^1. A Letter addressed to the Catholic Clergy of England, on the Appointment of Bishops. 2nd ed. (London, 1792), p. vi.Google Scholar

^2. John, Gother, Spiritual Works, 16-volume edition (London, 1718), Vol. 1. preface, p. A3.Google Scholar

^3. For a lively but unsympathetic account, see David, Matthew, Catholicism in England 1535-1935 (London, 1936), pp. 146–176.Google Scholar For a detailed survey of the period, and a more sympathetic picture, Bernard, Ward's Dawn of the Catholic Revival in England 1781-1803, 2 vols. (London, 1909),Google Scholar passim; and for Lord Petre's “repentance” see Dawn, Vol. 2, p. 246. For a modern “Cisalpine” account, see Maud Petre, The Ninth Lord Petre (London, 1928).

^4. Roger Strickland to the Duke of Mar, 26th October, 1718. Cal. Stuart MSS., 7, p. 440, cited by Mathew, op. cit., p. 130. See also Joseph Berington's State and Behaviour of the English Catholics from the Reformation to the year 1780, with a view of their present number, wealth, character, etc., in two parts (London, 1780), p. 83.

^5. Berington, op. cit., p. 134.

^6. Berington, Rights of Dissenters from the Established Church (1789), p. 9.

^7. Joseph Berington to Mrs. Bodenham, November 20th, 1785. The letter is among the Berington Papers, Worcester County Record Office. Charles, Butler, Reminiscences (3rd ed., 1822), p. 10.Google Scholar

^8. Gother, Spiritual Works, Vol. 11, p. 20.

^9. Simon Bordley to Bishop Matthew Gibson, Feast of St. Joseph, 1789. Ushaw College Archives 3/279c, cited in Hemphill's Early Vicars Apostolic, p. 94. WarmoH's remark is in a letter to R. Southworth, 7th March 1791, in Birmingham Archdiocesan Archives (hereafter B.A.A.), C.1037. (My italics.)

^10. John, Nichols, Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century. (8 vols., 1817-1858.) Vol. 1, pp. 327–30.Google Scholar William, Hayley, Life of Cow per. (3 vols., Chichester, 1803-4.) Vol. 2, p. 310.Google Scholar

^11. Letters of William Cowper (ed. 1904), Vol. 2, p. 206.Google Scholar Cowper to John Newton, May 10th, 1789.

^12. Alban Butler to William Cole, February 28th, 1766. British Museum Add. MSS. 5826/25b.

^13. See the Life of Alban Butler by Charles, Butler, in Philological and Biographical works of Charles Butler (1817 ed.), Vol. 3, p. 495.Google Scholar The “contemporary” was the Revd. John Dunn.

^14. Auguste Mann to Joseph Berington, August 13th, 1771. The letter is among the Throckmorton Papers, at Coughton Court (hereafter Throck. MSS.). For Berington's thesis and dismissal, see Archives of the Archbishop of Westminster (hereafter A.A.W.), Vol. 48 (Douay Papers), 82-87; and David, Mil-burn, A History of Ushaw College (Durham, 1964), pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

^15. Hayley, Life of Cowper, Vol. 1, pp. 200–1.Google Scholar Cowper to Lady Hesketh, June 4th-5th, 1786.

^16. John, Mason Good, Life of Alexander Geddes (London, 1803), p. 70.Google Scholar

^17. Berington to Joseph Priestley, October 20th, 1790. Printed in the preface to Priestley's Evidence of the Resurrection of Jesus considered (Birmingham, 1791), p. xiv.Google Scholar See also John, Milner, Supplementary Memoirs of the English Catholics (London, 1820), p. 45.Google Scholar

^18. Berington, State and Behaviour, pt. 2, p. 135.

^19. For Butler's friendship with Wilkes see British Museum Add. MSS., 30,872, f. 106. Alexander, Geddes, Carmen Saeculare, pro Gallica gente … A secular ode on the French Revolution (London, 1790);Google Scholar Carmen Saeculare Alterum (1792), and Good, op. cit., p. 317. John, Milner, Ecclesiastical Democracy Detected (London, 1793), p. 2, note.Google Scholar

^20. James Fordyce, D.D. (1720-96), A Sermon … on the Delusive and Persecuting Spirit of Popery (London, 1779), p. 35.Google Scholar Fordyce was minister at the Monkwell Street Presbyterian chapel in London, a preacher noted for his fine style, and a friend of Dr. Johnson.

^21. Fordyce, op. cit., p. 31.

^22. Joseph, Berington, A Letter to Dr. Fordyce in Answer to his Sermon on the Delusive and Persecuting Spirit of Popery (London, 1779), pp. 2, 5.Google Scholar

^23. Berington, op. cit., pp. 8, 34.

^24. Ibid., pp. 22, 29, 66.

^25. Ibid., pp. 43-4. For the closely related views of the Rational Dissenters, see Ursula, Henriques, Religious Toleration in England, 1787-1833 (London, 1961), pp. 32–53 et passim. Google Scholar

^26. Berington State and Behaviour, p. iii. It is this “minimising” objective which makes the State an unreliable source for estimates of the true size and health of the English Catholic community at the time.

^27. Ibid., pp. 57, 73, 133. And see the second edition (1781) p. 197, where Bering-ton urges Catholic parents to teach their children the “love of freedom” and urges them to “often run over the annals of that weak king, from whose bigotted and rash designs, our misfortunes are principally derived. Paint in glowing warmth the civil blessings of the Revolution; and inculcate sentiments of unshaken loyalty to the royal house of Hanover”.

