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Monkey Business in the Bronze Age Aegean: The Amenhotep II Faience Figurines at Mycenae and Tiryns*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

Eric H. Cline
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Abstract

Two small blue frit monkey figurines inscribed with the cartouche of Amenhotep II have been found in Late Bronze Age contexts at Mycenae and Tiryns in Mainland Greece. The questions of the findspot of the Mycenae figurine and of an Egyptian or a Syrian origin for the Tiryns figurine are addressed. The usefulness of the two figurines for chronological studies and possible explanations for their purpose and presence in Mainland Greece are also addressed. Other occurrences of monkey figurines, amulets, and representations in the Bronze Age Aegean are included for comparative purposes.

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Articles
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Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 86 , November 1991 , pp. 29 - 42
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Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1991

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References

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The figurine has frequently been the victim of inaccurate description, epitomized by Osman Hill's unfortunate statement: ‘a fragmentary figurine from Mycenae in Argolis depicting the pharaoh Amenhotep II with a monkey on his shoulder’; cf. Hill, W.C. Osman, Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy. VI. Catarrhini Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecinae (New York 1966) 212.Google Scholar

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12 I am indebted to C.N. Reeves and the Department of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum for information concerning this object.

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14 B.D. Craig, personal communication, I am very grateful to Mrs Craig for permission to communicate the following information and ideas. For a plan and description of the area in question, cf. Iakovidis, Sp.E., ‘The Current State of Excavations at Mycenae’, Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London 14 (1977) 132, f. 12Google Scholar; Mylonas, G.E., ‘Anaskaphi Mykenon’, PAE 1973: 104, f. 2Google Scholar; Idem, Mycenae Rich in Gold (Athens 1983) 92 f. 72 (no. 13), 148–50. Haider (supra n. 5) 43 n. 144 has recently stated that the figurine was found in Chamber Tomb 68 at Mycenae, but this cannot be so. Tsountas excavated Chamber Tomb 68 in 1893; the monkey figurine was found on the acropolis in 1896.

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17 PAE 1895: 147.

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20 Cf. Iakovidis (supra n. 14) 132, f. 12; Mylonas, , PAE 1973 (supra n. 14) 104, f. 2.Google Scholar According to Mrs. Craig, in 1896 Tsountas excavated what in Mylonas' above plan are A14, A15 and the triangular area immediately south. He also excavated Mylonas' A10, A11 and the rest of the complex.

21 Mylonas, Proc. Brit. Ac. (supra n. 19) 311.

22 Tsountas (supra n. 15) 5.

23 Tsountas (supra n. 15) 31. Other Egyptian objects found at Mycenae by Tsountas and referred to Erman for identification of the inscriptions include the Queen Tiyi scarab, the Amenhotep III faience plaque fragments and the Amenhotep III faience vase. Cf. Tsountas, Ch., ‘Archaeotites ek Mykenon’, AE 1887: 169Google Scholar; Idem, ‘Anaskaphai Taphon en Mykenais’, AE 1888: 156; Idem, ‘Ek Mykenon’, AE 1891: 18 and n. 1; also Cline (supra n. 5) 8–9, Table 1.

24 Kilian, K., Podzuweit, Ch., and Haevernick, Th.E., ‘Ausgrabungen in Tiryns 1977’, AA 94 (1979) 405, 443, 447Google Scholar, abbs. 30, 55a–c. For a plan of the area, cf. Ibid, abb. 16 (after p. 394), 398 abb. 20. I am indebted to K. Kilian for detailed information on the findspot of the figurine.

25 Osman Hill (supra n. 5) 381.

26 Kilian et al. (n.24 supra) 405, 447. Kilian (personal communication, 5 November 1990) reiterates his position that ‘the object in normal settlement surroundings is not useful for absolute dating.’

27 Yannai, A., Studies on Trade Between the Levant and the Aegean in the 14th to 12th Centuries B.C. (Ph.D. Dissertation, Oxford 1983) 58 n. 30Google Scholar; Manning, S., ‘The Bronze Age Eruption of Thera: Absolute Dating, Aegean Chronology and Mediterranean Cultural Interrelations’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 1 (1988) 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Three citations appeared before or were in press when Haevernick's identification was published; cf. Touchais, G., ‘Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques en Grèce en 1977’, BCH 102 (1978) 666, 669 f. 65Google Scholar; Leclant, J., ‘Fouilles et traveaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1977–78’, Orientalia 48 (1979) 405Google Scholar; Helck (supra n. 5) 282 n. 97.

