Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-02T15:40:51.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A model to predict water intake of a pig growing in a known environment on a known diet

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Stefano Schiavon  and
G. C. Emmans
Stefano Schiavon*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Padua, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
G. C. Emmans
Affiliation:
Animal Biology Department, SAC, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QE, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Stefano Schiavon, fax +39 49 8272633, email sschiavo@agripolis.unipd.it
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A model to predict voluntary water intake (WI) of a pig fed a known diet in a known environment is described. The daily retentions of protein, lipid, water and ash were estimated over time using a published pig growth model. Food intakes were estimated using published methods. WI was estimated by adding the amounts required for digestion (WD), faecal excretion (Wfec), growth (WG), evaporation (WE), urinary excretion (WU) and by then subtracting the water arising from feed (WF), from nutrient oxidation (WO) and synthesis of body constituents (WS). WD was predicted assuming an absorption of water of 0·10, 0·16 and 0·07 kg/kg digestible carbohydrate, crude protein and lipid respectively. Wfec was estimated taking into account the water associated with the undigested protein (0·86 kg/kg), diethyl ether extract (-12·11 kg/kg), crude fibre (1·86 kg/kg), ash (-0·42 kg/kg) and N-free extract (4·4 kg/kg). The basal level of WE was estimated from the heat production of the pig fed ad libitum (MJ/d) as: 0·25×(metabolizable energy-energy retained as protein and lipid)×0·4, where 0·25 is the assumed proportion of the insensible heat loss at the comfort temperature and 0·4 is the water lost per MJ dissipated heat. WE in a hot environment was predicted by assuming that evaporation increased up to three times the basal level to offset the decreased sensible heat loss. To predict WU a water requirement for renal excretion of 2·05 and 3·40 kg/osmol excreted N as urea and minerals respectively was assumed. The urinary load of N and minerals was predicted from the intake of digestible nutrients and their retention. From the oxidation of 1 kg carbohydrate, protein, and fat it was assumed that 0·6, 0·42 and 1·07 kg water (WO) were released respectively. WS was predicted by assuming a release of 0·16, 0·07 and 0·57 kg water per kg retained protein, retained lipid coming from digestible lipid, and retained lipid coming from digestible carbohydrate respectively. The model is strongly rooted in a theoretical structure. When its predictions were compared with data from suitable experiments, the results were not significantly different. Both the pattern and the magnitude of responses of the model to changes in body weight, feed intake and environmental temperature are sensible and it allows a fuller prediction of voluntary water intake than the methods currently available.

Keywords

WaterMathematical modelPig
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 84 , Issue 6 , December 2000 , pp. 873 - 883
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2000

