² Demargne, P., La Crète dédalique (Paris. 1947), 348–53Google Scholar; Dunbabin, T. J., Gnomon, 24 (1952), 195–7Google Scholar: J. K. Brock, Fortetsa, 219 n. 2; Boardman, J., The Cretan Collection in Oxford (Oxford, 1961). 148Google Scholar: M. S. F. Hood, KS ² 18–19; Coldstream, J. N. in Musti, D. and Sacconi, A (eds), La transizione del Miceneo all'Alto arcaismo: dal palazzo alla città (CNR: Rome, 1991), 297–9Google Scholar: G. L. Huxley in KLH 128-9. For a recent pan-Cretan treatment of the 6th-c. gap see Prent, M.. Caeculus: Papers on Mediterranean Archaeology, Groningen University, 3 (1996–1997), 35–46Google Scholar. Here we make no attempt to cover the whole island, but concentrate on the state of Knossos and its terntory.

³ KNC 712-23.

⁴ KNC 1-52.

⁵ Payne, H. G. G.. BSA 29 (1927–1928), 224–31Google Scholar.

⁶ Brock, Fortetsa. 1–5 fig. 2.

⁷ E.g. BSA 76 (1981), 141–65Google Scholar = KS ² nos. 323, 325, 328.

⁸ Briefly mentioned as ‘Geometric’ by Forsdyke, E. J., BSA 28 (1926–1927), 248, 234, 260, 277Google Scholar. In 1997 JNC examined the ‘Geometric’ pottery from these tombs, now stored in the Stratigraphical Museum, amounting to 21 vessels, all of which are of the 7th e. These will be published in a forthcoming article in BSA 95 (2000Google Scholar).

⁹ J. H. Musgrave in KNC 681. This detail seems to have escaped the notice of one reviewer of KNC, who classes the notion of the Knossian, family tomb among ‘old ideas maintaining their hold over new facts’ (Whitley, J., AJA 102 1998), 613Google Scholar).

¹⁰ Davaras, K., BSA 63 (1968), 133–46Google Scholar.

¹¹ Lembesi, A., PAE 1970 (1972), 270–97Google Scholar.

¹² Fortetsa, 99 no. 1144, pl. 76; p. 214.

¹³ KNC figs. 81. 2. 88 (East Greek): pl. 110. T. 56.2 Corinthiain): pl. 158. T. 107, 127 (urn lid with Daedalic head).

¹⁴ W. G. Cavanagh in KNC 660-2 ill. 10.

¹⁵ e.g. in Fortetsa, esp. Tomb P (p. 101): Gypsades, . BSA 76 (1981). 143Google Scholar.

¹⁶ KNC 243, on the final burials in tile unplundered tomb 285.

¹⁷ The EO and LO deposits are listed in UM ii. 87: add those from the South-West House area, under n. 18.

¹⁸ Coldstream, J. N. and Macdonaid, C. E., BSA 92 (1997), 194, 197–9, 200–2, 213–22Google Scholar: deposits F (EO kiln), G and H stratified EO and EO LO layers in area of roadway and J (EO reoccupation of Minoan house).

¹⁹ KSD 12.

²⁰ KSD 57–8 nos 1-4: 57–8 nos. 259–65.

²¹ R. A. Higgins, KSD 182: 89–90 nos. 252–8.

²² KSD 58 nos. 5–10.

²³ KSD 117–18 nos. 19–23. 26 9 (beads): 145–8 nos. 115–33 (bronze pins): 153–4 nos 187–91 bronze fibulae: 169 no. 304 bone fibula with birds.

²⁴ Evans, , PM ii. 5–7Google Scholar.

²⁵ BSA 31 (1930–1931). 108 fig. 334Google Scholar. On the date, Higgins ap. Popham, , BSA 73 (1978), 185Google Scholar n. 34, p. 27 a. On the Geometric pottery, BSA 31 (1930–1931). 92Google Scholar; BSA 73 (1978), 186Google Scholar.

²⁶ Fabricius, E., AM 11 (1886), 142, pl. 3Google Scholar. top left: ‘gleichfalls bei den Ausgrabungen auf dem Kephala’. This vessel looks later than the series of the bird askoi from the North Cemetery dating from LPG until EG (KNC 366–7): the gear pattern on the bird's back suggests the MG phase. This askos is known only from a drawing, having perished with the rest of Kalokairinos's collection in the destruction of his house during the war of 1899. Hallager, E. (The Mycenaean Palace at Knossos, Stockholm, 1977), 85Google Scholar, fig. 59 a assumes the findspot to have been in the West Magazines, but Dr K. Kopaka has kindly informed me that this vase could have been found anywhere on the Kephala hill.

²⁷ JHS 56 (1936), 150Google Scholar: cf. AM 31 (1906), pl. 23Google Scholar.

