¹ A first draft of this paper was prepared at the University of Birmingham with the help of a British School at Athens Centenary Bursary. I am grateful to Dr K. A. Wardle for many discussions of my work and for offering valuable suggestions. He also corrected and improved my English text. My thanks also go to Dr K. Demakopoulou, for permission to study unpublished material in the National Museum at Athens and for her support; to Dr P. A. Mountjoy, for commenting on the pottery material; to Lazaros Kolonas, Mich. Petropoulos, and Professor Th. Papadopoulos, for permission to see and make reference to unpublished material from their recent excavations in Achaea; to Diana Wardle, for information on unpublished material from the excavations of the British School at Mycenae; to Ms Eleni Mangou and Dr Y. Maniatis, for the analysis of the bronze ornamental pieces and the silver ring; to the restorer, K. Pavlatos, and the draughtspersons M. Petropoulou and Ch. Marinopoulos, of the Patras Museum and the Bronzes Laboratory of the National Museum at Athens, for restoration of the finds and for drawings of the chamber tomb and the sword's scabbard, as found; and finally to the architect A. Manioudakis, for drawings of the finds, especially bronzes (the vases were inked by Th. Kakarounga) and for the preparation of all plans and drawings for publication.

The following special abbreviations are used:

Achaia und Elis = Rizakis, A. (ed), Achaia und Elis in der Antike: Acts of the 1st International Symposium (Athens 1989) (1991)Google Scholar

Aigion = Papadopoulos, Th. J., Excavations at Aigion 1970 (SIMA 46; 1976)Google Scholar

Bouzek, AAE = Bouzek, J., The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millennium BC (SIMA 29; 1985)Google Scholar

Catling 1956 = Catling, H.W., ‘Bronze cut-and-thrust swords in the eastern Mediterranean’, PPS 22 (1956), 102–25Google Scholar

Catling 1961 = id., ‘A new bronze sword from Cyprus’, Antiquity, 35 (1961), 115–22

Catling 1968 = id., ‘Late Minoan vases and bronzes in Oxford’, BSA 63 (1968), 89–131

Demakopoulou 1969 = Demakopoulou, K., ‘A Mycenaean sword from Arcadia’ AAA 2 (1969), 226–8Google Scholar

Harding 1984 = A. F. Harding, The Mycenaeans and Europe MDP = Mountjoy, P.A., Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: A Guide to Identification (SIMA 73; 1986)Google Scholar

Mycenaean Achaea = Papadopoulos, Th. J., Mycenaean Achaea (SIMA 55. 1–2; 1978–1979)Google Scholar

NM = National Museum at Athens

‘Notes from Achaea’ = Papadopoulos, Th. J. and Kontorli-Papadopoulou, L., ‘Notes from Achaea’, BSA 79 (1984), 221–7Google Scholar

Perati, i, ii, iii = Iakovidis, Sp., Περατή τὸ νεϰροταφεῖον i–iii (1969–1970)Google Scholar

PM = Patras Museum

Wardle 1972 = Wardle, K.A., The Greek Bronze Age west of the Pindus (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of London, 1972)Google Scholar

Yalouris 1960 = Yalouris, N., ‘Mykenische Bronze-schutzwaffen’, AM 75 (1960), 42–67Google Scholar

² Mycenaean Achaea, 27–8, fig. 18.

³ Papapostolou, I., A. Delt. 36 (1981), B 1, Chr. 166Google Scholar; French, E. B., AR 1989–1990, 27Google Scholar; Touchais, G., BCH 113 (1989), 622.Google Scholar

⁴ Papazoglou-Manioudaki, L., ‘Εισηγμέυη ϰεραμειϰή στους μυϰηναϊϰούς τάφους της Πάτρας’, in Zerner, C. (ed.), Wace and Blegen: Pottery as Evidence for Trade in the Aegean Bronze Age 1939–1983 (Proceedings of the International Conference, Athens, Dec. 1989) (Amsterdam, 1993), 212Google Scholar, fig. 2 e–f, pl. 24 d–f.

⁵ Petropoulos, M., A. Delt. 40 (1985) B 1, Chr. 135–6Google Scholar; Dickinson, O., BSA 78 (1983), 62Google Scholar, for cist tombs occurring in chamber tomb cemeteries. An LH III A/B cist tomb is known from Skoura: Mycenaean Achaea, 59.

⁶ Mycenaean Achaea, 53–4. A notable exception are the rectangular chamber tombs with gabled roofs from Kallithea: see Kontorli-Papadopoulou, L. in Thanatos (Aegaeum, i; 1987), 147, pl. 40, II A.Google Scholar

⁷ Cavanagh, W. G., in Thanatos (Aegaeum, i; 1987), 168–9, cluster 3.Google Scholar

⁸ The first cleaning, drawing, and photographing of the sword, still in its decorated scabbard, took place in Patras Museum. The whole find was then brought to the Bronzes Laboratory of the National Museum at Athens. There the sword was separated from the scabbard, now preserved in two pieces. On the earth around and below the sword were found the ivory comb and the bronze spiral ornament as shown on Fig. 3.

