¹ Aristophanes, Birds. 870.

² Callimachus, Hymn to Delos. 249–255; Plato, Phaedo. 84E; Aelian, , De Natura Animalium. II.32Google Scholar; XIV.13; Eustathius, Iliad. I.206.

³ Callimachus, Loc. Cit.

⁴ Aelian, Op. cit. XI. 1.

⁵ FdD V (1908), p. 206. no. 689. Fig. 901. (Delphi) BCH 16 (1892), p. 364. PL.14.3. (Ptoion)

⁶ See Bevan, E. ‘The goddess Artemis, and the dedication of bears in sanctuaries’, BSA 82 (1987) 17–21, n. 1.Google Scholar

⁷ The bronze bird-figurines of the Late Geometric and Early Archaic periods so frequently dedicated in sanctuaries more often than not had long necks, bills or legs, and so have been interpreted by some scholars as water-birds (for example, Perdrizet, P. (FdD V (1908), p. 46Google Scholar; and Heilmeyer, W.D. (OlForsch XII. 931–7)).Google Scholar These features may simply have been a stylistic fashion, a generalized way in which many makers of bronze figurines, like contemporary vase-painters, saw birds. But there are clear exceptions to the common shape, in figurines which represent hawks or eagles, and cocks and hens; and I have therefore accepted that a large number of early figurines were intended by the makers to represent water-fowl. In later periods, species of birds are more clearly distinguishable. At the same time, insufficient description in the publication of birds has in some cases made it impossible to determine the species or type of bird discovered. For example, the report on the excavations at Kalapodi mentions over twenty Geometric bronze birds, but illustrates only three, which are classifiable as water-birds because of their appearance. It is probable but not ascertainable on the evidence so far published, that many, if not all of the others could be so designated (see AA 95 (1980), p. 57).

⁸ OlForsch XII, p. 185; nos. 931–7; OlForsch XIII, 1264; 1267; 1282–5; 1289.

⁹ FdD V.2. 46–98; 131–9; 142; 145–7; FdD V (1908), p. 46.

¹⁰ Carapanos, C.. Dodone et ses ruines. Paris, 1878, p. 38. Pl. 21.6Google Scholar; Ergon 1958, p. 95. Fig. 99; PAE 1958, p. 105 Pl. 83b.

¹¹ Furtwängler, A.. Beschreibung der Vasensammlung im Antiquarium. Berlin 1885, 758–60Google Scholar; 925–6. (For horses, Ibid.passim); Pernice, E.. ‘Die Korinthischen Pinakes im Antiquarium der Königlichen Museen’. JdI 12 (1897), pp. 41–48, nos. 92, 165, 169 and 170.Google Scholar (for horses, pp. 41–48 passim).

¹² See Bevan, Elinor. Representations of Animals in Sanctuaries of Artemis and of other Olympian deities. BAR S315 (1986).Google Scholar The evidence on which these, and all other details about animal-representations in sanctuaries discussed here, are based, is set down in Appendix 8. Bird-representations are listed in section 2 of the appendix (pp. 347–370); and horse-representations in section 12 (pp. 417–435).

¹³ Dawkins, R.M.. Artemis Orthia (Supplementary Volume 5 JHS) London 1929, p. 216. Pl.113.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Blinkenberg, C.S.. Lindos. Fouilles de L'Acropole 1902–1914. Vol. I. Les petits objects. Berlin 1931. 1243–5Google Scholar; 1841–53.

¹⁵ At Ephesos, only three representations of ducks' heads, in ivory, came to light, in comparison to over sixty hawks in various materials (Hogarth, D.G.. Excavations at Ephesus: The Archaic Artemision. London 1908, p. 165. Pl.25.7, 10, 11).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Bammer, A.. ‘Der Altar des jüngeren Artemisions von Ephesos’. AA 83 (1968), pp. 410–12.Google Scholar

¹⁷ An alternative claim has been made for Zeus Thaulios as patr on of the sanctuary; since an inscription to this deity was found in the vicinity, though not inside the temenos (Bequignon, Y., Recherches Archéologiques à Phères de Thessalie, Paris 1937, p. 66).Google Scholar But a stele inscribed to Enodia was also found (PAE 1924, p. 108). Enodia was a Thessalian goddess identified with Artemis and with Hekete, both of whom were given her name as a title (Kraus, T.. Hekate, Studien zu Wesen und Bild der Göttin in Kleinasien und Griechenland. Heidelberg 1960, pp. 77–8Google Scholar; ADelt 1(1915) Par, p. 56; Orphic Hymn to Hekate, 1; Artemidorus, Oneirocriticon. II.37; Cavvadias, P., Fouilles d'Epidaure, Vol. I. Athens 1891, p. 52, no. 87Google Scholar; p. 57, no. 126). Moreover, the final destruction of the temple, probably in the fourth century BC (Bequignon, Op. cit., p. 30) would explain why the ancient wooden cult-statue of Pheraian Artemis had been transported to Sikyon (or alternatively to Argos) by Pausanias' time (Pausanias. II. 10.6; II.23.5).

¹⁸ But it must be said that among the figurines of bronze and terracotta at Artemis Orthia and at Perachora, birds are out-numbered by horses.

¹⁹ ADelt 19(1964) B² p. 247.

²⁰ AA 95 (1980), p. 59. Fig. 31.

²¹ The excavators of the Kalapodi sanctuary believed that it may have belonged to Artemis Elaphebolia of Hyampolis (AAA 8 (1975), p. 24).Google Scholar No clear or complete inscriptions have been found on the site to confirm this identification (AA 95 (1980), pp. 41–42) but a liberation document which came to light at Valtetsi about one mile to the East, stipulates that the stele was to be placed in the sanctuary of Artemis Elaphebolia and Apollo (ADelt 2 (1916), pp. 263–268).Google Scholar Two adjacent temples of unequal size have been discovered on the site, which is consistent with the worship of two deities (BCH 104 (1980), pp. 625–7).

²² Theognis. Elegies. 5–10.

²³ Vallois, R.. ‘Topographie Délienne’. BCH 53 (1929), p. 222, note 1Google Scholar; Euripides. Iphigeneia in Tauris. 1103–5; Ion 160–170.

²⁴ Plutarch. Theseus. 21.

²⁵ Vallois. Op. cit., pp. 221–223. Two fragmentary marble geese were found beside the Letoon (Fig. 25). Another similar fragment found on Mykonos apparently formed part of a throne, and this suggests that the Delian fragments may have belonged to a similar goose-throne.

²⁶ de Santerre, H. Gallet. Délos primitive et archaἴque. Paris 1958, pp. 131, 145–6.Google Scholar

²⁷ Furtwängler, A.. Die Antiken Gemmen. Leipzig 1900, Pl.2.28Google Scholar and 29; JHS 45 (1925), p. 23. Fig. 26.

²⁸ Callimachus refers to the self-flagellation of the worshipper as he circled the altar (Hymn to Delos. 320–322). This is reminiscent of the flogging of Spartan youths at Artemis Orthia's altar, which Nilsson interpreted as a fertility-ritual (Nilsson, M.P.. Griechische Feste von religioser Bedeutung. Stuttgart. 1957, pp. 190–192).Google Scholar

²⁹ For example, lion-dances in Sicilian cults of Artemis and Dionysos (Athenaeus. Deipnosophistae 629f; Pollux. Onomastikon. 103–4).

³⁰ On a seventh century painted coffer from Thebes, the winged goddess holds two water-birds by the neck JdI 3 (1888), p. 357); while on an amphora, also Boeotian, the birds hover above her wings (AM 50 (1925), p. 160. Fig. 1).

³¹ Christou, C.A.. Potnia Theron. Thessaloniki 1968, p. 69.Google Scholar

³² Euripides. Helen. 16–21. In Homer, where Helen's divine parentage is mentioned more than once, the swan myth is not included.

³³ Apollodorus. III.10.7.

³⁴ Furtwängler. Die Antiken Gemmen. Pl. 5.39.

³⁵ See for example Athenaeus (quoting Aristotle) 393d.

³⁶ Sappho, . I.1.10 (Lyra Graeca. Loeb (1922), Vol. I. p. 182)Google ScholarCf. Ovid, . Metamorphoses. X. 708–9.Google Scholar For vase-paintings, figurines and medals depicting Aphrodite riding on a swan or goose, see Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Vol. II. Zurich and Munich 1984. ‘Aphrodite’, 905–947.

³⁷ Iliad. XXI. 470.

³⁸ Diodorus IV. 13; Apollodorus, . Bibliotheca. II.92–3Google Scholar; Pausanias. VIII.22.4.

³⁹ Ibid. VIII. 22.7; CQ 67 (1973), p. 156.

⁴⁰ Pausanias. VIII.22.5.

⁴¹ Apollonius, . Argonautica. II. 1052–4.Google Scholar

⁴² ÖJh 16 (1913) Pl.2; Hoenn, K.. Artemis. Zurich 1946, p. 96. Pl.4.Google Scholar

⁴³ Lexicon Iconographicum. II. ‘Artemis’ 689.

⁴⁴ Herodotus IV.35; Pausanias I.18.5; Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo, 115.

⁴⁵ Herodotus IV.34–35; Laidlaw, W.A., A History of Delos. Oxford 1933, pp. 36–37Google Scholar; Dürrbach, F., Inscriptions de Délos. Paris 1929, no. 440, line 69.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ BCH 71–2 (1947–8), p. 210. Pl.37.2; p. 230, nos. 77 & 78. Pl.37.2, & Fig. 26; Ecole Française d'Athènes. Exploration Archéologique de Délos. Vol. XXIII, no. 28.

⁴⁷ Valois, R.. L'Architecture Héllenique et Hellénistique à Délos. Vol. I. Paris 1944, p. 13.Google Scholar A fifth century marble relief from Aegina affords further evidence of the sacrifice of waterbirds to Artemis. Here, a procession of worshippers bring a deer and a goose towards the altar of a goddess holding two targe torches (AE 1901, pp. 113–120. Pl.6; Lexicon lconographicum II. ‘Artemis’ 461).

⁴⁸ BCH 15 (1891), p. 139.

⁴⁹ BCH 82 (1958), p. 814; 105 (1981), p. 942. Fig. 29.

⁵⁰ Blinkenberg. Op. cit. 1860 (Lindos); BCH 45 (1921), p. 385, Fig. 45. 154 (Tegea); ASAtene 33–4 (1955–6), p. 261, Fig. 57d (Gortyn); Payne, H., Perachora. Vol. I. Oxford 1940. p. 146. Pl. 48. 4 & 5Google Scholar; p. 186. Pl. 85.2; T.J. Dunbabin Ibid, Vol. II. Oxford 1962, p. 429. A. 95. Pl. 182 (Perachora); OLForsch II. p. 82, Fig. 1 (Olympia); A. Furtwängler, Beschreibung der Vasensammlung im Antiquarium. 907 (Penteskouphia).

⁵¹ Dawkins. Op. cit., p. 208. Pl. 98.1, 2 & 3; p. 230; p. 267. Fig. 126.b. Pl. 185.29; p. 384. Pl. 203.3.

⁵² BCH, 13 (1891), p. 39. Fig. 6.

⁵³ Bergquist, B.. The Archaic Greek Temenos. Lund. 1967, pp. 26–30.Google Scholar