Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-m9pkr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T11:19:41.992Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrition Discussion Forum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

D. J. Millward  and
S. A. Bingham
D. J. Millward
Affiliation:
Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH
S. A. Bingham
Affiliation:
MRC Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2DH
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In work aimed at developing methodologies for validation of estimates of the dietary intake of free-living individuals, Bingham and colleagues have examined the use of urinary nitrogen (UN) excretion as an index of protein intake (Bingham & Cummings, 1985; Bingham, 1994; Bingham et al. 1995). The basis of this approach is that in subjects in N equilibrium, N intake is assumed equal to N excretion. Thus, if N excretion is measured it should indicate N and dietary protein intakes. In practice, since most N excretion occurs via the urine, which is relatively simple to collect, Bingham and colleagues examined the relationship between 24 h UN and N intake (DN). They argued that in subjects on typical UK diets UN should bear a fixed relationship to DN, and measured it carefully in a group of subjects. They showed that in a group of eight individuals in which intake and N excretion were measured meticulously, UN was 81% DN (SD 2, range 78–83%). They argued that measurement of this ratio could be used to assess the validity of food intake measurement and concluded ‘In healthy individuals eating normal western diets, 24 h urine N from an 8 day collection verified for its completeness by the PABA check method, should establish urine N to within 81(SD 5)% of the habitual dietary intake, range 70–90%. If the dietary assessment from 18 days of records or 24 h recalls or the diet history falls within these limits, it can be stated that there is no evidence of interference with normal dietary habits, or of reporting errors….’ (Bingham & Cummings, 1985).

Type
Nutrition Discussion Forum
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 77 , Issue 1 , January 1997 , pp. 141 - 148
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1997

References

REFERENCES

Bingham, S. A. (1994). The use of 24-h urine samples and energy expenditure to validate dietary assessments. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 227S–231S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S. A., Cassidy, A., Cole, T. I, Welch, A., Runswick, S. A., Black, A. E., Thurnham, D., Bates, C., Khaw, K. T., Key, T. J. A. & Day, N. E. (1995). Validation of weighed records and other methods of dietary assessment using the 24 h urine nitrogen technique and other biological markers. British Journal of Nutrition 73, 531–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S. A. & Cummings, J. H. (1985). Urine nitrogen as a independent validatory measure of dietary intake: a study of nitrogen balance in individuals consuming their normal diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 1276–1289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, A. E., Welch, A., Johansson, G. & Bingham, S. A. (1997). Double validation of dietary intakes against 24 h urinary nitrogen and energy expenditure by doubly-labelled water in men and women. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (In the Press).Google Scholar
FAO/WHO (1991). Protein quality evaluation. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper no. 51. Geneva: FAO.Google Scholar
FAO/WHO/UNU (1985). Energy and protein requirements. Report of a joint expert consultation. WHO Technical Report Series no. 724. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H. & Wiseman, M. (1990). The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. London: H. M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Hegsted, D. M. (1976). Balance studies. Journal of Nutrition 106, 307–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, A. A. & Margetts, B. M. (1993). Protein intakes in the adult population in the UK. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 44, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millward, D. J., Jackson, A. A., Price, G. & Rivers, J. P. W. (1989). Human amino acid and protein requirements: current dilemmas and uncertainties. Nutrition Research Reviews 2, 109–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

REFERENCES

Anggard, E. (1994). Nitric oxide: mediator, murderer and medicine. Lancet 343, 1199–1206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S. (1983). The use of urinary metabolites as an independent marker for the assessment of dietary protein intake in individuals. PhD Thesis, London University.Google Scholar
Bingham, S., Cassidy, A., Cole, T., Welch, A., Runswick, S., Black, A. E., Thurnham, D., Bates, C., Khaw, K. T. & Day, N. E. (1995). Validation of weighed records and other methods of dietary assessment using the 24 h urine nitrogen technique and other biological markers. British Journal of Nutrition 73, 531–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S. & Cummings, J. H. (1983). 4-amino benzoic acid as a marker for the assessment of completeness of 24 hour urine collections. Clinical Science 64, 629–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bingham, S. & Cummings, J. H. (1985). The use of urine nitrogen as an independent validatory measure of protein intake: a study of nitrogen balance in individuals consuming their normal diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 1276–1289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S. & Day, N. E. (1996). The use of biomarkers to validate dietary assessment and the effect of energy adjustment. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (In the Press).Google Scholar
Bingham, S., Gill, C., Welch, A., Day, K., Cassidy, A., Khaw, K. T., Snayd, M. J., Key, T. J. A., Roe, L. & Day, N. E. (1994). Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology:weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food frequency questionnaires and estimated diet records. British Journal of Nutrition 72, 619–642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S., Pignatelli, B., Pollock, J., Ellul, A., Mallaveille, C., Gross, G., Runswick, S., Cummings, J. H. & O'Neill, I. K. (1996). Does increased formation of endogenous N nitroso compounds in the human colon explain the association between red meat and colon cancer? Carcinogenesis 17, 515–523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calloway, D. H., Odell, A. C. F. & Margen, S. (1971). Sweat and miscellaneous nitrogen losses in human balance studies. Journal of Nutrition 101, 775–786.Google ScholarPubMed
Costa, G., Ullrich, L., Kantor, F. & Holland, J. F. (1968). Production of elemental nitrogen by certain mammals including man. Nature 281, 546–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, J. H., Bingham, S. A., Heaton, K. W. & Eastwood, M. A. (1992). Quantitative estimates of bowel habit, bowel disease risk and the role of diet. Gastroenterology 103, 1783–1789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, J. H., Hill, M. J., Bone, E. S., Branch, W. J. & Jenkins, D. J. A. (1979). The effect of meat protein and dietary fibre on colonic function and metabolism. II. Bacterial metabolism in faeces. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32, 2094–2101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, G. B. (1973). Another source of error in the metabolic balance method. Nutrition Reviews 31, 297–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isaksson, B. (1980). Urinary nitrogen as a validity test in dietary surveys. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 4–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, A. A. & Margetts, B. M. (1993). Protein intakes in the adult population of the UK. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 44, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegsted, D. M. (1976). Balance studies. Journal of Nutrition 106, 307–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurzer, M. S. & Calloway, D. H. (1981). Nitrate and nitrogen metabolism in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 1305–1313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacFarlane, G. & Cummings, J. H. (1991). The colonic flora, fermentation, and large bowel digestive function. In The Large Intestine: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Disease, pp. 51–92 [Phillips, S., Pemberton, J. H. and Shorter, R. G., editors]. New York: Raven.Google Scholar
Rowland, I. R., Granli, T., Bockman, O. C., Key, P. E. & Massey, R. C. (1991). Endogenous N nitrosation in man assessed by measurement of apparent total N nitroso compounds in faeces. Carcinogenesis 12, 1359–1401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silvester, K. R. & Cummings, J. H. (1995). Does digestibility of meat protein help explain large bowel cancer risk? Nutrition and Cancer 24, 279–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephen, A. M. (1980). Dietary fibre and human colonic function. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stephen, A. M. & Cummings, J. H. (1979). The influence of dietary fibre on faecal nitrogen excretion in man. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 38, 141A.Google ScholarPubMed
Wallace, W. M. (1959). Nitrogen content of the body and its relation to retention and loss of nitrogen. Federation Proceedings 18, 1125–1130.Google ScholarPubMed