott, T. (2014). Older workers and extended workforce participation: Moving beyond the ‘barriers to work’ approach. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 14(2), 83–98. doi: 10.1177/1358229113520211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, K. U. (2009). New directions in life course research. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 413–433. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134619CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, L., & Donahue, P. (2011). Retirement lost? Canadian Journal on Aging, 30(3), 401–422. doi: 10.1017/S0714980811000298CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moseley, A., Jeffers, L., & Paterson, J. (2008). The retention of the older nursing workforce: A literature review exploring factors that influence the retention and turnover of older nurses. Contemporary Nurse, 30, 46–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Brien-Pallas, L., Alksnis, C., Wang, S., Birch, S., Tomblin Murphy, G., Roy, F. A., & Sajan, P. (2003). Early retirement among RNs: Estimating the size of the problem in Canada. Healthcare Quarterly, 7(1), 2–9. doi: 10.12927/hcq.2003.17240Google Scholar
Official Languages Community Development Bureau. (2008). Overview of the cost of training health professionals: Health Canada. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2009/sc-hc/H29-1-2009E.pdfGoogle Scholar
Proper, K. I., Deeg, D. J., & van der Beek, A. J. (2009). Challenges at work and financial rewards to stimulate longer workforce participation. Human Resources for Health, 7, 70. doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-7-70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raina, P. S., Wolfson, C., & Kirkland, S. (n.d.). Canadian longitudinal study on aging (CLSA). Protocol (version 3). Retrieved from https://clsa-elcv.ca/doc/511Google Scholar
Raina, P. S., Wolfson, C., Kirkland, S. A., Griffith, L. E., Oremus, M., Patterson, C.… Brazil, K. (2009). The Canadian longitudinal study on aging (CLSA). Canadian Journal on Aging, 28(3), 221–229. doi: 10.1017/S0714980809990055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. (n.d.). Backgrounder: 70 years of RN effectiveness. Retrieved from http://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/Backgrounder_RN_Effectivesness.pdfGoogle Scholar
Robroek, S. J., Reeuwijk, K. G., Hillier, F. C., Bambra, C. L., van Rijn, R. M., & Burdorf, A. (2013). The contribution of overweight, obesity, and lack of physical activity to exit from paid employment: A meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 39(3), 233–240. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3354CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodwell, J., & Gulyas, A. (2015). Psychological contract breach among allied health professionals. Journal of Health Organization & Management, 29(3), 393–412. doi: 10.1108/JHOM-05-2013-0107CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 18, 179–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schofield, D., Fletcher, S., & Johnston, N. (2007). Baby boomer pharmacists: Ageing and projections of retirement. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 15, 161–166. doi: 10.1211/ijpp.15.3.0002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shea, B., Grimshaw, J., Wells, G., Boers, M., Andersson, N., Hamel, C., … Bouter, L. M. (2007). Development of AMSTAR: A measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7, 10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-7-10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shea, B. J., Reeves, B. C., Wells, G., Thuku, M., Hamel, C., Moran, J., … Henry, D. A. (2017). AMSTAR2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ, 358; j4008. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/suppl/2017/09/21/bmj.j4008.DC1/sheb036104.wf1.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shultz, K. S., Morton, K. R., & Weckerle, J. R. (1998). The influence of push and pull factors on voluntary and involuntary early retirees’ retirement decision and adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53, 45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C. S., Morris, M., Hill, W., Francovich, C., & Christiano, J. (2006). Developing and validating a conceptual model of recurring problems in teaching clients. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 11, 279–288. doi: 10.1007/s10459-005-2298-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sobal, J., Bisogni, C. A., Devine, C. M., & Jastran, M. (2006). A conceptual model of the food choice process over the life course. In Shepherd, R. & Raats, M. (Eds.), The psychology of food choice (frontiers in nutritional science) (Vol. 3, pp. 1–18). Cambridge, MA: CABI.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2014, Sept 26, 2014). Canada’s population estimates: Age and sex, 2014. The daily. Ottawa, ON: Author. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140926/dq140926b-eng.htmGoogle Scholar
Super, D. E. (1980). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16, 282–298. doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(80)90056-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tafjel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. doi: 10.1177/053901847401300204Google Scholar
Topa, G., Moriano, J. A., Depolo, M., Alcover, C.-M., & Morales, J. F. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of retirement planning and decision-making: A meta-analysis and model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 38–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.03.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Topa, G., Moriano, J. A., Depolo, M., Alcover, C.-M., & Moreno, A. (2011). Retirement and wealth relationships: Meta-analysis and SEM. Research on Aging, 33(5), 501–528. doi: 10.1177/0164027511410549CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truxillo, D. M., Cadiz, D. M., & Hammer, L. B. (2015). Supporting the aging workforce: A review and recommendations for workplace intervention research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 351–381. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valencia, D., & Raingruber, B. (2010). Registered nurses’ views about work and retirement. Clinical Nursing Research, 19(3), 266–288. doi: 10/1177/1054773810371708CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Berg, T. I., Elders, L. A., & Burdorf, A. (2010). Influence of health and work on early retirement. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(6), 576–583. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181de8133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Rijn, R. M., Robroek, S. J., Brouwer, S., & Burdorf, A. (2014). Influence of poor health on exit from paid employment: A systematic review. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 71, 295–301. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101945CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Solinge, H., & Henkens, K. (2014). Work-related factors as predictors in the retirement decision-making process of older workers in the Netherlands. Ageing & Society, 34(9), 1551–1574. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X13000330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, M., & Shi, J. (2014). Psychological research on retirement. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 209–233. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115131CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, M., & Shultz, K. S. (2010). Employee retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Journal of Management, 36(1), 172–206. doi: 10.1177/0149206309347957CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, D. F., Hayward, M. D., & Hardy, M. A. (2010). The retirement life course in America at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Population Research and Policy Review, 29, 893–919. doi: 10.1007/s11113-009-9173-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, D. A. (1994). The work and retirement decisions of older women: A literature review. Social Security Bulletin, 57(1), 3–24.Google ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (2011). Global health and ageing (NIH Publication no. 11–7737). Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from www.who.int/ageing/publications/global_health.pdfGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Hewko et al. supplementary material

Hewko et al. supplementary material 1

Download Hewko et al. supplementary material(File)
File 44.7 KB
Supplementary material: File

Hewko et al. supplementary material

Hewko et al. supplementary material 2

Download Hewko et al. supplementary material(File)
File 118.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Hewko et al. supplementary material

Hewko et al. supplementary material 3

Download Hewko et al. supplementary material(File)
File 107.1 KB