²⁸ Fortetsa, 5: KNC 722 and Site Plan (vol. III).

²⁹ KNC 722.

³⁰ e.g. KNC 73, T. 24.1, Ionian cup in upper fill of dromos; T. 126.11. EC oinochoe fr., unstratified; 139, T.104.103, local amphora of c. 600 from chamber floor, indicating ‘a major disturbance of this otherwise pre-O complex’ (H. W. Catling). In addition, sherds of Attic BF were found in the fills above Tombs 24, 26, 30, 106, and 208.

³¹ JHS 57 (1937), 137–8Google Scholar.

³² BSA 68 (1973), 33–4, 46Google Scholar.

³³ UM ii. 85.

³⁴ AR 31 (1985), 124, 127Google Scholar.

³⁵ BSA 92 (1997), 240Google Scholar.

³⁶ BSA 73 (1978), 49–60Google Scholar.

³⁷ UM ii. 79, GH 126–37, pl. 73.

³⁸ UM ii. 6. 75, 83–6; on the cups cf. p. 93 (P. J. Callaghan).

³⁹ Callaghan, in UM ii. 133Google Scholar and KLH 133.

⁴⁰ Tocra, i. 78–80. nos. 921–31, pls. 55–6: Tocra ii. 36–8. nos. 2102–8. The ease for a South Cretan origin was presented in BSA 68 (1973). 46–7Google Scholar.

⁴¹ KSD 53, K 5–6 (pottery). 59. no. 1 1 (clay figurine), 156, no. 210 (bronze), 175–6. no. 360 (faience). In Higgins's view, other clay figurines that may fall within our Archaic gap are his no. 6 (post-Daedalic head) and 90–1, 262–5, various animals, ‘seventh or sixth centuries’.

⁴² Of the ‘fifth-century’ tomb excavated by Payne in Fortetsa village containing ‘Attic pottery and a limestone palmette from a stele’ (KS ² no. 51) nothing further is known.

⁴³ Tomb V. Fortetsa, 26–7, no. 258, pl. 17. Above Tomb IX four Late Archaic vases appear to have been absorbed into Early Hellenistic pit graves: Fortetsa, 29. nos. 256–9, pl. 21.

⁴⁴ Fortetsa, 5: KNC 55, 722.

⁴⁵ Boardman, , BSA 67 (1962), 28–30, pls. 2–3Google Scholar: cf. Hood KS ² 35–6 under no. 24. Of the other Archaic objects presented in Boardman's article, the only piece that falls within our Archaic gap is a relief pithos fragment from Evans's collection, not certainly from Knossos: ibid. 31–2, pl. 4. Part of a Late Archaic limestone relief (sphinx?), ibid. 30, pl. 3 c, may be from an early tomb in the cemetery under the Venizeleion, otherwise reported as Roman (KS ² no. 72).

⁴⁶ BSA 68 (1973), 45–61Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ BSA 92 (1997), 199–200Google Scholar fig. 4. 222–7, 240–2. Deposit K.

⁴⁸ UM ii. 90–2. Deposits H 1–4.

⁴⁹ BSA 92 (1997), 199Google Scholar (fig. 4), 228–30, 242. Deposits L. M. N. O.

⁵⁰ BSA 92 (1997), 244Google Scholar; intrusive blocks in South-West House, 192, fig. 1, right.

⁵¹ KSD 68–70 nos. 61–70, hydrophoroi: 77–80 nos. 142–68, seated goddesses (cf. p. 184). The figurines in Higgins' catalogue were selected from a corpus of over a thousand fragments.

⁵² M. Jarman in KSD 177–9: Nb also the marble pig, pl. 77 a.

⁵³ KSD 24–5 nos. 8–11 (5th-c. lamps): 186 (open-air nocturnal ritual continuing even into Roman times).

⁵⁴ KSD 131–3 no. 14, fig. 29: 182. We accept van Effenterre's, H. minor correction to the text (JHS 96 (1976), 154Google Scholar).

⁵⁵ KSD 6. 12–14. figs. 10–11, pls. 4–5.

⁵⁶ Evans, , PM ii. 5–7, 346, 349Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Callaghan ap. Popham, , BSA 73 (1978). 186–7Google Scholar, pl. 27 b.

⁵⁸ BSA 92 (1997), 244Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Benton, S., JHS 57 (1937), 38–43Google Scholar, pl. 3. KS ² no. 132.

⁶⁰ BSA 68 (1973), 60 nos. 117–18, pl. 25Google Scholar. On the date see Winter, N., Greek Architectural Terracottas from the Prehistoric to the End of the Archaic Period (Oxford, 1993), 288, pl. 114Google Scholar.

⁶¹ BSA 92 (1997), 227 no. 80Google Scholar; 243 (H. W. Catling).