⁹ A study of the skeletal remains is required for a proper discussion of this interesting practice. Yalouris 1960, 44, describes a rather similar case in Kallithea chamber tomb B; for other similar instances cf. Hood, M. S. F. and de Jong, P., BSA 47 (1952), 248.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Mycenaean Achata, 56, with refs.; Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1976, 197–8Google Scholar; 1977, 186; 1978, 122–3; 1980, 106–8; 1988, 33–6; 1989, 56.

¹¹ Papapostolou, I., A. Delt. 33 (1978) B 1, Chr. 79–80, pl. 24 εGoogle Scholar; Papazoglou-Manioudaki (n. 4).

¹² Cavanagh, W. G., BICS 25 (1978), 171–2 with refs.Google Scholar; see also Aigion, 24–5; Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1977, 185Google Scholar; 1980, 106 (Kallithea); Papazoglou, L., AAA 14 (1982), 66 (Kos).Google Scholar

¹³ Perati, ii. 76 with refs.

¹⁴ Cavanagh, W. G. and Mee, C., BSA 73 (1978), 31 f.Google Scholar, 42 with refs; Benzi, M., SMEA 23 (1982), 323 f. (Rhodes)Google Scholar; Dietz, S., Lindos, iv: Excavations and Surveys in Southern Rhodes: The Mycenaean Period (1984), 97–8.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1978, 123Google Scholar; 1987, 71; 1988, 32–6; 1989, 56; Ergon, 1992, 23.

¹⁶ Papazoglou-Manioudaki (n. 4), 209.

¹⁷ Bianco-Peroni, V., Die Schwerter in Italien (PBF iv. 1; 1970), 75, 177, pls 24 and A.Google Scholar

¹⁸ I owe this information to Diana Wardle, who kindly provided me with a drawing the ivory hilt-plates. They were found in a context dated to the middle of LH III B, and thus give important evidence for the date of introduction of these swords into the Aegean. A fragmentary type II sword, NM 2740 (Catling 1956, no. 3), was found not far away by Chr. Tsountas in 1886. As a test proved, the hilt-plates and the sword do not match.

¹⁹ Bianco-Peroni (n. 17), 72, pl. 25.

²⁰ Catling 1956, no. 5; Spyropoulos, Th., Υτερομυϰηναϊϰοὶ Ελλαδιϰοὶ θησαυροί (1972), 187–8, pl. 32 α.Google Scholar

²¹ Catling 1956; 1961; 1968, 89–90, 98–104; Hammond, N. G. L., BSA 66 (1971), 234–41Google Scholar; Wardle 1972, 238–42, 535–40 (cat. nos, 925–37); Harding, A., Iliria, 4.1 (1976), 157–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; id. 1984, 162–5; Bouzek, AEE 122–8; see also ‘Notes from Achaea’, 223–4, for other refs.

²² Wardle 1972, 241; Harding 1984, 165.

²³ See n. 18. Sword from Kos, of Catling's group I: Morricone, L., ASA 43–4 (1965–1966), 137–9, figs. 122–3Google Scholar; Macdonald, C., BSA 81 (1986), 145–6Google Scholar, may also be dated to the end of LH III B.

²⁴ See Perati, ii. 359–63, for these swords in LH III C and in the Submycenaean tombs in Elis. Note that type F swords from Epirus are rather dated LH III B. A type G sword was recently found at Elateia in Phokis: Deger-Jalkotzy, S. and Dakoronia, Ph., Anzeiger d. Österreichische Akad. d. Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl., 127 (1990), 83Google Scholar; another comes from Palioura on Euboea: Sakellarakis, E., A. Delt. 42 (1987), B 1, Chr. 213, pl. 124 εGoogle Scholar; both datable to LH III C.

²⁵ For the iron type II swords see Popham, M. R., Sackett, L. H., and Themelis, P. G. (eds), LefKandi, i: The Iron Age (1980), 253–4Google Scholar (H. W. and E. A. Catling); Rhomiopoulou, K. and Kilian-Dirlmeier, I., PZ 64 (1989), 132–3.Google Scholar In Achaea four iron type II swords come from graves of the 9th/8th cent. BC: Dekoulakou, I., Arch. Eph. 1973, Chr. 24–5, pl. 1 δGoogle Scholar (Drepanon, Patras region); Mastrokostas, E., A. Delt. 17 (1961–1962), Chr. 131, pl. 156 ε (Kalavryta)Google Scholar; Bozana-Kourou, N., in Στήλη εἰς μνήμην Κοντολέοντος (1980), 314–17, pl. 45Google Scholar (Aigion area).

