Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T07:28:02.304Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Generality of the Kindling Phenomenon: Some Clinical Implications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

J.P.J. Pinel  and
P.H. Van Oot
J.P.J. Pinel*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
P.H. Van Oot
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
*
Dept. of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1W5 Canada
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The purpose of the present investigations was to explore the generality of the kindling phenomenon and its applicability to clinical situations. Whether local brain stimulation, electroconvulsive shock (ECS), or metrazol the consequence of periodic administration of convulsive agents was found to be the same; in each case repeated application of the agent resulted in the gradual development and intensification of convulsive symptoms (kindling). Moreover, in each case the resulting intensification was not specific to the agent being used and seemed to increase the responsiveness to convulsive agents in general. In the present studies this interaction was seen in the form of an intensified alcohol withdrawal syndrome observed 18 days after cessation of a series of metrazol injections, amygdaloid stimulations, or ECS. Thus, it appears that one of the hazards of the convulsive therapies is that they may induce enduring changes in brain function which leave the patient in a state of increased susceptibility to a variety of potentially convulsive agents.

Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 2 , Issue 4 , November 1975 , pp. 467 - 475
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1975

References

REFERENCES

Adams, J.E. and Rutkin, B.B. (1972). Diagnostic telemetry from depth electrodes in epilepsy. Confinia Neurologica, 34, 363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, P.S., Racine, R.J. and Wise, R.A. (1973). Effects of atropine,reserpine, 6-hydroxydopamine, and handling on seizure development in the rat. Experimental Neurology, 40, 457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babington, R.G. and Wedeking, P.W. (1973). The pharmacology of seizures induced by sensitization with low intensity brain stimulation. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 1, 461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brindley, S. and Lewin, W.S. (1971). The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. In: Visual Prosthesis: The Interdisciplinary Dialog, edited by Sterling, T.D.Bering, E.A.Pollack, S.V. and Vaughn, H.G.New York, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cerletti, I. (1956). Electroshock therapy. In: The Great Psychodynamic Therapies, edited by Marti-Ibaneg, F.Sackler, A.M.Sackler, M.D. and Sackler, R.R.New York, Hoeber-Harper.Google Scholar
Esslg, C.F., Groce, M.E. and Williamson, E.L. (1961). Reversible elevation of electroconvulsive threshold and occurrence of spontaneous convulsions upon repeated electrical stimulation of the cat brain. Experimental Neurology, 4, 37.Google Scholar
Goddard, G.V., McIntyre, D.C. and Leech, C.K. (1969). A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Experimental Neurology, 25, 295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goddard, G.V. (1971). The Kindling Effect: A precautionary note on the therapeutic applications of localized brain stimulation: In: Neuroelectric Research, edited by Reynold, D.V. and Sjoberg, A.E. Springfield, Illinois, Thomas, C.C.Google Scholar
Heath, R.G. (1970). Perspectives for biological psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry, 2, 81.Google ScholarPubMed
Heath, R.G. and Mickle, W.A. (1960). Evaluation of seven years’ experience with depth electrode studies in human patients. In: Electrical Studies on the Unanesthetized Brain, edited by Ramey, E.R. and O’Doherty, D.S.New York, P. B. Hoeber.Google Scholar
Itil, T.M. (1970). Convulsive and anticonvulsive properties of neuropsychopharmaca. In: Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry: Epilepsy (Vol.4), edited by Freyhan, F.A.Petrilowitsch, N. and Pichot, P.New York, S. Karger.Google Scholar
Jackson, J.H. (1870). A study of convulsions. In: Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson (Vol.1), edited by Taylor, J.New York, Basic Books.Google Scholar
Leech, C.K. (1971).Sound-induced kindling resulting from daily bursts of loud noise presented to seven strains of mouse. Paper presented at Canadian Psychological Association meeting. St. John’s, Newfoundland.Google Scholar
Mason, C.R. and Cooper, R.M. (1972). A permanent change in convulsive threshold in normal and braindamaged rats with small repeated doses of pentylenetetrazol. Epilepsia, 13, 663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, D.C. and Goddard, G.V. (1973). Transference, interference and spontaneous recovery of convulsions kindled from the rat amygdala. Electroencephalography – Clinical Neurophysiology, 35, 533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mcquarrie, D.C. and Fingl, E. (1958). Effect of single doses and chronic administration of ethanol on experimental seizures in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 124, 264.Google ScholarPubMed