28 Haider (supra n. 5) 43 n. 144.

29 Cf. Murnane, W.J., Ancient Egyptian Coregencies (Chicago 1977) 44–49Google Scholar, with references; Weinstein, J.M., ‘The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment’, BASOR 241 (1981) 12–15Google Scholar, with references; Der Manuelian, P., Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II (Hildesheim 1987) 45–97Google Scholar, with references.

30 Kaczmarczyk, A., and Hedges, R.E.M., Ancient Egyptian Faience (Warminster 1983) 155.Google Scholar

31 Tite, M.S., Bimson, M., and Cowell, M.R., ‘The Technology of Egyptian Blue’, in Bimson, M. and Freestone, I.C., eds., Early Vitreous Materials (London 1987) 45–6.Google Scholar

32 Kaczmarczyk and Hedges (supra n. 30) 155–6.

33 Foster (supra n. 5) 47–49.

34 E.J. Peltenburg, personal communication; C. Lilyquist, personal communication. Cf. the small dark blue faience monkey figurine from Amarna cited above (supra p. 31). A small Eighteenth Dynasty crocodile amulet of dark blue faience, now on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, was also found at Amarna.

35 Cf. Kayser, H., Ägyptisches Kunsthandwerk (Braunschweig 1969) 30, abb. 29Google Scholar; also Hayes, W.C., The Scepter of Egypt, v. I (Cambridge, MA 1953) 128, f. 78Google Scholar; Michalowski, K., The Art of Ancient Egypt (London 1969) 463 (no. 768), f. 768.Google Scholar Similar Sixth Dynasty vases of a mother monkey holding an infant, with a royal cartouche inscribed on the shoulder of the mother, have been uncovered elsewhere in Egypt, as well as exported to Syro-Palestine. Cf. Dreyer, G., Elephantine VIII. Der Tempel der Satet. Die Funde I (Mainz am Rhein 1986) 152 (no. 455), Taf. 58Google Scholar; Montet, P., Byblos et L'Égypte: Quatre campagnes de fouilles a Gebeil (1921–1924) (Paris 1928) 72–74 (nos. 56–58, 62), pls. XL, XLIGoogle Scholar; McDermott (supra n. 2) 13; Dunham (supra n. 1) 260; Jidejian (supra n. 13) 17, 19–20, f. 18.

36 Egypt's Golden Age (supra n. 10) 276 (no. 380).

37 Numerous other faience ape amulets are in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, but the majority are without provenance or context date. Cf. references in n. 38 infra.

38 Cf. numerous objects on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and in the British Museum in London; also von Bissing, Fr. W., Catalogue Générale des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. Fayencegefässe (Vienne 1902) 86 (no. 3979)Google Scholar; Idem, Catalogue Générale des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. Steingefässe (Vienne 1907) 96 (no. 18486), 118–21, Taf. IX; Reisner, G.A., Catalogue Générale des Antiquités Étgyptiennes du Musée du Caire. Amulets, v. I (Le Caire 1907) 165–8, pl. XXIGoogle Scholar; Reisner, G.A., The Archaeological Survey of Nubia: Report for 1907–1908, v. I (Cairo 1910) 242 (no. 17), pl. 72aGoogle Scholar; Reisner, G.A., Catalogue Générale des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. Amulets, v. II (Le Caire 1958) 6–7, pls. II, XXIGoogle Scholar; Pendlebury, J.D.S., The City of Akhenaten, pl. III, vols. I and II. The Central City and the Official Quarters. The Excavations at Tell el-Amarna during the Seasons 1926–1927 and 1931–1936 (London 1951) 125, pl. LXXVIII:5, 6Google Scholar; Egypt's Golden Age (supra n. 10) 217, 225 (no. 285), 226 (no. 286); Samson, J., Amarna: City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti (London 1972) 37–40, pls. 16–17Google Scholar; d'Abbadie, Vandier, Revue d'Égyptologie 18 (supra n. 1) 143–201.Google Scholar

39 Murray, H. and Nuttall, M., A Handlist to Howard Carter's Catalogue of Objects in Tut'ankhamun's Tomb (Oxford 1963) 18 (no. 620:13)Google Scholar; McDermott (supra n. 2) 14–15; Osman Hill (supra n. 5) 211; Dunham (supra n. 1) 258–60; Moran, W.L., Les Lettres d'El-Amarna (Paris 1987) 96–97Google Scholar; Griffith Institute, personal communication.

