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Marriage and Kinship at Gortyn
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2013
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Much valuable work on the Gortyn Code, which will be my chief source of evidence for this paper, was done in the 80's and 90's of last century, under the stimulus of the discovery of the complete inscription in the summer of 1884. The most extensive contributions were made by continental scholars, but one article appeared in the Journal of Hellenic Studies for 1892 which remains an essential guide in the exploration of the procedural technicalities of the Code. It was written by J. W. Headlam, who prefaced his study with some remarks which made his standpoint of interpretation quite clear:
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References
page 50 note 1 By F. Halbherr. Fragments had been discovered by Thenon in 1857 and Haussoullier in 1879.
page 50 note 2 See the bibliography in Inscr. Cret. 4, pp. 146–7Google Scholar.
page 50 note 3 Headlam, J. W., ‘The Procedure of the Gortynian Inscription’, JHS XIII (1892), 48Google Scholar.
page 51 note 1 Hylleis at Lato, : Inscr. Cret. I. XVI. 26, 32Google Scholar (2nd c. B.C.); cf., for Kydonia, Hsch. s.v. 
; Dymanes at Lyttos, Hierapytna, Gortyna: ibid. XVIII. 8 (249 B.C.), ibid. 3. III. 9 (2nd c. B.C.) and v. 1 (late 2nd or early 1st c. B.C.), ibid. 4. 165 (3rd c. B.C.), 182 and 197 (2nd c. B.C.); Pamphyloi at Knossos, Olous (?), Hierapytna: ibid. 1. VIII. 14 and XXII. 8, ibid. 3. v. 1.
page 51 note 2 Evidence cited in my Aristocratic Society in Ancient Crete, pp. 254–5. Cf. the Dorians of Argolis who, although organized in the three usual tribes, had another tribe, the Hyrnatheis, based on the conquered people: IG. 4. 517, St. B. s.v. 
; SIG 594, n. 4.
page 51 note 3 Evidence cited ibid. pp. 254 f., n. 1.
page 51 note 4 Od. 19. 175–7.
page 51 note 5 On the evidence for tribal divisions of land and for the survival of forms of common ownership into Roman times see Inscr. Cret. 3. III. 4. 18–21 and Guarducci ad loc.; Willetts, op. cit. pp. 28, 220–1; Rostovtzeff, , The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, p. 274Google Scholar.
page 51 note 6 Leg. Gort. II. 11–15, VII. 10–15; Callistr, . ap. Ath. 6. 263E–FGoogle Scholar; Gernet, , Rev. Ét. Gr. XXIX, 397Google Scholar, Droit et Société dans la Grèce ancienne, p. 58.
page 51 note 7 As the name implies, they were excluded from membership of a 
and consequently from the citizenship. Apart from the Code, we know the word from Poll. 3. 58.
page 52 note 1 Leg. Gort. VII–VIII.
page 52 note 2 On the at Gortyn see Bücheler–Zitelmann, , Das Recht von Gortyn, p. 55Google Scholar; Inscr. Jur. Gr. I, p. 411Google Scholar; Willetts, op. cit. pp. 22–7 et passim.
page 52 note 3 Ath. 4. 143 A–c; Arist., Pol. 1272aGoogle Scholar; Inscr. Jur. Gr. I, p. 411Google Scholar; Jeanmaire, , Couroi et Courètes, p. 423Google Scholar.
page 52 note 4 Pol. 1272a. Cf. Hsch. 
.
page 52 note 5 Cf. 
, etc.; Hom. 
and the relation of Cret. 
to Hom. 
; earlier Gort. 
= later 
(cf. Inscr. Cret. 4. 80. 4 with ibid. 293. 9, 300 A 6, 309. 3); Arist., Pol. 1272aGoogle Scholar: 
; Hsch. 
.
page 52 note 6 Str. 10. 482–4, cf. Ath. 4. 143, Nic. Dam. fr. 115, Heraclid. Pont. 3. 4.; Nilsson, , ‘Die Grundlagen des spartanischen Lebens’, in Klio XIIGoogle Scholar; Willetts, op. cit. pp. 7–17.
page 52 note 7 Leg. Gort. IV. 24 ffGoogle Scholar.
page 52 note 8 ibid. 33–5: 
. This difficult phrase has been variously interpreted (see my discussion in Klio XXXIX (1961), 45–7Google Scholar).
page 53 note 1 Leg. Gort. v. 9 ffGoogle Scholar.