²⁶ Catling 1956, no. 9; id. 1968, 98; Bouzek, , AEE 125Google Scholar; both consider this sword post-Mycenaean.

²⁷ Zapheiropoulos, N., PAE 1960, 330–1Google Scholar, fig. 1. The material will be published by A. Vlachopoulos, who has kindly informed me that both the Naxos swords, from Kamini and Aplomata (Kardara, n. 93 below) actually belong to Catling's ‘group II developed’.

²⁸ Theophanidis, B., Arch. Eph. 1939–1941, Chr. 18, fig. 29.Google Scholar The finds were introduced into the NM in 1930, and will be published by D. Kokkevi-Photiou. For LH tombs in the area see Sackett, L. H.et al., BSA 61 (1966), 71–2, fig. 12Google Scholar; Sampson, A., A. Delt. 38 (1983), B 1, 154.Google Scholar

²⁹ Catling, H. W., AR 1978–1979, 46Google Scholar; 1982–3, 53.

³⁰ Catling 1956, nos. 1–5; Spyropoulos (n. 20), 16–17, 187, pls 7 δ, 32 α; Demakopoulou, K. (ed.), Troy, Mycenae, Tiryns, Orchomenos: H. Schliemann, the Hundredth Anniversary of his Death (1990), no. 283.Google Scholar No. 1 was found by Schliemann in the House of the Warrior's Vase at Mycenae; the others come from a hoard and the Tiryns treasure.

³¹ Demakopoulou 1969; Bouzek, , AEE 125.Google Scholar

³² Catling 1961, 117; 1968, 89–90, 98 (Crete); Bouzek, , AEE 120–3Google Scholar, fig. 56 (Cyprus).

³³ Yalouris 1960, 43, pls 27, 31; Mycenaean Achaea, 166, pls 320 a–b, 355 c–d, 356 a–b.

³⁴ ‘Notes from Achaea’ 221–4, pl. 29. Papadopoulos relates these swords to one from Graditsa, Thessaly. Harding 1984, 164 n. 44, finds links with the Allerona type swords of the Italian series, which seems valid for most of the Achaean type II swords. The type II sword from the tumulus cemetery at Barç (Koritsa district), published in Albanian, in Schätze aus dem Land der Skipetaren (1988)Google Scholar, no. 45 (F. Prendi), is also generally related to the Achaean swords. The site has also produced late LH III C pottery with possible Achaean connections (see K. A. Wardle, in Zerner (n. 4), 135) and a local imitation of a type G sword with a spearhead of Höckmann (n. 62 below) type K (Kilian-Dirlmeier, I., Iliria (1985)Google Scholar, part 2, 251).

³⁵ The warrior buried in chamber tomb B was apparently wearing a boar's tusk helmet: Mycenaean Achaea, 162. A similar helmet of LH III C date was found in Elateia (Deger-Jalkotzy (n. 24), 80–1, fig. 7), and another at Knossos (n. 29); cf. the ivory plaque with helmeted warrior from a votive deposit at Artemision on Delos dated LH III C (Barber, R. L. N., The Cyclades in the Bronze Age (1987), 239–40, fig. 160Google Scholar).

³⁶ Demakopoulou 1969, 228; Mycenaean Achaea, 178.

³⁷ Mycenaean Achaea, 166, figs. 320 c–d, 356 c–d.

³⁸ Catling 1956, nos. 2–4, swords from Mycenae and Tiryns which remain unclassified, have blades of similar design.

³⁹ A preliminary report on this excavation is given by Petropoulos, M., ‘Αρχαιολογιϰές έρευνες στην Αχαϊα’, in Τόμος τιμητιϰός Κ. Ν. Τϱιανταφύλλου (Patras, 1990), 505–8, fig. 12.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Cf. Mouliana tomb B (Crete), where both group I and group III swords are found: Xanthoudidis, S., Arch. Eph. 1904, 46–7Google Scholar, fig. 11; Catling 1956, 113.

⁴¹ Papadopoulos, Th., Ergon, 1991, 28.Google Scholar

⁴² Vermeule, E., AJA 64 (1960), 21Google Scholar; Mycenaean Achaea, 183.

⁴³ ‘Notes from Achaea’, 224; Yalouris 1960, 43, pls 27. 4, 30. 1; Mycenaean Achaea, figs. 113 d–e, 201 g, 206 d. For the dating see Deger-Jalkotzy, S., Achaia und Elis, 27.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Demakopoulou 1969, 227.

⁴⁵ Chemical analysis through atomic absorption has given the following results: Cu 76.62%, Sn 12.36%, Fe 0.12%, Zn 0.02%, Sb 0.01%, As 0.2% (communication from Ms Eleni Mangou).

⁴⁶ Mylonas, G., Ο ταφιϰὸς ϰύϰλος τῶν Μυϰηνῶν (1973), 49. 88, 139, 142–3. 161–2, 170–2, 314, 332Google Scholar; pls 34. 124 c, 125–6; Graziado, G., AJA 95 (1991), 420.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Verdelis, N., AM 78 (1963), 14, pl. 5. 8.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Vermeule, E. and Karageorghis, V., Mycenaean Pictorial Vase Painting (1982), 129, 136, 222–3, XI. 39. 59Google Scholar; Jacob-Felsch, M., AA 1987, 29–30, figs. 50–1.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Catling 1956, 123–4; Buchholz, H. G. and Karageorghis, V., Prehistoric Greece and Cyprus (1973), nos. 1747–8.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Mountjoy, P. A., Op. Ath. 15 (1984), 135–7Google Scholar; see also Bouzek, , AEE 116–17Google Scholar, for the use of similar patterns in European protective armour.

⁵¹ Verdelis (n. 47), 17 f., pls 6–7; Bouzek, , AEE 102–3Google Scholar, fig. 44.

⁵² Yalouris 1960, 45 f., 52, pl. 28; Mycenaean Achaea, 160–1, figs. 312, 347, and colour pl. 2.

⁵³ Metal greaves might be used to reinforce and decorate leggings of perishable material: cf. Fortenberry, D., AJA 95 (1991), 625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁴ Yalouris 1960, 52–4, pl. 29; Mycenaean Achata, 161–2, figs. 313–14, 348 a–b.

⁵⁵ Catling, H. W., ‘Kriegswesen’, Arch. Hom. 1 E 1 (1977), 103–6.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Yalouris 1960, 42.

⁵⁷ Petropoulos (n. 39).

⁵⁸ Cading (n. 55), 103–4; Harding 1984, 174; Bouzek, , AEE 108.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Marinatos, S., Arch. Eph. 1932, 25–7, pl. 16Google Scholar, regarded them as parts of a metal vase; this does not seem likely either.

⁶⁰ Yalouris 1960, 57–8, fig. 3, pl. 26. 3–5; Xenaki-Sakellariou, A., Οι θαλαμωτοί τάφοι των Μυϰηνών (1985), 77–8, pls 12–13, fig. 9.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Mycenaean Achaea, 164 with refs. A spearhead of the fiddle-shaped type, which preserved a large part of its wooden shaft, was found leaning against the wall in chamber tomb O at Kallithea: Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1980, 107–8, pl. 93 b.Google Scholar This type of spearhead is known also from Kangadi (Harding 1984, 117). A type II sword mentioned above also comes from Kangadi but the circumstances of these finds are not known.

⁶² Höckmann, O., Jahrbuch des Römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz, 27 (1980), 25 f, type D.Google Scholar; Avila, A. J., Bronzene Lanzen- und Pfeilspitzen der griechischen Spätbronzezeit (PBF iv. 1; 1983), 46 f.Google Scholar, types VII–VIII.

⁶³ Mycenaean Achaea, 163, figs. 316 c–d, 350 a–b; ‘Notes from Achaea’, 222–4, pl. 29.

⁶⁴ Avila (n. 62), nos 110, 106.

⁶⁵ Perati, ii. 308, pl. 24 a; Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Ch., Προϊστοριϰή Θάσος (1992), 603–4, pl. 356. 4–5.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ S. Marinatos (n. 59), 24 f., 40, fig. 30, pls 15, 18; Demakopoulou, K. (ed.), The Mycenaean World (1988), no. 87Google Scholar; cf. the gold necklaces from Enkomi on Cyprus: Buchholz and Karageorghis (n. 49) nos, 1789–90.

⁶⁷ Andronikos, M., Βεργίνα τὸ νεϰροταφεῖον τῶν τύμβων (1969), 225–7, fig. 66Google Scholar; Rhomiopoulou and Kilian-Dirlmeier (n. 25), 101–7, figs. 7, 17–18.

⁶⁸ Rhomiopoulou, K., AAA 4 (1971), 40, fig. 1Google Scholar; Vokotopoulou, I., Βίτσα (1986), 318Google Scholar, fig. 111 a–d, pl. 248 b.

⁶⁹ Macdonald, W. A., Coulson, D. E., and Rosser, J. (eds), Excavations at Nichoria in Southern Greece, iii (1983), 278–9, 306Google Scholar, fig. 5. 16 (H. W. Catling, J. Carington Smith, and H. Hughes-Brock); Koukouli-Chrysanthaki (n. 65).