^28. Ibid., pp. v, vi, ix, 112, 137, 173, etc.

^29. Ibid., pp. 17, 119, 152-154, etc.

^30. Ibid., pp. 161-3, 166-8, 176-178.

^31. B.A.A. C.817: Bishop Mathew Gibson to Bishop Thomas Talbot, January 30th, 1781.

^32. A.A.W. 47/54: Bishop William Gibson to Bishop Douglass, May 8th, 1797.

^33. John Carroll to Joseph Berington, draft, no date. Baltimore Cathedral Archives (hereafter Bait. Cath.) C.I. All references to letters at Baltimore are from photocopies kindly supplied by the Archivist, Rev. John J. Tierney.

^34. William Cole to Michael Lort, D.D., July 2nd, 1781. Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the 18th Century (9 vols. 1812-15), Vol. 1, p. 671.Google Scholar

^35. Critical Review: Old Series, Vol. 51 (1781), pp. 51, 55.Google Scholar

^36. Charles, Henry Wharton, A Letter to the Roman Catholics of the city of Worcester from the late Chaplain of that Society (London, 1784).Google Scholar

^37. Ibid., pp. 8, 10, 11.

^38. John, Carroll, Address to the Roman Catholics of the United States. (Annapolis, 1784).Google Scholar Carroll was a member of the suppressed Society of Jesus. He was appointed Prefect Apostolic of the American Church in 1784, but not consecrated Bishop till 1790, at Lulworth, by Bishop Walmesley. Despite his friendship with Charles Plowden, Berington's bitterest opponent, Carroll thought highly of Berington's writings. He was strongly Gallican, a trait perhaps deepened by his resentment of the papal suppression of the Jesuits. See Arthur O'Leary's Review of the important controversy between Dr. Carroll and the Revd. Messrs. Wharton and Hawkins (London, 1786), p. 62.Google Scholar

^39. William Pilling, O.F.M., A CAVEAT addressed to the Catholics of Worcester against the insinuating letter of Mr. Wharton (London, 1785).Google Scholar Pilling, a Franciscan, was educated at St. Bonaventure's, Douay, where he taught Philosophy contemporaneously with Berington. He was to emerge as a fierce critic of the Cisalpines, and wrote two pamphlets against the Committee's Oath in 1790.

^40. Monthly Review, Vol. 73 (July-December 1785), p. 476, 477.Google Scholar

^41. John Hawkins, An appeal to Scripture, Reason, and Tradition … with some strictures on a caveat … by W. Pilling (Worcester; no date, but 1785). Hawkins, an ex-Benedictine, had also published an attack on celibacy.

^42. Joseph, Berington, Reflections addressed to the Revd. John Hawkins (Birmingham, 1785).Google Scholar

^43. Ibid., pp. 19-21.

^44. Ibid., pp. 68-70.

^45. Charles, Plowden, Remarks on the writings of Joseph Berington, addressed to the Catholic clergy of England (London, 1792), p. 41.Google Scholar

^46. Berington, Reflections, pp. 8, 72, 74, 82.

^47. Ibid., pp. 74-5.

^48. Ibid., p. 22.

^49. B.A.A. C.905: Stonor to John Kirk, April 14th, 1787; John Foothead to Kirk, March 17th, 1787, B.A.A. C.901. (My italics.)

^50. Ushaw College, President's Archives (U.P.A.), C.5: Berington to Chadwick, July 29th, 1786.

^51. Stonor, letter cited (B.A.A. C.905); Charles, Plowden, op. cit., p. 29.Google Scholar

^52. Peter, Guilday, The Life and Times of John Carroll (New York, 1922), pp. 129–133.Google Scholar Guilday's account of the Carroll-Berington correspondence is wholly unreliable; he explains that sometime before 1787 Carroll had courageously praised Berington, though the latter was under the Episcopal censure of Bishop Douglass. But Berington was under no such censure until 1793, when he first entered Douglass's district. Nor did Berington make use of Carroll's letters in his “stand” against Douglass, as Guilday claims (p. 130). See my article “Dr. Douglass and Mr. Berington” in Downside Review, Vol. 88, No. 292, July 1970, pp. 246-269. Finally, Guilday dates the letter given in full on pp. 131-3 of his book as March 27th, 1788, when the correct dating is 1786, and his chronology of the correspondence is accordingly misleading. The correct dating can be established from the fact that the Bering-ton letter is mentioned by Carroll in a letter preserved in B.A.A. C.892 dated 1786, and more obviously from the original Berington letter in Baltimore, dated the same year.

^53. B.A.A. C.892: Carroll to Berington, Maryland, September 29th, 1786.

^54. Guilday, op. cit., p. 132.

^55. Berington History of the lives of Abeillard and Heloisa … with their genuine letters (Birmingham, 1787).

^56. Ibid., p. xxx.

^57. Ibid., pp. 304, 67.

^58. Reflections, p. 100.

^59. Abeillard, pp. 132-135.

^60. See my article “Dr. Douglass and Mr. Berington”, Downside Review, loc. cit.

^61. Berington, Abeillard, p. 157.

^62. Stonor to Kirk, B.A.A. C.905.

^63. Alexander, Geddes, A modest Apology for the Roman Catholics of Great Britain (London, 1800), pp. ii,Google Scholar 58, 80, 193, 211, 222, et passim.

^64. John Mason Good, op. cit., p. 81.

^65. Bernard, Ward, Dawn of the Catholic Revival in England, Vol. 1, pp. 96–98.Google Scholar