40 Cf. Michaelowski (supra n. 35) 463 (no. 770), f. 770; Carter, H., The Tomb of Tutankhamen, v. 2 (London 1927) 34–35, pl. LGoogle Scholar; Idem, The Tomb of Tutankhamen, v. 3 (London 1933) 146–7, pls. XLVIII, XLIXb; Riesterer, P.R., The Funeral Treasure of Tutankhamen, Das Ägyptische Museum Kairo, v. II (Cairo 1965) 42, pls. 35, 37, 39Google Scholar; Hayes, W.C., The Scepter of Egypt, v. II (Cambridge, MA 1959) 123, f. 65.Google Scholar

41 Hayes (supra n. 40) 104. I am indebted to C. Lilyquist and the Department of Egyptian Art at the Metropolitan Museum in New York for information on this and the following object.

42 Hayes (supra n. 35) 195.

43 Paribeni, R., ‘Ricerche nel Sepolcreto di Haghia Triada Presso Phaestos’, MA 14 (1904) 727–8, 733–5, figs. 25, 33Google Scholar; Maximova, M.I., Les Vases Plastiques dans L'Antiquité (Paris 1927) 114–15Google Scholar; Warren, P., Minoan Stone Vases (Cambridge 1969) 104, P587Google Scholar; Cline (supra n. 5) 12, f. 12, Table 1:I.

44 Sakellarakis, J.A., ‘Mycenaean Stone Vases’, SMEA 17 (1976) 178–9, pl. IV, 9.Google Scholar One of these pieces (NMA no. 6250) was originally mislabelled as coming from Tiryns, but has since been restored with the other fragment (NMA no. 2657). The two are now displayed in the Mycenaean Room of the National Museum in Athens as pieces from the same vase.

45 Evans, A.J., The Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos I and II (London 1906) 141, 152–3 (nos. 26–27), f. 131a–bGoogle Scholar; Pendlebury (supra n. 5) 25 (nos. 44–45); McDermott (supra n. 2) 23, 205, 213 (nos. 300–1).

46 Mastrokostas, E.I., ‘Anaskaphi Ayios Elias’, PAE 1963: 207, pl. 173cGoogle Scholar; Brown, R.B., A Provisional Catalogue of and Commentary on Egyptian and Egyptianizing Artifacts found on Greek Sites (Ann Arbor 1974) 2 (no. 2).Google Scholar

47 This last figurine is a small (H: 3.2 cm) crouching monkey of yellow steatite, with knees drawn up, feet crossed, and hands to mouth, which Buchholz and Karageoghis date to EM II although its find context remains unknown; cf. Buchholz, H-G. and Karageorghis, V., Prehistoric Greece and Cyprus (London 1973) 98, 362 no. 1184Google Scholar, with references.

48 Lembessi, A., ‘Anaskaphi Spilaiodous Taphou eis Poron, Iraklion’, PAE 1967: 195–6, 208, pl. 192a, cGoogle Scholar; Kenna, V.E.G., ‘Three Cylinder Seals Found in Crete’, KrChron 21 (1969) 355, 358–62, figs. 3–5Google Scholar; Møller, E., ‘A Re-evaluation of the Oriental Cylinder Seals found in Crete’, in Best, J. and de Vries, N., eds., Interaction and Acculturation in the Mediterranean v. 2 (Amsterdam 1980) 95–96, f. 9Google Scholar; Collon, D., ‘The Green Jasper Cylinder Seal Workshop’, in Kelly-Buccellati, M., ed., Insight Through Images: Studies in Honor of Edith Porada (Malibu 1986) 58, 62, f. 5Google Scholar; N. Marinatos, in Gifts to the Gods (supra n. 2) 128–9 n. 17; Langdon (supra n. 2) 417 n. 53.