⁷⁰ Petropoulos, M., in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Peloponnesian Studies, 1985 (1987–1988), B 91, fig. 13.Google Scholar For possible connections between Achaea and Macedonia at this time see Bouzek, J., Arch. Eph. 1988, 48.Google Scholar

⁷¹ See Vermeule and Karageorghis (n. 48) for tasselled scabbards on the pictorial pottery.

⁷² Analysis through non-destructive methods has given the following results: Ag 89%, Au 6%, Cu 5%, plus some traces of Su, Pb (communication from Dr Y. Maniatis).

⁷³ Perati, ii. 291, 375–6.

⁷⁴ Mycenaean Achaea, 140, 223, figs. 280 a, 324 a, d; see Papazoglou-Manioudaki (n. 4) for Patras (Odos Germanou); Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1976, 198Google Scholar; 1977, 185; 1978, 124; 1980, 109 (Kallithea); id., Ergon, 1991, 28 (Klauss).

⁷⁵ A preliminary report on this excavation was given by Lazaros Kolonas at the Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Micenologia (Rome–Naples, 1991).

⁷⁶ Xanthoudidis (n. 40), 49, fig. 12.

⁷⁷ Verdelis (n. 47) 11.

⁷⁸ Mycenaean Achaea, 147 fig. 293 b–c, with refs. to other sites such as Mycenae and Perati.

⁷⁹ Protonotariou-Deilaki, E., AAA 2 (1969), 4Google Scholar; Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou, Aik., Σϰεύη ϰαὶ σύνεργα τοῦ ϰαλλωπισμοῦ στὸν ϰρητομυϰηναϊϰὸ χῶρο (1979), 200.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Xenaki-Sakellariou (n. 60), 225–6, fig. 130.

⁸¹ Catling (n. 29).

⁸² Kilian-Dirlmeier, I., Jahrbuch des Römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz, 32 (1985), 202Google Scholar, table 3; ibid. 33 (1986), 191, fig. 8.

⁸³ Perdrizet, P., FD v. 1 (1908), 8Google Scholar, fig. 22; Yalouris 1960, 44; below, n. 178.

⁸⁴ Dickinson (n. 5), 56.

⁸⁵ Driessen, J. and Macdonald, C., BSA 79 (1986), 56–9.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Kilian-Dirlmeier 1985 (n. 82), 196–214; 1986 (n. 82), 159–98; id., in French, E. B. and Wardle, K. A. (eds), Problems in Greek Prehistory (1988), 161–71Google Scholar; Muhly, P., Μινωϊϰός λαξευτός τάφος στον Πόρο Ηραϰλείου (1992), 169–75Google Scholar, with refs. Chamber tombs 15, 47, 75, 78, 81, 88, 92, and 102 at Mycenae, containing warrior burials, are classified by C. B. Mee and W. G. Cavanagh (in Hägg, R. and Nordquist, G. (eds), Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid (1990), 57–8Google Scholar) as being in wealth groups 1 or 2, while weapons are generally rare in groups 3 and 4.

⁸⁷ Vermeule and Karageorghis (n. 48), passim. For recent finds in E. Lokris see Dakoronia, Ph., A. Delt. 42 (1987), B 1, Chr. 234.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ See above, nn. 29, 35, 39, 52; below, n. 94.

⁸⁹ e.g. Perdrizet (n. 83), 7–8, figs. 18–23; Kyparissis, N., A. Delt. 5 (1919), 118–19Google Scholar, figs. 34–5 (Diakata, Kephallenia); Theocharis, D., AAA 1 (1968), 292–3Google Scholar (Exalophos, Thessaly). The circumstances of the finds at Kallithea chamber tomb B (n. 35) and Lousika (n. 39) are not entirely indicative. ‘Daggers’ are reported from the Palaiókastro tomb (n. 91), but it is not certain whether these are associated with the type II sword.

⁹⁰ Perati, ii. 363 figs 149, 158–160 pls 82, 95. For elaborate hilts see also the sword from Exalophos (n. 89). A type F sword comes from chamber tomb 38 at Perati which also produced an iron knife.

⁹¹ Christou, Ch., BCH 82 (1958), 717Google Scholar; Demakopoulou 1969; Avila (n. 64). For the clustering of the tombs see Cavanagh (n. 7).

⁹² In Achaea cremation burials were also attested in chamber tomb O, described as the richest and one of the largest in the cemetery, in the tholos tomb at Kallithea, and in chamber tomb N at Klauss: Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1980, 108Google Scholar; 1987, 71; id., Ergon, 1992, 26.