Moan, C.E. and Heath, R.G. (1972). Septal stimulation and the initiation of heterosexual behavior in a homosexual male. Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3, 23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrell, F. (1973). Goddard’s kindling phenomenon: a new model of the “mirror focus”. In: Chemical Modulation of Brain Function, edited by Sabelli, H.C.New York, Raven Press.Google Scholar
Mucha, R.F., Pinel, J.P.J. and Van Oot, P.H. (1975). Simple method for producing an alcohol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Physiology Biochemistry and Behavior,.in pressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olds, J. and Milner, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47, 419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinel, J.P.J., Mucha, R.F. and Phillips, A.G. (1975). Spontaneous seizures generated in rats by kindling: a preliminary report. Physiological Psychology,.in pressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinel, J.P.J., Phillips, A.G. and Deol, G.S. (1974). Effects of current intensity on kindled motor seizure activity in rats. Behavioral Biology, 11, 56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinel, J.P.J.Phillips, A.G., Mucha, R.F. and Deol, G.S. (1973). Spontaneous seizures produced by long term repetitive amygdaloid stimulation in rats. Paper presented at Illrd Annual Meeting of Society for Neurosciences.Google Scholar
Pinel, J.P.J., Skelton, R. and Mucha, R.F. (1975). Effects of current intensity on afterdischarge threshold during kindling. Paper presented at Canadian Psychological Association, Quebec City.Google Scholar
Pinel, J.P.J., Van Oot, P.H. and Mucha, R.F. (1975). Intensification of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome by repeated brain stimulation. Nature, 254, 510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollack, M., Rosenthal, F. and Macey, R. (1963). Changes in electroshock convulsive response with repeated seizures. Experimental Neurology, 7, 98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prichard, J.W., Gallagher, B.B. and Glaser, G.H. (1969). Experimental seizure threshold testing with fluorthyl. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, 166, 170.Google ScholarPubMed
Racine, R.J. (1972b). Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: 1. Afterdischarge threshold. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 32, 269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Racine, R.J. (1972a). Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizures. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 32, 281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Racine, R.J. (1975). Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: cortical areas. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 38, 1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Racine, R.J.Burnham, W.M.Gartner, J.G. and Levitan, D. (1973). Rates of motor seizure development in rats subjected to electrical brain stimulation: strain and interstimulation interval effects. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 35, 533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Racine, R.J., Gartner, J.G. and Burnham, W.M. (1972). Epileptiform activity and neural plasticity in limbic structures. Brain Research, 47, 262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramer, D. and Pinel, J.P.J. (1974). Kindling effect and ECS-induced seizures in rats. Paper presented at Canadian Psychological Association meeting, Windsor, Ontario.Google Scholar
Vosu, H. and Wise, R.A. (1975). Cholinergic seizure kindling in the rat: comparison of caudate, amygdala and hippocampus. Behavior Biology, 13, in press.Google ScholarPubMed
Wada, J.A. and Sato, M. (1973). Recurrent spontaneous epileptic seizure state induced by localized electrical stimulation. Neurology, 23, 447.Google Scholar
Wada, J.A., Sato, M. and Corcoran, M.E. (1974). Persistant susceptibility and recurrent spontaneousseizures in kindled cats. Epilepsia, 15, 465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, A.A. (1975). Theoretical basis for surgical therapy of epilepsy. In: Advances in Neurology, Vol.8: Neurosurgical Management of the Epilepsies, edited by Purpura, D.P.Penry, J.K. and Walter, R.D.New York, Raven Press.Google Scholar
Wise, R.A. and Chinerman, J. (1974). Effects of diazepam and phenobarbital on electrically-induced amygdaloid seizures and seizure development. Experimental Neurology, 45, 355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zarrow, M.S., Pawlowski, A.A. and Denenberg, V.H. (1962). Electroshock convulsion threshold in rats after alcohol consumption. American Journal Physiology, 203, 197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed