Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-rnpqb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-28T19:41:15.703Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Esoteric Policy Debate: Nuclear Safety Issues in the Soviet Union and German Democratic Republic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2009

Extract

At a time when the nuclear power industry in many Western countries faces political and economic obstacles to expansion, commitment to assertive development of nuclear power continues to intensify in the Soviet Union, as well as in most East European countries. Although in 1980 nuclear power provided only about 5·1 per cent of electrical generating capacity in the Soviet Union, the 11th Five Year Plan (1981–85) projected an increase to 14 per cent, or to approximately 38,000 MW (megawatts) of installed capacity. Although longer-run projections are less definite, it appears that by 1990 authorities hope to achieve between 80,000 and 90,000 MW of nuclear generating capacity. A similar commitment to nuclear power exists in most CMEA countries, particularly in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). As of 31 December 1982, the GDR's 1,830 MW of nuclear generating capacity was the highest in Eastern Europe (outside the Soviet Union), although Bulgaria has overtaken the GDR in terms of proportion of electrical capacity provided by nuclear power (16 per cent for Bulgaria and 11 per cent for the GDR in 1980). According to projections, Czechoslovakia should increase its nuclear capacity from 880 MW in 1980 to between 3,100 and 3,600 MW by 1985, while the GDR plans to raise its capacity to 2,270 MW.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), Technology and Soviet Energy Availability (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1982), p. 113.Google Scholar

2 Hempel, G. M., ‘Zur weiteren Vertiefung der Integration der Mitgliedsländer der RGW und der SFRJ’, Kernenergie (KE), (XXVI 1983), p. 52Google Scholar; and OTA, Technology and Soviet Energy Availability, p. 120.Google Scholar

3 OTA, Technology and Soviet Energy Availability, pp. 120–1Google Scholar; and Neporozhnii, P., Pravda, 4 06 1981, p. 2.Google Scholar

4 Hempel, , ‘Zur weiteren Vertiefung’, p. 52Google Scholar; and ‘World List of Nuclear Power Plants’, Nuclear News, 26, no. 2 (02 1983), pp. 73, 75.Google ScholarNeues Deutschland gives a figure of 11 per cent for the GDR in 1980 (14–15 February 1981, p. 12).

5 Hempel, , ‘Zur weiteren Vertiefung’, p. 52Google Scholar; ‘World List’, p. 75Google Scholar; and Neues Deutschland, 181904 1981, p. 4.Google Scholar GDR plans, however, remain somewhat unclear.

6 OTA, Technology and Soviet Energy Availability, pp. 119–41, 295–9.Google Scholar

7 E.g. Duffy, Gloria, Soviet Nuclear Energy: Domestic and International Policies, prepared for the US Department of Energy (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 1979), pp. 2930Google Scholar; and Gruhn, Werner, Umweltpolitische Aspekte der DDR-Energiepolitik (Erlangen: Institut für Gesellschaft und Wissenschaft, 1982), especially pp. 121–9.Google Scholar

8 E.g. Radio Liberty Research (RLR), no. 282/81 (17 07 1981), pp. 14Google Scholar; and no. 379/79 (19 December 1979), pp. 1–2; Wensierski, Peter, ‘Nach Alternativen wird gesucht’, in Beton ist Beton: Zivilisationskritik aus der DDR, edited by Wensierski, Peter and Büscher, Wolfgang (Hattingen: Edition Transit, 1981), pp. 21–4Google Scholar; and Büscher, Wolfgang and Wensierski, Peter, Null Bock auf DDR: Aussteigerjugend im anderen Deutschland (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1984), pp. 50–3.Google Scholar

9 ‘Stroiki atomnoi energetiki’, Pravda, 26 02 1982, p. 1Google Scholar; and Gukasov, G., Izvestiia, 7 08 1981, p. 2.Google Scholar

10 See Medvedev, Zhores, Nuclear Disaster in the Urals (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979).Google Scholar

11 Pool, Ithiel de Sola, ‘Communication in Totalitarian Societies’, in de Sola Pool, Ithiel et al. , eds, Handbook of Communications (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973), pp. 474–5.Google Scholar

12 Griffiths, Franklyn, ‘A Tendency Analysis of Soviet Policy-Making’, in Skilling, H. Gordon and Griffiths, Franklyn, eds, Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 335–77.Google Scholar

13 See Griffith, William E., ‘Communist Esoteric Communications: Explication de texte’Google Scholar, in de Sola Pool, et al. , eds, Handbook of Communications, pp. 511–20.Google Scholar

14 Dollezhal, N. A.' and Koriakin, Iu. I., ‘Iadernaia elektroenergiia: dostizhenie i problemy’, Kommunist, no. 14 (09 1979), 1928.Google Scholar

15 ‘In the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee’, Pravda, 16 07 1983, p. 1Google Scholar, translated in Current Digest of the Soviet Press (CDSP), xxxv, no. 28, p. 16.Google Scholar

16 Kruikov, M., Pravda, 15 09 1983, p. 2Google Scholar; ‘Povyshat' otvetstvennost'’, Pravda, 20 07 1983, p. 2Google Scholar; and Odinets, M., Pravda, 19 08 1983, p. 3.Google Scholar

17 Brezhnev, L. I., ‘Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 26th Party Congress’, Pravda, 24 02 1981Google Scholar, translated in Current Soviet Policies, VIII, p. 17Google Scholar; Tikhonov, also in Current Soviet Policies, VIII, p. 43Google Scholar; and Neporozhnii, , Pravda, 4 06 1981, p. 2.Google Scholar For a recent analysis of Soviet energy policy see Gustafson, Thane, ‘Soviet Energy Policy: From Big Coal to Big Gas’, in Gustafson, Thane and Bialer, Seweryn, eds, Russia at the Crossroads: The 26th Congress of the CPSU (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982), pp. 121–39.Google Scholar

18 See Kelly, William J., Shaffer, Hugh L. and Thompson, J. Kenneth, ‘The Economics of Nuclear Power in the Soviet Union’, Soviet Studies, XXXIV (1982), 4368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

19 Neporozhnii, , Pravda, 4 06 1981, p. 2Google Scholar; and Aleksandrov, , Izvestiia, 21 02 1981, p. 2.Google Scholar

20 Aleksandrov, A. P. and Dollezhal, N. A.', ‘Development of Uranium-Graphite Channel Reactors in the USSR’, Soviet Atomic Energy (SAE), XLIII (1977), 985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21 E.g. Dollezhal, and Koriakin, , ‘Iadernaia elektroenergiia’, p. 21.Google Scholar

22 See Petros'iants, A. M. et al. , ‘The Leningrad Nuclear Power Station and the Outlook for Channel Type BWRs’, SAE, XXXI (1971), 1086–7Google Scholar; and Aleksandrov, and Dollezhal, ', ‘Development of Channel Reactors’, pp. 985–7.Google Scholar

23 Kelly, , Shaffer, and Thompson, , ‘The Economics of Nuclear Power in the Soviet Union’, p. 49.Google Scholar

24 Kelly, , Shaffer, and Thompson, , ‘The Economics of Nuclear Power in the Soviet Union' pp. 57, 64Google Scholar; and Aleksandrov, and Dollezhal, ’, ‘Development of Channel Reactors’, p. 991.Google Scholar

25 For a list of operating and planned reactors see Philip R. Pryde, Chapter 6, in Dienes, Leslie and Shabad, Theodore. eds, The Soviet Energy System (Washington, D.C.: V. H. Winston, 1979), pp. 151–8Google Scholar; and Kelly, , Shaffer, and Thompson, , ‘The Economics of Nuclear Power in the Soviet Union’, pp. 45–7.Google Scholar

26 Campbell, Robert W., Soviet Energy Technologies: Planning, Policy, Research, and Development (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980). pp. 7984.Google Scholar

27 Kovylianskii, Ia. A. and Svichar, A. Iu., ‘Centralized Heat Supply With Use of Nuclear Heat Sources’, Thermal Engineering (TE), XXVIII (1981), p. 132.Google Scholar

28 Pryde, , in Dienes, and Shabad, . The Soviet Energy System, pp. 153, 165Google Scholar; Pozdniakov, L., Ekonomicheskaia gazeta, no. 47 (11 1979)Google Scholar, condensed in Current Digest of the Soviet Press (CDSP), XXXI, no. 46, pp. 1314Google Scholar; Piskunov, M., Izvestiia, 11 12 1979, p. 1Google Scholar, condensed in CDSP, XXXI, no. 50, p. 26Google Scholar; Nuclear Engineering International. 09 1981, pp. 26–9Google Scholar; and Lützow, K., ‘Nukleare Wärmeversorgung’, KE, xxv (1982), 148–54.Google Scholar

29 Neporozhnii, , Pravda, 4 06 1981, p. 2Google Scholar; Emel'ianov, I. Ia. and Cherniaev, V. A., ‘Development of the Nuclear Power Industry in the USSR’, TE, XXIX (1982), 2Google Scholar; and Kovylianskii, and Svichar, , ‘Centralized Heat Supply With Use of Nuclear Heat Sources’, p. 134.Google Scholar

30 See Kuznetsov, Iu. A., Kats, V. L. and Strigo, P. P. (Gorki), ‘Projektslösungen und Sicherheitsprobleme von Kernheizwerken’, KE, XXII (1979), 376–9Google Scholar; and Skvortsov, S. A. and Sidorenko, V. A., ‘Nuclear Heat Supply’, SAE, XLVIII (1980), 223–6.Google Scholar

31 Kovylianskii, and Svichar, , ‘Centralized Heat Supply With Use of Nuclear Heat Sources’, p. 2.Google Scholar

32 Emel'ianov, and Cherniaev, , ‘Development of Nuclear Industry’, p. 2.Google Scholar

33 See Dollezhal, N. A.' and Koriakin, Iu. I., ‘High Temperature Reactors’, SAE, XL (1976), 157–8Google Scholar; Emel'ianov, and Cherniaev, , p. 4Google Scholar; and Lomako, P. (Ministry of Non-ferrous Metallurgy), ‘Nasushchnye potrebnosti promyshlennoi energetiki’, Kommunist, no. 18 (12 1980), p. 46.Google Scholar

34 Pravda, 5 03 1981Google Scholar, translated in Current Soviet Policies, VIII, p. 103.Google Scholar

35 See Neues Deutschland, 24–5 01 1981, p. 3Google Scholar; Gesamtdeutsches Institut, Die Rohstoffwirtschaft der DDR (Bonn, 02 1980), pp. 812Google Scholar; and, on environmental effects, Buck, Hannsjörg F. and Spindler, Bernd, ‘Luftbelastung in der DDR durch Schadstoffemissionen’, Deutschland Archiv, xv (1982), 948–50Google Scholar; and Gruhn, , Umweltpolitische Aspekte, pp. 8896.Google Scholar

36 Popov, E. and Tosurian, S., Izvestiia, 7 10 1981, p. 5.Google Scholar

37 Neues Deutschland, 24–5 01 1981, p. 3.Google Scholar

38 Haendcke-Hoppe, Maria, ‘DDR-Aussenhandel im Zeichen schrumpfender Westimporte’, Deutschland Archiv, XVI (1983), 1069–70Google Scholar; Haendcke-Hoppe, Maria, ‘DDR-Aussenhandel unter neuen Vorzeichnen’, Deutschland Archiv, XVI (1983), 381–5Google Scholar; and Park, Daniel, Oil and Gas in Comecon Countries (London: Kogan Park; New York: Nichols, 1979), pp. 168, 172–3, 186–7.Google Scholar

39 Stern, Jonathan P., Soviet Natural Gas Development to 1990 (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1980), pp. 5961, 77–8, 83–4Google Scholar; Statistisches Jahrbuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 1982 (Berlin: Staatsverlag der DDR, 1982), p. 245Google Scholar; OTA, Technology and Soviet Energy Availability, pp. 300, 304–6Google Scholar; and Park, , Oil and Gas in Comecon Countries, p. 172.Google Scholar

40 See Bethkenhagen, Jochen, ‘The Development of GDR Economic Relations with the USSR’, in Schulz, Eberhard et al. , eds, GDR Foreign Policy (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1982), pp. 245–8, 254–5.Google Scholar