⁹³ Sp. Marinatos (n. 59), 24–5, 39 pl. 16; cf. Kardara, Ch., Απλώματα Νάξου (1977), 4 f.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Xanthoudidis (n. 40), 21 f., 38–50; Sandars, N. K., AJA 67 (1963), 134–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kanta, A., The Late Minoan III Period in Crete (1980), 75.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Blegen, C. W. and Rawson, M., The Palace of Nestor at Pylos, i (1966), 409Google Scholar; Mycenaean Achaea, 77.

⁹⁶ Mycenaean Achaea, figs. 103 c, 208 b.

⁹⁷ Blegen, C. W., Prosymna (1937), 190, fig. 481. 979.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Aigion, 10, pls 26, 34 b.

⁹⁹ Mycenaean Achaea, 79.

¹⁰⁰ e.g. stirrup jars from Aigion (Aigion, 21–2, pls 68 a, 69 a) or Rhodes (Morricone, L., ASA 57–8 (1979–1980), 287Google Scholar, figs. 114–16), and a fragment from the area of Kangadi in W. Achaea (Dalongeville, R., Lakakis, M., and Rizakis, A., Paysages d'Achaïe, i: Le Bassin du Peiros et la plaine occidentale (1992), 167–8, fig. 19. 72/1)Google Scholar, have only horizontal zigzag lines on the shoulder.

¹⁰¹ Kanta (n. 94), 107–8, fig. 43. 2–4. Actual imports from Crete and the Chania workshop have found their way to Patras: Papazoglou-Manioudaki (n. 4), 209–11, fig. 2 a–d, pls. 23 a–d, 24 a.

¹⁰² Mycenaean Achaea, figs. 117 c–d, 202 c, 215 g. A stirrup jar from Attica, dated LH III B2, is similar to PM 100: Lewartowski, K., AM 102 (1987), 119Google Scholar, figs. 1. 6, 2. 6.

¹⁰³ Mycenaean Achaea, fig. 159 h.

¹⁰⁴ Mycenaean Achaea, 95 figs. ƒ–h, 160 a–c, 249 c–d; an unpublished amphoriskos from Patras (Odos Germanou); L. Marangou (ed.), Minoan and Greek Civilisation in the Mitsotakis Collection (1992), no. 348 (M. Tsipopoulou), is probably of Achaean origin.

¹⁰⁵ Parlama, L., Arch. Eph. 1971, Chr. 57–8, pl. 35 δGoogle Scholar; Mountjoy, P. A., BSA 85 (1990), 266, fig. 23.Google Scholar The vase belongs to a cremation burial dated late in LH III c, but an earlier date for the amphoriskos cannot be ruled out: Cavanagh and Mee (n. 14), 32.

¹⁰⁶ Popham, M., BSA 65 (1970), 201Google Scholar, fig. 2. 6, pl. 47 a.

¹⁰⁷ Renfrew, C., The Archaeology of Cult: The Sanctuary at Phylakopi (1985), 157Google Scholar, fig. 5. 4, 36, pl. 19 (P. A. Mountjoy).

¹⁰⁸ Mycenaean Achaea, figs 105 a–b, d–e, g–h, 222 a. These vases and the amphoriskos PM 15 probably come from the same tomb as was excavated by Kyparissis, N., PAE 1930, 81–3.Google Scholar figs. 3–4.

¹⁰⁹ Mycenaean Achaea, 101 h–i, 104 d–e, 105 j, 201 b, 208 a, 221 e.

¹¹⁰ For this excavation see nn. 4, 11.

¹¹¹ Mycenaean Achaea, fig. 103 d–g (Klauss); Papapostolou, I., PAE 1977, 487, pl. 246Google Scholar γ (Monodendri); Aigion, 5, 18, pls. 13–14, 50–1, 59.

¹¹² e.g. Brodbeck-Zucker, S., Mykenische Funde von Kephallenia im archäologischen Museum Neuchâtel (1986), 52–3Google Scholar, fig. 12, pl. 10, with refs.

¹¹³ Mycenaean Achaea, 104–5. To the known list of Achaean ring vases must be added the ring vase from Monodendri (Papapostolou (n. 111), 489, pl. 249 s–j) and those reported from Kallithea (Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1977, 185; 1989, 59)Google Scholar and Klauss, (PAE 1989, 61, pl. 52 bGoogle Scholar; Ergon, 1990, 24–5; 1991, 28). No. 344 from the Mitsotakis collection (n. 104) is probably of Achaean origin.

¹¹⁴ Kilian, K., AA 1983, 304, fig. 15. 13.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Sherratt, E. S., The Pottery of LH III C and its significance (Oxford D.Phil. thesis; 1981), 421 n. 7Google Scholar, has suggested an early LH III C date for PM 403 and 1396, mentioned above.

¹¹⁶ Sherratt (n. 115), 418, 421; id., BSA 75 (1980), 180–3, 202 n 93.

