² For a detailed account of the Late Antique remains of Knossos see Sweetman.

³ These theories of abandonment (Hood, S. and Smyth, D., Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area (BSA Supp. 14; London, 1981), 26Google Scholar and Sanders, 152) of the Valley are discussed in full detail in Sweetman, 323–4.

⁴ Frend.

⁵ Thus far the weight of the publications concerning the KMF excavations have focused on the Early Greek tombs and their associated material (Coldstream and Catling), Roman architectural fragments (Paton, S., ‘A Roman Corinthian building at Knossos’, BSA 86 (1991), 297–318Google Scholar), a brief description of the Basilica (Megaw), publication of the pottery from the tombs and basilica area (Hayes) and finally a more detailed publication of the basilica within the context of Late Antique Knossos (Sweetman).

⁶ In advance of the construction of the University of Crete's Medical Faculty.

⁷ Coldstream and Catling.

⁸ The focus of the major publication of the North Cemetery (Coldstream and Catling) was on the material which predates that of the Late Antique occupation of the site.

⁹ Sweetman.

¹⁰ Part of which was excavated and termed the ‘Pink Plaster Floor Building’.

¹¹ Hayes and also Sweetman.

¹² Formerly known as the ‘Turko-Byz pit’.

¹³ Known as Houses A and B.

¹⁴ In addition to the Sanatorium Basilica graves (Frend 1962) a small number of burials have been ascribed to the Late Antique (or Byzantine) period, these are: KS 59, 64, 74, 75, 108, 183, 235, 279. In addition to the details of the Sanatorium Basilica data the KMF data should allow for a greater understanding of Late Antique burial practices and therefore the clearer identification of material as either Roman or Late Antique.

¹⁵ There were 5 additional graves or pits (Tombs 20, 32, 145, 236, and 310) which were tentatively described as Roman or Christian with little or no skeletal remains.

¹⁶ Coldstream and Catling 53–5.

¹⁷ Megaw and later Sweetman.

¹⁸ Sweetman.

¹⁹ Ibid.

²⁰ I am grateful to Marshall Becker for his submission and to J. H. Musgrave and A. J. N. W. Prag for their help in this regard.

²¹ I am grateful to the archivist Amalia Kakissis for all her help in locating and providing access to this material. The material concerning the KMF complex is found in the following notebooks: Mortuary: KMF 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 36 and Temenos features: KMF 4, 5, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 28.

²² KMF 17, 18, 23, and 28.

²³ The term for the local natural.

²⁴ KMF 17, 47; Coldstream and Catling 91 and pl. 19 d.

²⁵ KMF 23, 12–15.

²⁶ Some of the reused blocks had comb marks on them, e.g. KMF 17, 123.

²⁷ KMF 17, 47.

²⁸ KMF 17, 47.

²⁹ KMF 23, 12–15.

³⁰ KMF 17, 152–30. This was not confirmed during time of excavation.

³¹ That the peribolos wall does not appear to be on the exact line of the Basilica may simply suggest that one feature was completed before the other started.

³² KMF 17, 160.

³³ Sweetman, R. J. and Katsara, E., ‘The Acropolis Basilica Sparta Project: a preliminary report for the 2000 season’, BSA 97 (2002), 429–68Google Scholar.

³⁴ The north colonnade was identified in a test trench recorded and drawn in KMF 21, 167.

³⁵ KMF 28, 79–80.

³⁶ KMF 28, 6; KMF 23, 14 and KMF 7, 29.

³⁷ KMF 21, 64–5.

³⁸ Hayes 442.

³⁹ KMF 17, 53.

⁴⁰ KMF 17, 47–9.

⁴¹ KMF 17, 48–51; 18, 58.

⁴² KMF 17, 123, 163.

⁴³ KMF 17, 163: this material comes from M6 within the temenos area.

⁴⁴ KMF 18, 58.

⁴⁵ KMF 18, 58: from Test J 11 in the west peribolos wall.

⁴⁶ Hayes 440–2.

⁴⁷ Hayes 440 A43.

⁴⁸ KMF 21, 64.

⁴⁹ Hayes 442.

⁵⁰ Primarily due to the nature of their excavation but also due to the stone robbing and other later activity in antiquity (KMF 7, 20, and 21).

⁵¹ KMF 7, 37.

⁵² KMF 13, 11.

⁵³ KMF 21, 15.

⁵⁴ KMF 13, 11.

⁵⁵ KMF 21, 17.

⁵⁶ KMF 21, 16.

⁵⁷ KMF 17, 123.