⁶² Callaghan, , BSA 71 (1976), 1–30Google Scholar.

⁶³ If Callaghan is correct in supposing the existence of an ἐσχάρα in the unexcavated part: ibid. 26–7.

⁶⁴ Ibid, 26.

⁶⁵ In the sanctuaries ol Corinth, Perachora, the Argive Heraion, and Tegea, the practice of dedicating miniature pots began well back in the 7th-c.; see most recently Voyatzis, M. E., The Early Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea (Göteborg, 1990), 79–82Google Scholar. with references.

⁶⁶ Demargne, P., BCH 61 (1936), 10–13Google Scholar.

⁶⁷ Demargne, J., BCH 17 (1901), 282–307Google Scholar and 19 (1903), 206–32; Wycherley, R. E., How the Greeks Built Cities (London, 1962), 51–5 fig. 10Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ BSA 67 (1972), 77, 81–5Google Scholar, Deposits D and E.

⁶⁹ KS ² 42 no. 111. with references.

⁷⁰ IC i. 36 no. 2 with part of a law (see under KS ² no. 112): JHS 73 (1933), 126–7Google Scholar ( = KS ² no. 118), Archaic inscription.

⁷¹ For discussion see A. Chaniotis in Amnisos 79–83. In historical times the Knossian harbour is likely to have been at Herakleion. where PG sherds were found near the sea shore: AD 23 (1968), B 429Google Scholar.

⁷² Amnisos, 288–9, i 1. pl. 114. 1.

⁷³ P. Brize in Amnisos 254–73: cf. Adams, L., Orientalizing Sculpture in Soft Limestone. (BAR supp. vol. 42; Oxford, 1978), 85–91Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ J. Schäfer in Amnisos 182–3, drawing attention also to two reused kymation blocks of this period: pl. 34.2–3.

⁷⁵ Schäfer. loc. cit.

⁷⁶ For the Early Iron Age pottery sequence presented in Amnisos (V. Stürmer, pp. 226–48) some additional comparisons with Knossos may help to date the earliest and latest pieces. Earliest: D, 2. a14. p. 236, pl. 70. 3, body fr. of hydria with bracket motifs on shoulder and belly. SM–PG: cf. BSA 67 (1972). 68Google Scholar. A 1. fig. 1. pl. 14; also D, 2. a15, p. 236, pl. 70. 4, shoulder fr., either from a similar hydria or from a SM PG amphora bearing an elongated S ornament, as KNC 302, 331–2, fig. 128 (e.g.). Latest: D, 2. a24, p. 236, pl. 96. 9, krater rim with white-on-dark circles; the overhanging rim seems to be a LO characteristic, cf. BSA 73 (1978), 56 no. 39Google Scholar, fig. 9, pl. 13, and also UM ii. 84, GG 6, pl. 67.

⁷⁷ Rod tripods: Fortetsa, 22 no. 188, pl. 13 (with cauldron), and KNC 568–9. Cauldron with lotus handle: KNC 561.

⁷⁸ e.g. Amnisos 239, D, 3. a7, pls. 71.8 and 98. 8, with close counterparts in the Knossian well deposit RR/H (pp. 245–6 n. 74). The ‘gap’ of c. 480–400 BC suspected by Schäfer (pp. 181. 183) may be more apparent than real: the cup D, 2. 323. pl. 99.1 (p. 237, ‘beginning of 4th-c.’) has a close counterpart among the series from the Glaukos sanctuary, dated by Callaghan to the mid 5th-c. (BSA 73 (1978), 6–8 no. 12, fig. 5); and the lekanis rim D, 3. a5, pl. 98. 6 (p. 239, ‘Archaic’) is of a type that continues though the fifth century: cf. BSA 92 (1996), 241Google Scholar, e.g. fig. 19, N 6, 9: BSA 45 (1950), 173Google Scholar, fig. 9 a, trom a context of c. 400 BC.

⁷⁹ V. Stürmer in Amnisos, 251–2.

⁸⁰ Camp, J. M., Hesp. 48 (1979), 397–411Google Scholar.

⁸¹ The skin of Epimenides was said lo have been kept at Lakedaimon: Diogenianus 8.28, Apostolius 17.14 in Corp. Paroem. Gr. i (Göttingen, 1839–1851), i. 309, ii. 689Google Scholar.

⁸² It is not clear why Plato (Laws 642D) dated the visit of Epimenides to Athens ten years before τὰ Περσικά (the emendation of δέκα to ρκα by Meursins is to be rejected). Possibly oracles attributed to Epimenides were circulating c. 500 BC at Athens.

⁸³ Snodgrass, A. M., ‘Cretans in Arcadia’. Antichità cretesi, 2 (1973), 196–201Google Scholar, Voyatzis (n. 65), 219.