¹¹⁷ Deger-Jalkotzy, S. and Alram-Stern, E., Klio, 67 (1985), 411–18, 425Google Scholar, figs. 14–16.

¹¹⁸ MDP 169.

¹¹⁹ Mycenaean Achaea, 77.

¹²⁰ Mycenaean Achaea, figs. 104 g–h, 104 a–b, 113 c; see also n. 100 for Aigion.

¹²¹ Charitonidis, S., A. Delt. 18 (1963), pl. 65a, c.Google Scholar

¹²² For this trait cf. PM 58 from Chalandritsa of middle LH III C date; Mycenaean Achaea, 74, figs. 67 e–ƒ, and its exact parallel, stirrup jar 271 in the Mitsotakis Collection: Tsipopoulou, M., SMEA 26 (1987), 283–4, fig. 1, pl. 1.Google Scholar Both vases may be the products of the same Achaean workshop. Stirrup jar 270 in the same collection is also of Achaean origin.

¹²³ Cf. Wardle 1972, 154, for this trait on middle to late LH III C Kephallenian stirrup jars.

¹²⁴ Mycenaean Achaea, figs, 106 d–e, III a–b, 212 a–b.

¹²⁵ Cf. Dietz (n. 14), 27–8, fig. 11, with refs. to Perati and Kos.

¹²⁶ Deger-Jalkotzy (n. 43), 22–7; Sherratt (n. 115), 422 f. For imported vases in LH III C see Mycenaean Achaea, 177; Papazoglou-Manioudaki (n. 4); and below, discussion of dromos fill.

¹²⁷ Mycenaean Achaea, 146–7 with refs.

¹²⁸ Aigion, 39, and above, n. 4.

¹²⁹ MDP 56, fig. 63.

¹³⁰ Mycenaean Achaea, 66.

¹³¹ Mycenaean Achaea, 84–5, fig. 126 ƒ.

¹³² Yalouris, N., A. Delt. 18 (1963), 103, pl. 137 e.Google Scholar

¹³³ Aigion, 30–1, pls 93 b, 97.

¹³⁴ Mycenaean Achaea, 86, fig. 130 d. Cf. Blegen et al. (n. 95). iii (1973). 190, fig. 244. 17.

¹³⁵ Mycenaean Achaea, 82 figs. 122 h, 123 b, 228 d.

¹³⁶ e.g. Blegen (n. 97), 82, fig. 166. 1114; id., Zygouries (1928), 171–2, fig. 168; Yalouris, N., A. Delt. 17 (1961–1962), Chr. 107, pl. 118 d (Elis)Google Scholar; Benzi, M., Ceramica micenea in Attica (1975), 346–7, pl. 33. 548Google Scholar; Brodbeck- Zucker (n. 112), 28–9, fig. 3, pl. 3.

¹³⁷ Åström, P., in Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium ‘The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediterranean’ (Nicosia, 1972) (1973), 127, pl. 20Google Scholar; Demakopoulou, K., in Studies in Honour of V. Karageorghis (1992), 144, fig. 15, pl. 25.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ Papadopoulos, Th., in Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Cypriot Studies (Nicosia, 1982), i (1985), 143Google Scholar, has suggested a Cypriot origin for PM 191 and 323.

¹³⁹ e.g. Aigion, 16, figs. 47 a, 56.

¹⁴⁰ Catling 1968, 111–12, fig. 4. 16, pl. 24 e.

¹⁴¹ Cf. MDP 73, fig. 83.

¹⁴² Cf. MDP 99, fig. 118.

¹⁴³ Cf. MDP 100, fig. 119.

¹⁴⁴ e.g. Mycenaean Achaea, figs. 129 c, h, 130 e, 140 a.

¹⁴⁵ Blegen (n. 95), 159, 402, figs 385–6. 410; id. (n. 97), 60, fig. 115. 279.

¹⁴⁶ MDP 141, fig. 173; Perati, i. 317, pl. 98 a; 187, pl. 54 s.

¹⁴⁷ Mycenaean Achaea, 89 fig. 137 b.

¹⁴⁸ Mountjoy, P. A., Orchomenos, v (1983), 21.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Fisher, E. A., A Comparison of Mycenaean Pottery from Apulia with Mycenaean Pottery from Western Greece (Ph.D., Univ. of Minnesota, 1988), 82, 84, fig. 18. 107.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ Mycenaean Achaea, 93–4, figs. 152 ƒ–g, 245 a, 246 d; Deger-Jalkotzy (n. 117), 421–2, fig. 20. 1. See also Demakopoulou (n. 137), 145, for small jugs with patterned decoration from the Peloponnese and Cyprus.

¹⁵¹ Mycenaean Achaea, 91, figs, 148 a–b.