References

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990) Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed., Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Google Scholar
Appleby, MC & Lawrence, AB (1987) Food restriction as cause of stereotypic behaviour in tethered gilts. Animal Production 45, 103–110.Google Scholar
Agricultural Research Council (1981) The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs. Slough: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar
Aarnink, AJA, Van Ouwerkerk, ENJ & Verstegen, MWA (1992) A mathematical model for estimating the amount and composition of slurry from fattening pigs. Livestock Production Science 31, 133–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, JL (1995) The evolution of animal growth models. In Modelling Growth in the Pig, European Association for Animal Production publication 78, pp. 3–9 [Moughan, PJ, Verstegen, MWA and Visser Reyneveld, MI, editors]. Wageningen: EAAP.Google Scholar
Blaxter, KL (1989) Energy Metabolism in Animals and Man, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blaxter, KL, Graham, NC, Wainman, FW & Armstrong, DG (1959) Environmental temperature, energy metabolism and heat regulation in sheep. II. The partition of heat losses in closely clipped sheep. Journal of Agricultural Science 52, 25–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, PH & Carpenter, JL (1990) The water requirement of growing-finishing pigs theoretical and practical considerations. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 115–136 [Haresign, W and Cole, DJA, editors]. London: Butterworths.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Close, WH & Mount, LE (1978) The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. I Heat loss and critical temperature. British Journal of Nutrition 40, 413–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Close, WH, Mount, LE & Start, IB (1971) The influence of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat losses from groups of growing pigs. Animal Production 13, 285–294.Google Scholar
Cooper, PH & Tyler, C (1959a) Some effects of bran and cellulose on the water relationships in the digesta and faeces of pigs. The effects of including bran and two forms of cellulose in otherwise normal rations. Journal of Agricultural Science 52, 332–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, PH & Tyler, C (1959b) Some effects of bran and cellulose on the water relationships in the digesta and faeces of pigs. The effect of adding different levels of fibrous cellulose to a highly digestible purified ration. Journal of Agricultural Science 52, 340–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmans, GC (1988) Genetic components of potential and actual growth. In Animal Breeding Opportunities, Occasional Publication no. 12, pp. 153–181 [Land, RB, Bulfield, G and Hill, WG, editors]. Edinburgh: Britis Society of Animal Production.Google Scholar
Emmans, GC (1994) Effective energy: a concept of energy utilization applied across species. British Journal of Nutrition 71, 801–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmans, GC (1997) A method to predict the food intake of domestic animals from birth to maturity as a function of time. Journal of Theoretical Biology 186, 189–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmans, GC & Fisher, C (1986) Problems in nutritional theory. In Nutrient Requirements of Poultry and Nutritional Research, pp. 9–39 [Fisher, C and Bookman, KN, editors]. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Emmans, GC & Kyriazakis, I (1997) A general method for predicting the weight of water in the empty bodies of pigs. Animal Science 61, 103–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, FH, Kleeman, CR & Hendrinksx, A (1957a) The influence of bodily hydration on the renal concentrating process. Journal of Clinical Investigation 195, 629–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, FH, Kleeman, CR, Pursel, S & Hendrinksx, A (1957b) The effect of feeding protein and urea on the renal concentrating process. Journal of Clinical Investigation 195, 635–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, NS, Gous, RM & Emmans, GC (1994) Preferred components for the construction of a new simulation model of growth, feed intake and nutrient requirements of growing pigs. South African Journal of Animal Science 24, 10–17.Google Scholar
Fitzsimons, JT (1979) The Physiology of Thirst and Sodium Appetite. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Forsum, E, Eriksson, C, Goranzon, H & Sohlstrom, A (1990) Composition of faeces from human subjects consuming diets based on conventional foods containing different kinds and amounts of dietary fibre. British Journal of Nutrition 64, 171–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gamble, JL, Putnam, MC & McKhann, CF (1929) The optimal water requirement in renal function. American Journal of Physiology 88, 571–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamble, JL, McKhann, CF, Butler, AM & Tuthill, E (1934) An economy of water in renal function referable to urea. American Journal of Physiology 109, 139–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, H & Aman, P (1991) Nutritional aspects of dietary fibres. Animal Feed Science and Technology 32, 143–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hangsten, IB & Perry, TW (1976a) Evaluation of dietary salt levels for swine. I. Effect on gain, water consumption and efficiency of feed consumption. Journal of Animal Science 42, 1188–1190.Google Scholar
Hangsten, IB & Perry, TW (1976b) Evaluation of dietary salt levels for swine. II. Effect on blood and excretory patterns. Journal of Animal Science 42, 1191–1195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, CW & Mount, LE (1967) Heat loss from groups of pigs under various conditions of environmental temperature and air movement. Animal Production 9, 435–452.Google Scholar