41 Mitzinger, Wolfgang, ‘Gegenwärtiger Stand und weitere Entwicklung der Energiewirtschaft der DDR’, Energietechnik, XXXI (1981), 166Google Scholar; Bathe, J. and Hedrich, P., ‘Die bisherige Entwicklung von Methoden zur langfristigen Planung’, KE, XXIII (1980), 346Google Scholar; Gerisch, G. et al. , ‘Die planmässige Entwicklung des Energiebedarfs’, KE, XXIV (1981), 97Google Scholar; and Neues Deutschland, 171801 1981, p. 1.Google Scholar

42 Wolter, Bärbel, ‘Kernenergie-Anlagenbau der ČSSR’, Urania, no. 5 (1980), p. 29.Google Scholar

43 E.g. Gerisch, et al. , ‘Die Planmässige Entwicklung des Energiebedarfs’, p. 97Google Scholar; and Mitzinger, , ‘Gegenwärtiger Stand’, p. 166.Google Scholar

44 Hermann, Dieter, Drepper, Eckhard and Ziegenbein, Dieter, ‘Strategische Aspekte der volkswirtschaftlichen Einordnung nuklearer Wärmequellen’, Energietechnik, XXXIII (1983), 84–5.Google Scholar

45 Mitzinger, , ‘Gegenwärtiger Stand’, p. 166.Google Scholar

46 Atomnaia Energiia is translated in full and published as Soviet Atomic Energy (SAE). Teploenergetika is likewise translated in full and published as Thermal Engineering (TE). Dates for SAE cited here are those of the original articles in Atomnaia Energiia.

47 E.g. Knizhnikov, V. A. and Barkhudarov, R. M., ‘A Comparative Evaluation of the Radiation Hazard to the Public’, SAE, XLIII (1977), 817–21.Google Scholar

48 See, e.g. Sidorenko, V. A. et al. , ‘Safety of VVER Reactors’, SAE, XLIII (1977), 1099–106Google Scholar; and Emel'ianov, I. Ia. et al. , ‘Safety of Power Plants with Boiling-Water Graphite Reactors’, SAE, XLIII (1977), 1107–14.Google Scholar

49 Babaev, N. S. et al. , ‘Ekologicheskie problemy atomnoi energetiki’, Priroda, no. 10 (1978), p. 13.Google Scholar I am grateful to RLR, no. 500/81 (15 12 1981), p. 2Google Scholar, for this insight.

50 Review of Blinkin, V. L. and Novikov, V. M., Liquid-Salt Nuclear Reactors in SAE, XLVII (1979), 6970.Google Scholar

51 Review by Koriakin, Iu. I. of Petros'iants, A. M., Problems of Nuclear Science and Technology in SAE, XLVI (1979), 495–6Google Scholar. Compare to his review of Petros'iants, ' earlier book in SAE, XLI (1976), 1, 107.Google Scholar

52 Gerzhmansky, B., ‘Ecological Problems in the Development of Nuclear Power’, SAE, IL (1980), 810–12.Google Scholar

53 Dollezhal, N. A.' and Melent'ev, L.Osnovy sistemnykh issledovanii v iadernoi energetike’, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, no. 11 (1976), pp. 57, 61.Google Scholar

54 Dollezhal, N.', Pravda, 7 08 1979, p. 3.Google Scholar

55 The following articles seem to support the feasibility of locating NHPSs near cities: Kovalevich, O. N., Isaev, A. N. and Pavlovskii, O. A., ‘Possible Criterion for Additional Safety Requirements’, SAE, LI (1981), 453–6Google Scholar; and Ermakov, G. V., ‘Scientific-Technical Problems in the Development of Nuclear Power Engineering in the USSR’, TE, XXVI (1979), 389Google Scholar. More cautious are Kochenov, A. S., ‘The Potentialities of Nuclear Power Engineering in Solving the Fuel Problems’, TE, XXIX (1982), 352Google Scholar; Sidorenko, V. A. and Kovalevich, O. M., ‘Safety Control of Atomic Energy Sources’, SAE, L (1981), 80–2Google Scholar; and Skvortsov, and Sidorenko, , ‘Nuclear Heat Supply’, pp. 223–6.Google Scholar