⁵⁸ KMF 21, 14.

⁵⁹ KMF 20, 12.

⁶⁰ Sweetman, FIG 6. Preusse, G. and Chaniotis, A., ‘Neue Fragmente des Preisedikts von Diokletian und weitere lateinische Inschriften aus Krete’, ZPE 80 (1990), 189–202, 201Google Scholar. I would like to thank S. Paton for referring me to this.

⁶¹ For context details and small finds references for this and subsequent groups of associated material please see Appendix B.

⁶² KMF 20, 12.

⁶³ KMF 7, 37.

⁶⁴ Ibid., 40.

⁶⁵ I would like to thank Dr Catling for bringing this to my attention.

⁶⁶ Hayes 435.

⁶⁷ No. 522, KMF 20, 11.

⁶⁸ KMF 31, 15; KMF 17, 143.

⁶⁹ Ibid.

⁷⁰ KMF 21, 16.

⁷¹ Hayes 435. Also note that Hayes is correct in his assumption of the location of the water duct feature.

⁷² Sweetman 330.

⁷³ Hayes 443–53.

⁷⁴ This feature is marked on the plan in FIG. 1 as T-B pit.

⁷⁵ KMF 20, 23.

⁷⁶ Details of these small finds and other material will be published in due course.

⁷⁷ KMF 20, 25.

⁷⁸ KMF 20, 41.

⁷⁹ As Dr Catling has pointed out, a depth of 4 m had been reached and without shoring it would have been dangerous to continue further.

⁸⁰ KMF 20, 47.

⁸¹ Sweetman and Katsara 2001, 462.

⁸² Hayes 443.

⁸³ This body of material deserves more detailed attention and will form part of the final article on the finds from the Basilica complex.

⁸⁴ Hayes 443.

⁸⁵ Ibid.

⁸⁶ e.g. B19, B25, and B37.

⁸⁷ e.g. B1, B6, B14, B18, B19, B25.

⁸⁸ Ibid.

⁸⁹ Although Hayes argues that the basilica went out of use a century before the burial ground it has been argued first by Megaw (326) and then by Sweetman (338) that there is no substantial evidence to support this difference in date and that the abandonment of both church and cemetery is likely to have been a single event over a short period of time in the early 7th c.

⁹⁰ Hayes 441, fig. 5 A58.

⁹¹ Pers. comm.

⁹² Hayes 442.

⁹³ KMF 15 and 17.

⁹⁴ KMF 15, 131.

⁹⁵ This material has not yet been studied in sufficient detail to provide a more precise date, the context numbers are: no. 1213; no. 1255.

⁹⁶ Increasing work is being undertaken on rural Ottoman housing in Greece, for example Sanders work on the early 19th c. tripartite house in the Panayia Field excavations at Corinth (http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/corinth/frame_excav.htm). A useful database of Ottoman houses is found on http://archnet.org/library/documents/onedocument.tcl?document_id=8949.

⁹⁷ Cerasi, , ‘The formation of Ottoman house types: a comparative study in interaction with neighboring cultures’, in Necipoğlu, G. (ed.), Muqarnas XV: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World (Leiden: E. J. Brill), 116–56, 120Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ Ibid., 140.

⁹⁹ Ibid., 120.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid., 127.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., 122, fig. 9 a.

¹⁰² pers. comm.

¹⁰³ Hayes 454.

¹⁰⁴ KMF 6, 51–5, previously known as Turkish Bath.

¹⁰⁵ Hayes 454.

¹⁰⁶ KMF 6, 55.

¹⁰⁷ Hayes 454.

¹⁰⁸ Although 15th c. pottery would suggest an earlier Venetian date.

¹⁰⁹ KMF 13, 12.

¹¹⁰ KMF 26, 53.

¹¹¹ Hayes, 440.

¹¹² KMF 23, 14.

¹¹³ Coldstream and Catling 133.

¹¹⁴ Details of this coin and others will be recounted in full in the third and final report on the site.

¹¹⁵ KMF 21, 42.

¹¹⁶ Coldstream and Catling 133.

¹¹⁷ KMF 21, 46.

¹¹⁸ KMF 21, 16.

¹¹⁹ KMF 21, 13.

¹²⁰ Ibid.

¹²¹ Hayes 436.

¹²² Levant, 2 (1970), 45Google Scholar, fig. 3 nos. 5, 6, 8–10, 54 and fig. 7 nos. 9–13. I should like to thank Hector Catling for bringing this to my attention.

¹²³ KMF 26, 25.