page 53 note 2 ibid. 22 ff.: 
. This odd formulation, apparently meaning ‘And if there be none of these, they are to take it up, to whom it may fall as source of the property’ (cf. Blass, , GDI 4991Google Scholarad loc.: ‘“irgendwoher”, von irgend welchem gemeinsamen Stammvater her’), is at least partly explained by the next provision: 
. Cf. n. 4 below. For 
seems to be synonymous with 
, regarded as possessing an ultimate right of inheritance which they can assume in the given conditions. Buck, notes (The Greek Dialects, p. 358)Google Scholar that 
is a short expression for 
.
page 53 note 3 Cf. Hdt. 4. 115; Luke 15. 12.
page 53 note 4 Leg. Gort. v. 26–8Google Scholar: 
. Willetts, op. cit. p. 10, n. 2.
page 53 note 5 Inscr. Cret. 3. III. 4. 15: 
.
page 54 note 1 Str. 10. 482; cf. Nilsson, op. cit. passim; Diller, in AJA LXII (1941), 499–501Google Scholar; Thomson, , Aeschylus and Athens2, p. 106Google Scholar.
page 54 note 2 Discussed in detail in my Cretan Cults and Festivals. Cf., generally, Pl. R. Bk. v.
page 54 note 3 See Appendix. Cf. my argument as presented to the First International Cretological Congress (1961): see the Proceedings in 
, I (1961–2), 241 ff.
page 54 note 4 
.
page 54 note 5 Antipho, 6. 12; Isoc. 10. 43; Ar. Th. 210.
page 54 note 6 Ar. Th. 74; D. 19. 118, etc.
page 54 note 7 E. Hec. 834; And. 1. 50; Lys. 13. 1; Is. 6. 27; D. 30. 12; Timae. 84.
page 54 note 8 Leg. Gort. VIII. 40–2Google Scholar.
page 54 note 9 ibid. 51–3. The arrangement was subsequently modified. See my discussion of Leg. Gort. XII. 6–17Google Scholar in Aristocratic Society in Ancient Crete, pp. 78–80.
page 55 note 1 See the full account in Thomson, , Studies in Ancient Greek Society, I3, ch. 2Google Scholar.
page 55 note 2 Their principal concern was to reduce the role of women in the funeral ceremonies: Inscr. Jur. Gr. 1. 12. In addition to the two pieces of legislation mentioned here, there is one other, brief but complete, which is even earlier: Inscr. Cret. 4. 22 (mid 7th–end of 6th c. B.C.).
page 56 note 1 
, Inscr. Cret. 4. 76B 4 ff., Guarducci ad loc.
page 56 note 2 Ancient Society, p. 84; cf. p. 95.
page 56 note 3 Totemism and Exogamy, III, pp. 307 and 316, cfGoogle Scholar. ibid. 17 and 275.
page 56 note 4 I am indebted to Professor Daryll Forde and Dr James Woodburn for advice concerning this literature.
page 56 note 5 Vol. I, pp. 89–90. Cf. ibid. pp. 33, 106, 125, 152, 185, 220, especially concerning the role of the nephew. My thanks are due to Mr K. Kailasapathy for drawing my attention to these passages.
page 57 note 1 AP. 7. 712.
page 57 note 2 In an article to appear in Kadmos. Cf. the excellent discussion by Gernet, , Observations sur la loi de Gortyne, in Rev. Ét. Gr. XXIX, 383 ffGoogle Scholar. and in Droit et Société dans la Grèce ancienne, pp. 51 ff.
page 57 note 3 J. W. Headlam, op. cit. p. 59.
page 57 note 4 Gernet, , Droit et Société, p. 53Google Scholar.
page 58 note 1 Gernet, , Droit et Société, pp. 54 ffGoogle Scholar. Cf., for the importance of the house, Leg. Gort. IV. 14–17Google Scholar.
page 58 note 2 Leg. Gort. VII. 15–IX. 24Google Scholar; XII. 6–19.
page 58 note 3 Ibid. VII. 35–40.
page 59 note 1 ibid. XII. 17.
page 59 note 2 ibid. VII. 15–27.
page 59 note 3 Cf. Pl. Lg. 924 E.
page 60 note 1 Inscr. Cret. 4. 20, 21 (7th–6th c. B.C.); Leg. Gort. X. 34–XI. 23Google Scholar.
page 60 note 1 See my Aristocratic Society in Ancient Crete, pp. 65 f.
page 60 note 3 I am grateful for a number of suggestive points made in discussion of this paper by members of the Society.