⁸⁴ Sellada: Hiller, F.Gaertringen, v. (ed.), Thera II: Theräische Gräber (Berlin, 1902Google Scholar). Messavouno; Pfuhl, E., AM 28 (1903), 1–288Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ Boardman, , BSA 61 (1966), 151Google Scholar, pl. 29, 13.

⁸⁶ See n. 40.

⁸⁷ See n. 80.

⁸⁸ The well, Stopford, BSA 55 (1960), 159–71Google Scholar, abandoned in EO: the Villa well, BSA 68 (1973), 37–42Google Scholar, EO; Royal Road Well LA, BSA 68 (1973), 42–5Google Scholar, LO; UM well 12 (above, n. 36), abandoned c. 600 BC.

⁸⁹ As envisaged in KNC 722.

⁹⁰ Schwyzer, E., Dialectorum Graecarum exempla epigraphica potiora (Leipzig, 1923Google Scholar, repr. Hildesheim. 1960), no. 193.

⁹¹ Vitruvius, , De Arch. vii. 17Google Scholar.

⁹² Marinatos, PAE 1933, 98–9, figs. 3–5, PAE 1934, 130. fig. 2: PAE 1935, 198.

⁹³ Amnisos, 231–3, 251–2, pls. 78, 79, 104.

⁹⁴ Webb, V., Archaic Greek Faience (Warminster, 1979Google Scholar), Henceforth AGE.

⁹⁵ AGF 134–5 nos. 941–9, pl. 22.

⁹⁶ New Kingdom: J. S. Murray, Historical Studies, (1911), pl. 25. no. 75 = BM no. 17060. Also unpublished examples in the Louvre and the British Museum (Camirus).

⁹⁷ Cf. British Museum 64, 10 7.777–8, 847–8 from the Oamirus Acropolis, probably the Well, unpublished.

⁹⁸ Comparative material from Camirus, BM 64.10 7.815, 843, 780, 781, 782, all with suspension loop at back of lion's neck. From Cyprus cf. Leclant, J.. Kïtion. ii (Nicosia, 1976), 149–50Google Scholar no. 1013, pl. 7, but this has an inscription on the back pillar.

⁹⁹ Cf. British Museum 64.10–7.836, 801, 870. Camirus Acropolis unpublished; Ialysus. Clara Rhodos 3, fig. 40, gr. 23, p. 50, with sub-Geometric chest, glass bead, and other finds suggestive of a mid seventh century date. Related finds from Cyprus, , Kïtion, ii. nos. 443, 1068Google Scholar, pls. 6–7. A widespread and popular type.

¹⁰⁰ Bes. with distinctive representation of the open mouth and teeth. Megiddo, Loud, G., Megiddo, ii (1948), pl. 205Google Scholar (18). Similar Bes amulets were found in the Inatos cave deposits, nos. 317, 318, 319 (Egyptian Blue); see n. 104.

¹⁰¹ Cf. Petrie, Amulets, passim. for a selection of amulets, including Saite types.

¹⁰² For related figurines (though not amulets) produced by the East Greek/Naucratite production, see AGF 81ff., nos. 277–433.

¹⁰³ See extremely detailed bibliography given by Leclant, J., in Kïtion. ii. 127–30Google Scholar n. 9 for the range of depiction of Bes found in the Near East, the Levant, and the Phoenician West: add KNC, 604–6, pls. 297–8 for related material, especially T. 78. f20, Ptah-Sekar-Osiris, LG–EO.

¹⁰⁴ Idaean Cave: Halbherr, and Orsi, . Museo. Italiano. ii. 70 no. 1Google Scholar. Nefertum with good inscription: add a new example from the excavations of J. Sakellarakis. Inatos, Cave of Eilithyia, from excavations bv C. Davaras, exhibited in the Herakleion Museum no. 312, unpublished: cf. also the head, no. 314, Kition, an exact replica from Bothros I. dated by convention to c. 600 450 BC: Karageorghis, , BCH 91 (1967), 321–3 fig. 119 and p. 324Google Scholar: Leclant, , Kïtion. ii. 139Google Scholar, no. 439, pls. 12, 13. Camirus: BM unpublished, 64, 10–7, 926, 850.

¹⁰⁵ From Kition. in the Louvre. Antiquités orientales. MNB 99, unpublished.

¹⁰⁶ E. Riefstahl, ‘Doll, queen or goddess’. Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. (1943–5), 7–23; Jantzen, U., Samos viii. B 1517, B 1216, B 243, pls. 14, 15, 16Google Scholar; Camirus, BM 64.10 7.528. Bronze Inventory, no. 138. unpublished.

¹⁰⁷ Camirus Well, See discussion in AGF 137, and R. Higgins. BM Cat. Terracottas. 21–4. where he dates the Well Deposit to between 700 and 650 BC.