¹⁵² Cf. MDP 126–7, fig. 154. 5 (LH III B2). A similar stirrup jar published in Aigion, 2, pls 5–6, is datable to early LH III C since it is found with a deep semiglobular cup with medium band.

¹⁵³ Perati, ii. 368, pl. 94 b. m 51; see also n. 90.

¹⁵⁴ Cf. MDP 83–4, fig. 99: 2, 8.

¹⁵⁵ MDP 83–4, fig. 99. 3.

¹⁵⁶ Aigion, 7, 15, pls 18, 20, 52, 57; Mycenaean Achaea, 107 ƒ.

¹⁵⁷ Yalouris 1960, 93–4, pl. 32. 3–4; cf. Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1989, 57Google Scholar, for finds from the recent excavations at Kallithea.

¹⁵⁸ Deger-Jalkotzy (n. 117), 415, fig. 15. 8.

¹⁵⁹ Mycenaean Achaea, 118–19, figs. 179, 269 d.

¹⁶⁰ Cf. MDP 150, fig. 189. 8.

¹⁶¹ French, E. B., BSA 64 (1969), 82Google Scholar, fig. 7. 6, 11; Mountjoy, P. A., BSA 71 (1976), 88–9, fig. 6. 47.Google Scholar

¹⁶² Schönfeld, G., AA 1988, 188Google Scholar, 196, fig. 7. 7, table 2. 92.

¹⁶³ Schachermeyer, F., Die ägäische Frühzeit, ii (1976), 157, fig. 40.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁴ Mycenaean Achaea, 111 f., figs. 177, 267 a; Sherratt (n. 116).

¹⁶⁵ See nn. 4, 126.

¹⁶⁶ Cf. Aigion, 10, figs. 28, 35 b; Mastrokostas, E., PAE 1965, 131, pl. 167 dGoogle Scholar (Teichos Dymaion).

¹⁶⁷ Deger-Jalkotzy, S., in Achaia und Elis, 23.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁸ Mountjoy (n. 105) 267–270 figs. 25, 27.

¹⁶⁹ Mycenaean Achaea, 174.

¹⁷⁰ Cf. Mee, C. B. and Cavanagh, W. G., BSA 85 (1990), 229–30Google Scholar, for the clustering of the Mycenaean settlements in the Argolid.

¹⁷¹ Papadopoulos, Th., PAE, 1987, 69–72.Google Scholar

¹⁷² Petropoulos (n. 39), 499–504, and in Achaia und Elis, 251, 253. The known chamber tomb cemetery at Klauss is situated on Koukoura hill, immediately NW of Mygdalia hill. On top of the latter hill are the ruins of a still unexcavated Mycenaean settlement.

¹⁷³ Mee, C. B. and Cavanagh, W. G., OJA 3 (1984), 56, 62Google Scholar; Darcque, P., in Thanatos (Aegaeum, i; 1987), 204.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁴ Papadopoulos, Th., Ergon, 1992, 24, fig. 28.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁵ Mycenaean Achaea, 165–6, figs. 319, 355 a. For the context of Pharai (Rhodia) see Zapheiropoulos, N., PAE 1956, 194–5Google Scholar; for Aigeira see Åström, P., Op. Ath. 5 (1965), 97–8.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁶ Mycenaean Achaea, 167–8, 228, fig. 322.

¹⁷⁷ Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1988, 35–6, pl. 30Google Scholar; 1989, 59–60.

¹⁷⁸ Papazoglou-Manioudaki (n. 4), 211–12. A small fragment of a dagger was found in an exceptional LH III B2 burial also furnished with a knife, tweezers, two stirrup jars imported from the Argolid, a Cretan stirrup jar from the Chania workshop, and only one local Achaean stirrup jar.

¹⁷⁹ Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1977, 185Google Scholar; 1978, 124; 1980, 108; 1989, 59–60; Ergon, 1990, 26; 1991, 28; 1992, 24–6.

¹⁸⁰ Vermeule (n. 42) 18–19; Mycenaean Achaea, 175; Papadopoulos, Th., in Achaia und Elis, 35.Google Scholar

¹⁸¹ Papadopoulos, Th., PAE 1987, 72Google Scholar, has reported Protogeometric vases from the tholos tomb at Kallithea; cf. the last burial, furnished with a handmade jug and two iron knives, found in a chamber tomb at Vrysari (Kalavryta region): Papazoglou, L., A. Delt. 37 (1982), 150.Google Scholar On the other hand, two cist tombs excavated at Thea and reported as Submycenaean (Dekoulakou, I., A. Delt. 29 (1973–1974), B 2, Chr. 381–2, pl. 247)Google Scholar belong to MH III/LH I, as an examination of the finds in Patras Museum has indicated.