² For the types and compositions used, see Shaw 1973, passim, and Shaw, J. W., ‘New evidence for Aegean roof construction from Bronze Age Thera’, AJA 81 (1977), 229–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar; especially Palyvou 1999, 216–27; Michailidou 2001, passim. Further to my 1977 article above, both Palyvou 1999 n. 384, and Michailidou 2001, 65, 68 point out that the fragment of tarazza pavement said to be in Room 6 of the West House (231, ill. 2, layer C) was incorrectly reported. I have checked my site notes and see that the find spot was not specifically noted when the measured sketch was made on 22 July 1974. After that point, since Turkish forces had invaded Cyprus only two days before, I was not permitted to return to the Akrotiri site to check my notes, and the mistake on my part seems to have resulted.

³ e.g. grinding, as suggested by Hallager on the basis of fallen stone tools and pithoi at Chania (Hallager 1990, 289). At Akrotiri, while I know of no artefacts actually found on extant roofs, Michailidou reports that some were found so high up in the pumice level in the West House that they may originally have been used on the roof, e.g. a jug and stone grinders/polishers (Michailidou 2001, 139, 174 and fig. 68) in Room 5 as well as some loomweights in Room 3 (ibid., 143). She cautions, however, that some of the objects cited may have been part of the building material. For the modern use of flat roof areas in Greek villages, see Michailidou 2001, 381; Morgan, L., The Miniature Wall Paintings of Thera: A Study in Aegean Culture and Iconography (Cambridge, 1988), 82Google Scholar; Shaw, M. C. in Shaw, J. W. and Shaw, M. C. (eds), Kommos i, The Kommos Region and Houses of the Minoan Town, Part 2, The Houses of the Minoan Town (Princeton, 1996), 126Google Scholar.

⁴ e.g. at Chania (Hallager 1990, 287 and fig. 2), at the South House at Knossos (North Wall, PM ii (1). 374, 377 fig. 310), at Kommos (Shaw, J. W., Van de Moortel, A., Day, P. and Kilikoglou, V., A LM IA Ceramic Kiln in South-Central Crete: Function and Pottery Production (Hesp. Supp. 30; Princeton, 2001), 7Google Scholar, visible in the plan of the South Stoa, fig. 2, far lower left; see also Shaw, J. W. and Shaw, M. C., Kommos V: The Monumental Minoan Buildings of the Southern Area (Princeton, forthcoming), ch. 1 and pl. 1. 122Google Scholar), at Palaikastro (Room 5 of House N, in Sackett, H., Popham, M. and Warren, P., ‘Excavations at Palaikastro VI’, BSA 60 (1965), 265 fig. 1 and pl. 66Google Scholar), and possibly at Gournia (in the back face of House Ad where it joins House Ac, as seen in Fotou, V., ‘L'implantation des bâtiments en Crète a l'époque néopalatiale: amenagement du terrain et mode d'occupation du sol’, in Darcque, P. and Treuil, R. (eds), L'Habitat égéen préhistorique (BCH Supp. 19; Paris, 1990), 45–73Google Scholar, fig. 14. I thank Vasso Fotou for the Palaikastro and Gournia observations. In each of these examples the drain was situated in a back wall of the building, rather than along its façade. The clean water from the roofs may have been stored in cisterns, as suggested by Evans in the case of the South House. For vertical drains, see also those at the large establishments at Aghia Triada (Shaw 1973, 131 and fig. 169) and Zakros (ibid., 134 and figs. 167 b, 168) where the upper structure is missing. An unusual installation for a vertical drain was found between adjoining parallel walls at Palaikastro. There the rounded end of a terracotta drain received the water from a (now missing) vertical drain. The water was channelled out to the street through a series of U-shaped drains (Dawkins et al. 1904–5, 290, fig. 16 d).

⁵ Evans, , PM i. 225–30, 379–84Google Scholar fig. 171 b, c, iii. 486–95. For a recent exploration of these built drains, the most massive and extensive in Minoan Crete, see Macdonald, C. and Driessen, J., ‘The drainage system of the Domestic Quarter in the Palace at Knossos’, BSA 83 (1988), 235–58Google Scholar.

⁶ Palyvou 1999, 216 and fig. 114.

⁷ The U-shaped end, like others to be mentioned below, is partly broken off. It originally projected out beyond the edge of a cornice-like row of flat slabs no doubt intended to keep rainwater away from the side of the building. A similar drain was found fallen above the road in the same area in 1981. It may belong to the same house or to Ashlar 4 across the way. Palyvou would consider the steep slope of the roof in the South House unusual since there is so much evidence for flat roofs elsewhere (1999, 216). She also points out (pers. comm.) that although there is a parapet, it becomes an extremely low one (0.08 m) where the highest part of the sloping roof joins it.

⁸ The shape of the end on the roof itself remains to be determined. Mimika Kriga reports (Jan.-Mar. 2003, pers. comm.) another such drain in situ above Room DD1 (Mylon) of the building to the west of Sector A.

⁹ The view in PLATE 12 a shows a curious gap in the parapet wall directly above the drain. This gap could have been caused if the drain was set in after the parapet wall was already in place, or may be due to some other cause. One of the two drains in the west wall of D 16 was reported by Marinatos, who had already found its broken end in the pure volcanic pumice layer next to the wall (Marinatos 1973, 16, where it is shown there in fig. 14 c).

¹⁰ This (or another) may be shown in Marinatos 1972, fig. 43.

¹¹ One looks forward to the publication of the details. Michaelidou (2001, 308) finds it ‘strange’ that while the drain in the outside wall suggests that the construction terminated at the present level, items found fallen in D 17 suggest that it may have been covered. Perhaps it was originally an open terrace, and then was at least partially roofed.

¹² I am indebted to Fragoula Georma and Andreas Vlachopoulos for the information.

¹³ Marinatos 1971, 17 and pl. 15 (2).

¹⁴ They were set vertically within the walls. That in Room 4 of the West House, for instance, emptied hygienically below ground level into a covered street drain. See Marinatos 1971, fig. 29 (G 10) and 1974, 26–8; C. Doumas, “Περὶ τῆς μινωιχῆς ὰρΧιτεχτοϝιχῆς ὲν Θηʹρᾳ ᾿”, AE 1974, 201–19, esp. 210, 217; id., ‘Town planning and architecture in Bronze Age Thera’, in 150 Jahre Deutsches Archäologisches Institut 1829–1979: Internationales Kolloquium, Berlin, April 1979 (Mainz, 1981 95–8 n. 13; id., Thera, Pompeii of the Aegean: Excavations at Akrotiri 1967–79 (London, 1983), 50, pl. 8; Palyvou, C., “ΑποΧευτιχαʹ Διʹχτυα χαι Εγχατασταʹσεις Γγιεινηʹς της 2 ης Χιλιετιʹας Π.Χ. στο Αιγαιʹο ᾿”, ᾿ΑρΧαιʹα Ελληνιχηʹ ΤεΧνολογιʹα, Ι Διεϑνεʹς Σεπτεʹμβριος 1997 (Thessalonika, 1999), 381–8, esp. 384–7Google Scholar and fig. 7.

¹⁵ At neighbouring Phylakopi on Melos, the excavators thought that drains found fallen near the shrine drained its roof: Renfrew, C., The Archaeology of Cult: The Sanctuary), at Phylakopi (BSA Supp. 18; London, 1985), 335Google Scholar, pl. 65 e.

¹⁶ Morgan (n. 2), 82, illustrates and lists the separate examples.

¹⁷ For die identification see Shaw, M. C., ‘Late Minoan I Buildings J/T, and Late Minoan III Buildings N and P at Kommos: their nature and possible uses as residences, palaces, or emporia’, in Shaw, J. W. and Shaw, M. C. (eds), Scripta Mediterranea, vi (Toronto, 1985), 19–26, 23Google Scholar pl. 3 b.

¹⁸ Doumas 1983 (n. 14), 53.

¹⁹ Judge, J., ‘Minoans and Mycenaeans, sea kings of die Aegean’, NG 153. 2 (1978), 142–84 at 163Google Scholar.

²⁰ Aspects of this influence are discussed in Shaw, J. W., ‘Consideration of the site of Akrotiri as a Minoan settlement’, in Doumas, C. (ed.), Thera and the Aegean World, i (London, 1978), 429–36Google Scholar. The pier and door partitions and the Lustral Basin are obvious links. See also Palyvou 1999, 445–52, 482–3.

²¹ e.g. Graham, J. W. G., The Palaces of Crete (Princeton, rev. edn. 1987), fig. 48Google Scholar.

²² e.g. PM i, fig. 226.

²³ On this, see also Palyvou 1999, 227 n. 420.

²⁴ A. Lebessi, “Ο Οὶχὶσχος τῶν 'ΑρΧανῶν'”, AE 1976, 12–43, with description and references. The completeness of external and internal architectural features in the Archanes model is exceptional when compared with other ‘models’ from the ancient Near East and Greece, as pointed out by Jean-Claude Margueron, ‘Maquette et transparence architecturale’, in Muller, B., ‘Maquettes architecturales’ de l'antiquité: Actes du Collogue de Strasbourg, 3–5 décembre 1998 (Paris, 2001), 227–55 at 249Google Scholar; also ‘Conclusion: aujourd'hui etdemain’, ibid. 533–44 at 542–3. The architect Martin Schmid's restoration of Middle Minoan Quartier Mu at Malia features similar rooftop shelters and parapets: L'Espace grec: 150 ans de fouilles de l'École française d'Athènes (Paris 1966), 28–9Google Scholar.

²⁵ Hallager 1990, figs. 5–6.

²⁶ Graham (n. 21) fig. 50, and cf. 1st edn. (Princeton, 1962), fig. 50. He was quite aware of the evidence for parapets in the Theran miniature frieze as well as in the Archanes model (see Graham, J. W., ‘Further notes on Minoan palace architecture: 1) west magazines and upper halls at Knossos and Mallia; 2) access to, and use of, Minoan palace roofs’, AJA 82 (1979), 49–69 at 64CrossRefGoogle Scholar).

²⁷ Shaw 1973, 126–34 (stone) and 198–204 (terracotta).

²⁸ Ibid., 198–201, e.g. our fig. 8 (A).

²⁹ For Kommos House X, see M. C. Shaw, ‘Late Minoan House X’, in Shaw, J. W. and Shaw, M. C., ‘Excavations at Kommos (Crete) during 1986–1992’, Hesp. 62 (1993), 129–90 at 131–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁰ This drain fragment was also published in J. W. Shaw and M. C. Shaw (n. 3), pl. 5. 12.

³¹ For such structures see e.g., Shaw 1977, 232; Graham 1979 (n. 26), 69; Palyvou 1999, 35 (ΔY), fig. 7; and MacGillivray et al. 2000, fig. 2. 5 (our fig. 11).

³² Hawes, H. Boyd, Williams, B. E., Seager, R. B. and Hall, E. H., Gournia, Vasiliki and Other Prehistoric Sites on the Isthmus of Hierapetra, Crete (Philadelphia, 1908), 27, 28Google Scholar, and pl. i, no. 4. By ‘gutter’ she probably meant a drain within or next to a house, rather than one connected with a roof, as implied ibid., 24.

³³ Ibid., pl. i, no. 5. For the broken drain's original form, Hawes correctly referred to a complete one from Palaikastro shown here in fig. 8 (C), centre.

³⁴ I am most grateful to Jeffrey Soles for sharing this new information with me, pre-publication. For more details see now Soles, J. (ed.), Mochlos IA. Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast; The Artisan's Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Site (Philadelphia, 2003): 45–7Google Scholar and passim; id. (ed.), Mochlos IC. Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast; The Artisan's Quarter andthe Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Small Finds (Philadelphia, 2004), 19–20.

³⁵ There is an inherent ambiguity in dealing with such drain fragments, for we know that some were used in connection with vats and others with the same shape were used on roofs.

³⁶ Soles (pers. comm.).

³⁷ C 239, 639, 666.

³⁸ C 567, 595, 632.

³⁹ C 567.

⁴⁰ Dawkins et al. 1904–5, 286–9 and fig. 16 a–c, also pl. xiii, upper right. The variety of drain sections (U-shaped, flattened/U-shaped, tubular) used in this apparently LM III drain suggests to me that it was made up of reused material. Another flattened/U-shaped drainwas reported from Malia by Chapouthier, F. and Demargne, P., Achèvement de la fouille au sud du Palais et compléments divers (Études crétoises, 12; Paris, 1962), pl. xliiGoogle Scholar, perhaps from a house but otherwise unspecified.

⁴¹ I am most grateful to Sandy MacGillivray for helping me understand the general situation concerning roof drains at Palaikastro.

⁴² MacGillivray et al. 2000, 40 and fig. 2. 5 (our fig. 11). Like the parapets first recognized at Thera, these horizontal ashlar projections (taeniae) are introduced by the artist Pamela Jerome for the first time in a restoration of a Minoan building. Their presence on Crete is strengthened by their appearance on the Archanes model (PLATE 14 a). See also Palyvou 1999, 121 and passim.

⁴³ It is possible that zoomorphic terracotta Minoan ‘spouts’ reported from Apodoulou, Ano Zakros, and Kato Zakros may have served as water spouts on buildings. For the MM II ram's head from Apodoulou, see A. Tsigounaki, ‘Apodoulou: elements of architecture of a protopalatial settlement,’ on p. 864 and in Betancourt, Philip P., Karageorghis, Vassos, Laffineur, Robert, and Niemeier, Wolf-Dietrich (eds), Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as he Enters his 65th Year (Aegaeum, 20; Liège, 1999), 863–7Google Scholar, pl. cxciv b. For a discussion of those from Ano and Kato Zakros see Platon, L., “Πλαστιχηʹς Μορφηʹς Μινωϊχοιʹ Κρουνοιʹ” in Πεπραγμεʹνα του Ζ Διεϑνουʹς Κρητολογιχουʹ Συνεδριʹου, i. 2 (Rethymno, 1995), 767–75Google Scholar. L. Platon thinks they were more likely to be associated with outflows from springs. I am indebted to Jan Driessen for the above references.

⁴⁴ Our illustration is taken from Shaw, J. W., ‘The lost portico at Knossos’, AJA 106 (2002), 513–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar, fig. 10. For parapets on palatial verandas, see Lebessi (n. 24), 29, with reference to the Platon/de Jong restoration of the East Façade of the West Wing of the Palace of Knossos in Graham (n. 21), id., 1962 (26), both fig. 44.