56 Emel'ianov, I. Ia. et al. , ‘Techno-Economic Aspects of the Realization of Centralized Heat Supply from Atomic Boiler Units’, SAE, XLVI (1979), 5.Google Scholar

57 Dollezhal, N. A. et al. ', ‘Nuclear Energy Complexes and the Economic and Ecological Problems of Nuclear Power Development’, SAE, XLIII (1977), 1,023.Google Scholar

58 Dollezhal, N.', ‘Nuclear Power and the Scientific-Technical Problems in its Development’, SAE, XLIV (1978), 230.Google Scholar

59 Dollezhal, ', ‘Nuclear Power and the Scientific-Technical Problems in its Development’, pp. 230–1.Google Scholar

60 Winkler, R., ‘Schutz des Betriebspersonals vor Strahlenbelastung’, KE, XXV (1982), 185–8Google Scholar; and Krüger, F. W., ‘Das Strahlenrisiko und seine Bewertung für Kernanlagen’, KE, XX (1977), 94–8.Google Scholar

61 See Mitzinger, W., ‘Die Entwicklung der Kernenergetik in der DDR’, KE, XXII (1979), 292.Google Scholar

62 Mitzinger, , ‘Gegenwärtiger Stand’, p. 166.Google Scholar

63 E.g. Kuznetsov, , Kats, and Strigo, , Motorin, A. V., ‘Einsatz von Kernreaktoren’, Energietechnik, XXX (1980), 201–3Google Scholar; and in a popular science magazine, the interview with Sidorenko, V. A., ‘Heizen mit Kernenergie’, Urania, no. 3 (1981), pp. 24–7Google Scholar, and no. 5 (1981), pp. 24–48.

64 Hermann, , Drepper, and Ziegenbein, , ‘Strategische Aspekte’, pp. 84–5.Google Scholar

65 Rockstroh, R., ‘Kernenergetik’, Wissenschaft und Fortschritt, XXVIII (1978), 180.Google Scholar

66 Sidorenko, , ‘Water-Cooled Reactors’, p. 985.Google Scholar

67 ‘First Soviet 1000 MWe PWR reaches design capacity’, Nuclear Engineering International, 09 1981, p. 26.Google Scholar

68 E.g. for such speculation see Barry, Donald D., ‘Political and Legal Aspects of the Development and Use of Nuclear Power in the USSR and Eastern Europe’, in Law and Economic Development in the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview, 1982), p. 166Google Scholar. See, however, Sidorenko, , ‘Water-Cooled Reactors’, p. 985Google Scholar; and Lewin, Joseph, ‘The Russian Approach to Nuclear Reactor Safety’, Nuclear Safety, XVIII (1977), 442Google Scholar. On safety aspects of the RBMK reactor see Emel'ianov, et al. , ‘Safety of Boiling-Water Graphite Reactors’, p. 1113.Google Scholar

69 Büscher, and Wensierski, , Null Bock auf DDR, p. 50.Google Scholar

70 On the safety of RBMKs in this regard see Emel'ianov, et al. , ‘Safety of Boiling-Water Graphite Reactors’, p. 1113.Google Scholar

71 Lewin, , ‘The Russian Approach to Nuclear Reactor Safety’, p. 443.Google Scholar

72 Sidorenko, V. A. et al. , ‘Basic Approaches to Nuclear Power Station Safety in the USSR’, SAE, XLIII (1977), 1011Google Scholar; Emel'ianov, et al. , ‘Safety of Boiling-Water Graphite Reactors’, pp. 1109–11Google Scholar; and Sidorenko, et al. , ‘Safety of VVER Reactors’, p. 1105.Google Scholar

73 Sidorenko, , ‘Safety of VVER Reactors’, p. 1100Google Scholar; Emel'ianov, et al. , ‘Safety of Boiling-Water Graphite Water Reactors’, p. 1111Google Scholar; and Sidorenko, et al. , ‘Basic Approaches to Nuclear Safety’, p. 1011.Google Scholar