¹²⁴ KMF 26, 26.

¹²⁵ Ibid.

¹²⁶ KMF 26, 48.

¹²⁷ KMF 30, 67.

¹²⁸ Hayes 438, A14, fig. 3.

¹²⁹ Ibid.

¹³⁰ KMF 30, 66.

¹³¹ There is some doubt about this since there was little mention of bone in the fill.

¹³² KMF 21, 158.

¹³³ KMF 21, 161.

¹³⁴ KMF 3, 65.

¹³⁵ Pers. comm.

¹³⁶ KMF 7, 44.

¹³⁷ KMF 2, 62.

¹³⁸ Ibid.

¹³⁹ Catling (pers. comm.) agrees with this possibility.

¹⁴⁰ KMF 23, 1.

¹⁴¹ KMF 23, 2.

¹⁴² KMF 23, 2.

¹⁴³ Tombs are found regularly in temenos areas, for example in the Acropolis Basilica, Sparta (Sweetman and Katsara 2002, fig. 2).

¹⁴⁴ KMF 17, 162.

¹⁴⁵ KMF 26, 22.

¹⁴⁶ KMF 26, 21.

¹⁴⁷ KMF 26, 20.

¹⁴⁸ Hayes 438.

¹⁴⁹ Ibid.

¹⁵⁰ KMF 26, 17.

¹⁵¹ KMF 20, 35.

¹⁵² Paton, S., ‘A Roman Corinthian building at Knossos’, BSA 86 (1991), fig. 1Google Scholar.

¹⁵³ KMF 27, 9–14.

¹⁵⁴ See n. 144.

¹⁵⁵ Hayes 438.

¹⁵⁶ Pers. comm.

¹⁵⁷ I would like to thank Dr Catling for bringing this point to my attention.

¹⁵⁸ KMF 27, 53.

¹⁵⁹ KMF 27, 51.

¹⁶⁰ KMF 27, 52.

¹⁶¹ Hayes 440.

¹⁶² Hayes 440.

¹⁶³ The north colonnade was identified in a test trench recorded and drawn in KMF 21, 167.

¹⁶⁴ Ibid.

¹⁶⁵ KMF 36, 28.

¹⁶⁶ KMF 26, 30.

¹⁶⁷ A drain hole in the ground is a more common feature.

¹⁶⁸ KMF 36, 34.

¹⁶⁹ KMF 36, 32.

¹⁷⁰ KMF 36, 33.

¹⁷¹ KMF 36, 34.

¹⁷² KMF 36, 56.

¹⁷³ KMF 36, 61.

¹⁷⁴ As Megaw (325) has already pointed out.

¹⁷⁵ Although it would be tempting to ascribe these tombs to the clergy or church officials, Appendix A TABLE 4 clearly indicates a mixture of male and female adults in addition to children found within these tombs.

¹⁷⁶ Additionally the recovered osteology does not define whether the bone piles belong to individuals previously deposited in the same tomb or if they are bones of individuals buried elsewhere gathered into a new tomb (Becker, Appendix A). The fact that there are articulated skeletons would suggest the former.

¹⁷⁷ Due to later robbing and excavation constraints.

¹⁷⁸ This analysis was undertaken by the author and then compared with the analysis undertaken by Dr Jill Carington Smith (KMF 33, 34), who reached the same conclusions.

¹⁷⁹ KMF 33, 34.

¹⁸⁰ For more detailed discussion on the significance of its location see Sweetman 340–3.

¹⁸¹ Hayes 454.

¹⁸² Sweetman 338–9.

¹⁸³ Ibid.

¹⁸⁴ Ibid.

¹⁸⁵ Sweetman 2004.

¹⁸⁶ Krautheimer, fig. 67.

¹⁸⁷ Grabar (n. 138), pl. 27.

¹⁸⁸ Krautheimer fig. 156.

¹⁸⁹ Sweetman, 340–1.

¹⁹⁰ Ibid., 353–4.

¹⁹¹ Hood, S. and Smyth, D., Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area, (BSA Supp. 14; London, 1981), and Sanders, 152Google Scholar.

¹⁹² As Hayes has pointed out the pottery from the 5th and early 6th cc. from the Courtyard well contains a significant amount of imported material of a range of types. This is in contrast with the later 6th- and 7th-c. material which has a clear majority of locally made wares. This might indicate a change in economic circumstances either within Knossos or more universally.

