Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-06T23:42:51.315Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Absolute Space: Did Newton Take Leave of His (Classical) Empirical Senses?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2020

L.A. Whitt*
Affiliation:
University of Western Ontario

Extract

It is in the scholium of the Principia on time, space, place and motion that Newton delivers what is — arguably — a reluctant kiss of betrayal to empiricism. Right there, ‘in the main body of his chief work,’ as E.A. Burtt observes, the deed is done: ‘When we come to Newton's remarks on space and time … he takes personal leave of his empiricism.’ Reichenbach registers the event less charitably, dismissing the ‘crude reification of space that Newton shares with the epistemologically unschooled mind in its naive craving for realism.’ Injury is then added to insult as Reichenbach holds Newtonian mechanics to task for arresting the analysis of the problems of space and time for more than two centuries.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Burtt, E.A. The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science (New York: Doubleday 1954) 244Google Scholar

2 Reichenbach, H. Modern Philosophy of Science (New York: Humanities Press 1959) 53Google Scholar

3 Frank, P. Philosophy of Science (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1957) 118Google Scholar

4 Smart, J.J.C. Between Philosophy and Science (New York: Random House 1968) 215Google Scholar

5 Reichenbach, 60

6 Ibid., 59

7 Whitrow, G.J.Berkeley's Philosophy of Motion,’ British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 4 (1953) 39Google Scholar

8 J.E., McGuireForce, Active Principles, and Newton's Invisible Realm,’ Ambix, 15 (1968) 154Google Scholar

9 Burtt, 244, 208

10 Whitrow, 44

11 Nagel, E. The Structure of Science (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World 1961) 209Google Scholar

12 Newton, I.De Gravitatione et Aequipondo Fluidorum,’ in Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton, ed. Hall, A.R. and Hall, M.B. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1962) 127Google Scholar

13 Jammer, M. Concepts of Space, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1954) 110Google Scholar

14 Ibid., 108

15 Newton, I.Newton's Reply to Pardies’ Second letter,’ in Isaac Newton's Papers & Letters on Natural Philosophy, ed. Cohen, I.B. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1978) 106Google Scholar

16 I., NewtonQueries on lights and Colours’ in ibid., 93Google Scholar

17 L., SklarAbsolute Space and the Metaphysics of Theories,’ Nous, 6 (1972) 296.Google Scholar It is not clear that Sklar consistently endorses the second proposal.

18 I., NewtonQueries …. ,’ 93Google Scholar

19 Feyerabend, P.K.Classical Empiricism,’ in Butts, R.E. and Davis, J.W. eds., The Methodological Heritage of Newton (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1970) 159Google Scholar

20 I., Newton Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, trans. by Thorp, R. (London: Dawsons 1969) xxxiv.Google Scholar Henceforth references to the Preface and the Scholium will not be footnoted.

21 Westfall, R.S. Force in Newton's Physics (New York: American Elsevier 1971) 339Google Scholar

22 H. Stein in ‘Newtonian Space-Time,’ Texas Quarterly, 10 3 provides a careful analysis of the technical issues involved in what might be regarded as a defense of the third proposal referred to above. This essay is indebted to his stimulating analysis and suggestions.

23 Sklar, 297, 305

24 Feyerabend, 160

25 Ibid., 161, 163

26 Ibid., 161-2

27 Ibid., 162, footnote 9

28 Quoted in ibid., 162, footnote 8

29 Mach, E. The Science of Mechanics, trans. by McCormack, T.J. (La Salle, IL: Open Court 1960) 279, 284Google Scholar

30 As pointed out by Earman, J. in Who's Afraid of Absolute Space?', Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 48 (1970) 299CrossRefGoogle Scholar: what Mach offers … is not a competing theory but a hint of a competing explanation of the bucket experiment and some hints for constructing an alternative theory, e.g. the suggestion that an alternative theory which would explain the bucket experiment can be built on the notion that the inertial properties of bodies are not intrinsic but depend upon the presence and distribution of other bodies in the universe.

31 Newton, I., ‘De Gravitatione …,’ 127