74 Dollezhal, N.' and Koriakin, Iu., Pravda, 14 07 1976, p. 3.Google Scholar

75 Dollezhal, N.', Pravda, 7 08 1979, p. 3.Google Scholar

76 For a tribute to Dollezhal, ' see Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR: Energetika i transport, no. 5 (0910 1979), pp. 35Google Scholar; and Vestnik Akademii Nauk, no. 2 (1980), pp. 725–6.Google Scholar

77 Kapitsa, P. L., ‘Energiia i fiziki’, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, no. 1 (01 1976), pp. 40–1.Google Scholar

78 Kapitsa, P. L., ‘Energiia i fizika’, Priroda, no. 2 (1976), pp. 75–6.Google Scholar

79 Kapitsa, P. L., ‘Nauchnyi i sotsial'nyi podkhod k reshenii global'nykh problem’, Voprosy filosofii, no. 1 (1977), pp. 4660.Google Scholar

80 Aleksandrov, A., Izvestiia, 4 05 1976, p. 2.Google Scholar

81 Kapitsa, , ‘Nauchnyi i sotsial'nyi podkhod’, p. 54.Google Scholar

82 Kapitsa, , ‘Nauchnyi i sotsial'nyi podkhod’, p. 55.Google Scholar

83 Kapitsa, P., Pravda, 28 11 1981, p. 2.Google Scholar

84 Medunin, A. E., ‘Vliianie nauchno-tekhnicheskoi revoliutsii na prirodu zemli’, Voprosy filosofii, no. 3 (1969), pp. 31–2.Google Scholar

85 Golovin, I., ‘Progress nauki i budushchee chelovechestva’, Literaturnaia gazeta, 4 02 1970, p. 11.Google Scholar

86 Oldak, P. G., Sovremennoe proizvodstvo i okruzhaiushchaia sreda (Novosibirsk: Iz. Nauka, sibirskoe otdelenie, 1979), pp. 33–4Google Scholar; Zhukauskas, A., ‘Problemy energetiki,’ Kommunist Litvy (04 1982), p. 33Google Scholar; and Khachaturov, V. E., ‘Economic Problems of Ecology’, Voprosy ekonomiki, no. 6 (1978)Google Scholar, translated in Problems of Economics, XXII, no. 1 (05 1979), pp. 1314.Google Scholar

87 Reported by Zykov, M. B. et al. , ‘Problemy global'noi ekologii’, Voprosy filosofii, no. 1 (1981), pp. 165–6.Google Scholar

88 Kapitsa, P. L., ‘Energie und Physik’, Wissenschaft und Fortschritt, XXVII (1977), 444–9.Google Scholar

89 Burhop, E. H. S., ‘Die Kernenergie und ihre Perspektive’, Wissenschaft und Fortschritt, XXX (1980), 171.Google Scholar

90 Babaeve, N. S. et al. , ‘Problemy bezopasnosti na atomnykh elektrostantsiiakh’, Priroda, no. 6 (1980), pp. 3043.Google Scholar

91 See Izvestiia, 30 03 1979, p. 4Google Scholar; and 1 April 1979, p. 4. Also Pravda, 1 04 1979, p. 5Google Scholar; 2 April 1979, p. 5; and 3 April 1979, p. 5. Also Iatsev, Iurii, ‘Ostrov trimail: Chto zhe sluchilos'?’ Literaturnaia gazeta, 11 04 1979, p. 9.Google Scholar

92 Neues Deutschland, 2 04 1979, p. 7.Google Scholar

93 See, for example, Lange, Gert, ‘Der Mensch: Rudiment der Technik’, Forum, XXXV, no. 6 (1981), pp. 1112Google Scholar; ‘Postfach 43’, Forum, XXXV, no. 7 (1981), p. 3Google Scholar; and Alexander, Karl Friedrich, ‘Der Weg zum Fusionskraftwerk’, Urania, no. 5 (1980), p. 14.Google Scholar

94 E.g. Izvestiia, 7 08 1981, p. 2Google Scholar; and Bobykin, A., Izvestiia, 14 12 1979, p. 2.Google Scholar

95 For example, see RLR, no. 282/81 (17 07 1981), p. 1.Google Scholar

96 See DeBardeleben, Joan, ‘Political Legitimation in the USSR and GDR: Environmental Deterioration as a Case Study’Google Scholar, forthcoming in Soviet Union Soviétique.