49 Cf. the lists and descriptions in McDermott (supra n. 2) 23–24, 206–9, 316–17, 323–4; N. Marinatos, in Gifts to the Gods (supra n. 2) 125–8; and Langdon (supra n. 2) 416–17.

50 Platon, N., ‘Symboli eis tin Spoudin tis Miniokis Toixographias’, KrChron 1 (1947) 523Google Scholar; Marinatos, N., in Gifts to the Gods (supra n. 2) 124–32Google Scholar; Idem, in Platon Festschrift (supra n. 2) 419; Langdon (supra n. 2) 416–18.

51 Evans, A.J., PM I (London 1921) 265, pl. IVGoogle Scholar; Idem, PM II (London 1928) 447–50, figs. 262, 264, pl. X; Cameron, M.A.S., ‘Unpublished Paintings from the “House of the Frescoes” at Knossos’, BSA 63 (1968) 1–5Google Scholar, 19–22, 27–28, figs, 1a–e, 10, 13, pl. 1:1–4, colour plate A:1–3; Sp. Marinatos, , Excavations at Thera II (Athens 1969) 12, 53–54, figs. 43–44, colour pl. B:1Google Scholar; Idem, Excavations at Thera III (Athens 1970) 63–64, pls. 61, 62:1; Idem, Excavations at Thera IV (Athens 1971) 45–46, pls. 113–15; Idem, Excavations at Thera V (Athens 1972) 38, pls. 91a–b, 92b, 93, colour pl. D; Idem, Excavations at Thera VII (Athens 1976) 25–26, 37–38.

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52 McDermott (supra n. 2) 105, 274–6 (nos. 472–3); Cameron (supra n. 51) 3–5; Osman Hill (supra n. 5) 212, 547–9; cf. Napier and Napier (supra n. 6) pl. 24 for Tantalus monkey.

53 Hankey, V., ‘The Aegean Interest in El Amarna’, Journal of Mediterranean Anthropology and Archaeology 1 (1981) 45–46Google Scholar; Cline (supra n. 5) 1, 13, 22–23.

54 Hayes (supra n. 35) 45.

55 The jasper lion head inscribed with the cartouche of Hatshepsut, mentioned above (p. 38), may be a good parallel for an Eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian game piece engraved with a royal cartouche. Hayes (supra n. 40) 104 identified this figurine a s a draughtsman, or gaming piece, but unfortunately presented no supporting evidence.

56 C. Lilyquist, personal communication, citing information from T. Kendall.

57 A parallel might be drawn with Amarna in Egypt, where Petrie found a series of twenty-three painted Eighteenth Dynasty limestone statuettes of monkeys (ca. 5.5–8.5 cm high), several depicted holding their young. Cf. Samson (supra n. 38) 37–40, pls. 16–17. Those cited by Samson are in the Petrie Collection in London. Several others are on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (EM nos. 12583–12585).

58 Warren, P. and Hankey, V., Aegean Bronze Age Chronology (Bristol 1989) 169.Google Scholar

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60 Vercoutter, J., L'Égypte et le monde égéen préhellènique (Le Cairo 1956)Google Scholar; Strange, J., Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation (Leiden 1980)Google Scholar; Sakellarakis, E., and Sakellarakis, Y., ‘The Keftiu and the Minoan Thalassocracy’, in Hägg, R. and Marinatos, N. eds., The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality (Stockhold 1984) 197–202)Google Scholar, Wachsmann, S., Aegeans in the Theban Tombs (Leuven 1987) 27–40, 103–5, 124Google Scholar; Cline, E., Orientalia in the Late Bronze Age Aegean (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1991).Google Scholar

61 Hankey, V., ‘The Chronology of the Aegean Late Bronze Age’, in Åström, P. ed., High, Middle or Low? (Acts of an International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology Held at the University of Gothenburg 20th–22nd August 1987), Pt. 2 (Göteborg 1987) 46–47Google Scholar; Cline (supra n. 60).

62 Cf. Evans (supra n. 45) 146–61; Warren (supra n. 43) 105, 112–13; Cline (supra n. 60).

63 Cf. references in n. 60 supra; also Cline (supra n. 5) 1–23, with further references.