Honeyfield, DC & Froseth, JA (1985) Effects of dietary sodium and chloride on growth, efficiency of feed utilization, plasma electrolytes and plasma basic amino acids in young pigs. Journal of Nutrition 115, 1366–1371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honeyfield, DC, Froseth, JA & Barke, RJ (1985) Dietary sodium chloride levels for growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 60, 691–698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houpt, TR & Anderson, CR (1990) Spontaneous drinking: is it stimulated by hypertonicity or hypovolemia?. American Journal of Physiology 258, 143–148.Google ScholarPubMed
Kemme-Kroonsberg, C (1993) Nutrition and Acid–Base Balance of Pigs: A Review. Rapport IVVO-DLO no. 243, Lelystad: Research Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition.Google Scholar
Klopfenstein, C, Bigras Poulin, M & Martineau, GP (1996) La truie potomane une realite physiologique (The polydypsic sow, a physiological reality). Journees de la Recherche Porcine en France 28, 319–324.Google Scholar
Knap, PW (1999) Simulation of growth in pigs: evaluation of a model to relate thermoregulation to body protein and lipid content and deposition. Animal Science 68, 655–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knap, PW (2000) Time trends of Gompertz growth parameters in “meat-type” pigs. Animal Science 70, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornegay, ET & Graber, G (1968) Effect of food intake and moisture content on weight gain, digestibility of diet constituents and N-retention of swine. Journal of Animal Science 27, 1591–1595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitat, M, Vandenheede, M, Desiron, A, Canart, B & Nicks, B (1999) Comparison of feeding behaviour and performance of weaned pigs given food in two types of dry feeders with integrated drinkers. Animal Science 68, 35–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levinsky, NG, Berliner, RW & Preston, AS (1959) The role of urea in the urine concentrating mechanism. Journal of Clinical Investigation 38, 741–747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahan, DC & Shields, RG (1998) Macro and micromineral composition of pigs from birth to 145 kg of body weight. Journal of Animal Science 76, 506–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, HH & Kelly, MAR (1938) Energy requirements of swine and estimates of heat production and gaseous exchange for use in planning the ventilation of hog houses. Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 811–829.Google Scholar
Morrison, SR & Mount, LE (1971) Adaptation of growing pigs to changes in environmental temperature. Animal Production 13, 51–57.Google Scholar
Mount, LE, Holmes, CW, Close, WH, Morrison, SR & Start, IB (1971) A note on the consumption of water by the growing pig at several environmental temperatures and levels of feeding. Animal Production 13, 561–563.Google Scholar
Mudd, AJ, Smith, WC & Armstrong, DG (1969) The retention of certain minerals in pigs from birth to 90 kg of live weight. Journal of Agricultural Science 73, 181–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (1988) Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1998) Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Patience, JF & Chaplin, RK (1997) The relationship among dietary undetermined anion, acid–base balance, and nutrient metabolism in swine. Journal of Animal Science 75, 2445–2452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertshaw, D (1981) The environmental physiology of animal production. In Environmental Aspects of Housing for Animal Production, pp. 3–17 [Clark, JA, editor]. London: Butterworths.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, JA & Eastwood, MA (1981) An examination of factors which may effect the water holding capacity of dietary fibre. British Journal of Nutrition 45, 83–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schinckel, AP (1999) Describing the pig. In A Quantitative Biology of the Pig [Kyriazakis, I, editor]. Wallingford: CAB INTERNATIONAL.Google Scholar
Schutte, BJ, De Jong, J, Polziehn, R & Verstegen, MWA (1991) Nutritional implications of D-xylose in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 66, 83–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schutte, BJ, De Jong, J & Van Weerden, EJ (1992) Nutritional implication of L-arabinose in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 68, 195–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seynaeve, M, De Wilde, R, Janssens, G & De Smet, B (1996) The influence of dietary salt level on water consumption, farrowing and reproductive performance of lactating sow. Journal of Animal Science 74, 1047–1055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, SP, Edwards, SA & Bland, VC (1999) The influence of drinker allocation and group size on the drinking behaviour, welfare and production of growing pigs. Animal Science 68, 617–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Es, AJH (1969) Report to the sub-committee on constant and factors: constant and factors regarding metabolic water. In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, European Association for Animal Production Publication no. 12, pp. 513–514. [Blaxter, KL, Kielanowski, J and Thorbek, G, editors]. Newcastle upon Tyne: Oriel Press Limited.Google Scholar
Verstegen, MWA, Close, WH, Start, IB & Mount, LE (1973) The effects of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat loss, energy retention and deposition of protein and fat in groups of growing pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 30, 21–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittemore, CT (1993) The Science and Practice of Pig Production. Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical.Google Scholar