97 Harich, Wolfgang, Kommunismus ohne Wachstum? Babeuf und der ‘Club of Rome’ (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1975)Google Scholar; Havemann, Robert, Morgen: Die Industriegesellschaft am Scheideweg (Munich: R. Piper, 1980)Google Scholar; and Bahro, Rudolf, The Alternative in Eastern Europe (London: Verso, 1981), pp. 262ff.Google Scholar

98 See Bahro, 's comments on nuclear power in Elemente einer neuen Politik (Berlin [West]: Olle & Wolter, 1980), pp. 51, 56, 198, 200.Google Scholar

99 On the peace and ecology movements see, e.g. Büscher, and Wensierski, , Null Bock auf DDR, chaps 3, 8 and 9Google Scholar. On the peace movement see also Ehring, Klaus and Dallwitz, Martin, Schwerter zu Pflugscharen: Friedensbewegung in der DDR (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1982).Google Scholar

100 On this subject see Büscher, and Wensierski, , Null Bock auf DDR, pp. 51–3.Google Scholar

101 Bachrach, Peter and Baratz, Morton S., ‘Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework’, American Political Science Review, LVII (1963), 632–42, p. 641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

102 Kelly, , Shaffer, and Thompson, , ‘The Economics of Nuclear Power in the Soviet Union’.Google Scholar

103 Hermann, , Drepper, and Ziegenbein, , ‘Strategische Aspekte’, p. 86.Google Scholar

104 E.g. Flach, G., ‘Energie – nur ein Ressourcenproblem?’, Wissenschaft und Fortschritt, XXVIII (1978), 78Google Scholar; Thomas, Horst, Neues Deutschland, 22 10 1980, p. 2Google Scholar; and Büttner, Ulrich, Neues Deutschland, 17 09 1980, p. 8.Google Scholar

105 Buck, and Spindler, , ‘Luftbelastung in der DDR’Google Scholar; Menge, Marlies, ‘Für Filter fehlen die Devisen’, Die Zeit, 25 03 1983, p. 21 (Canadian edition)Google Scholar; and Gruhn, , Umweltpolitische Aspekte, especially pp. 7381 and 8896.Google Scholar

106 On comparative pollution levels see Jänicke, Martin, ‘Umweltpolitik in Osteuropa’, in Horn, Hannelore, Schwann, Alexander and Weingartner, Thomas, eds, Sozialismus in Theorie und Praxis: Festschrift für Richard Löwenthal (Berlin [West]: de Gruyter, 1978), pp. 177–94Google Scholar. On public information see Büscher, and Wensierski, , Null Bock auf DDR, pp. 4850Google Scholar; and Komarov, Boris (pseud.), The Destruction of Nature in the Soviet Union (White Plains, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1980), Chaps. 2–4.Google Scholar

107 Stiftung, Friedrich-Ebert, Arbeitschutz und Arbeitssicherheit in beiden deutschen Staaten (Bonn: Verlag Neue Gesellschaft, 1979), p. 30Google Scholar. See also pp. 24–37. The authors of this study apparently accept the accuracy of official GDR statistics on occupational disease and accident levels.

108 Aleksandrov, , Izvestiia, 11 04 1979, p. 2Google Scholar; Aleksandrov, , Izvestiia, 4 05 1976, p. 2Google Scholar; and Flerov, G., ‘Mirnyi atom v stranakh sotsializma’, Kommunist, no. 12 (08 1979), p. 127.Google Scholar

109 E.g. Nevskii, V. P., Literaturnaia gazeta, 23 09 1981, p. 10Google Scholar; and Iatsev, , Literaturnaia gazeta, 11 04 1979, p. 9.Google Scholar

110 See Duffy, , Soviet Nuclear Energy.Google Scholar

111 Gruhn, , Umweltpolitische Aspekte, p. 100.Google Scholar