¹⁹³ Acknowledgements: I should like to thank A. H. Megaw, representing the British School at Athens and the Greek Government, for his kind invitation to assist in this research. Thanks also are due the following people for their aid in various aspects of this research: H. W. Catling, J. Carington Smith, A. Diseroad, K. Kelley, J. A. MacGillivray, and Joseph L. Rife. Special thanks are due Dr Jonathan H. Musgrave for his continuing aid and encouragement in these many projects.

The research upon which this report is based was conducted with the aid of a small travel grant from West Chester University of Pennsylvania. The final report was prepared while I was a Fellow in Anthropology at The University of Pennsylvania. The results of this programme as well as any errors of presentation or interpretation remain my sole responsibility.

¹⁹⁴ Musgrave, J. H. and Evans, S. P., ‘By strangers honor'd: a statistical study of ancient crania from Crete, Mainland Greece, Cyprus, Israel and Egypt’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology and Anthropology, 1 (1980Google Scholar).

¹⁹⁵ M. J. Becker, ‘Childhood among the Etruscans: mortuary programs at Tarquinia as indicators of the age of transition to “adult” status; or, when does life begin?’, in A. Cohen and J. Rutter (eds), Papers from the Dartmouth Conference (Nov. 2003) (forthcoming).

¹⁹⁶ Trotter, M. and Gleser, G. C., ‘A re-evaluation of estimation of stature based on measurements of stature taken during life and of long bones after death’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 16 (1958), 79–120 at 120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

¹⁹⁰ Stewart, T. D. and Trotter, M. (eds), Basic Readings on the Identification of Human Skeletons: Estimation of Age (New York, 1954), 241Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁸ KMF 21, 22.

¹⁹⁹ Becker, M. J., ‘An analysis of the human skeletal remains from Anemurium, Turkey’, appendix to the excavation report of James Russell (1985), forthcomingGoogle Scholar.

²⁰⁰ Id., ‘Etruscan women at Tarquinia: skeletal evidence for tomb use’, Analecta Romano, forthcoming.

²⁰¹ Id., ‘Mandibular symphysis (medial suture) closure in modern Homo sapiens: preliminary evidence from archaeological populations’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69 (1986), 499–501.

²⁰² Musgrave, J. H., ‘Appendix A: the human skeletal remains’, in Catling, H. W. and Smyth, D., ‘An Early Christian osteotheke at Knossos’, BSA 71 (1976), 25–47 at 40–6Google Scholar (40–1).

²⁰³ Ibid.

²⁰⁴ see n. 196.

²⁰⁵ Musgrave (n. 202), 41.

²⁰⁶ Catling and Smyth (n. 202), 25–39.

²⁰⁷ Musgrave (n. 202).

²⁰⁸ Ibid.

²⁰⁹ Ibid.

²¹⁰ Musgrave, J. H., ‘The human bones’, in Coldstream, J. N. and Catling, H. W. (eds), Knossos North Cemetery Early Greek Tombs, 4 vols. (BSA Supp. 28; London, 1996), ii. 692Google Scholar.

²¹¹ See n. 202.

²¹² Rife, J. L, ‘Roman and Byzantine mortuary practices in rural Greece: the case of Isthmia’, AJA 102 (1998), 382Google Scholar.

²¹³ M. J. Becker, ‘The Classical and Early Christian populations at Nemea, Greece: skeletal analysis’, forthcoming.

²¹⁴ Id., ‘An analysis of the human skeletal remains of the Byzantine period from the church of San Pietro, Otranto (OSP)’, Otranto: ricerche archeologiche a S. Pietro. Le aree omogenee della civiltà rupestre nell'ambito dell'Impero bizantino: La Cappadocia (Galatina; 1981), 231–3. Becker, M. J., ‘Human skeletons from a medieval context at San Foca (Puglia), Italy: Byzantine tombs of the 12th century’, Old World Archaeology Newsletter, 18 (1) (1994), 9–11Google Scholar; id. ‘The Medieval population of “Satricum”, Borgo Le Ferriere (Lazio), Italy: biological evidence for cultural continuities’, Archeologia Medievale, 25 (1998), 369–73; id., ‘Late Roman skeletons from tombs of the 5th century CE at Metaponto (Basilicata) Italy’, Archaeological News, 23 (2000), 57–68.

²¹⁵ See n. 199.

²¹⁶ Becker, M.J., ‘The people of Sicily: studies of human skeletal remains and of human biology from the Paleolithic to modern times’, Rivista di antropologia (Rome), 80 (2002), 1–120Google Scholar.

²¹⁷ Roberts, D. F., ‘The Cretans: a geographical analysis of some aspects of their physical anthropology’, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 84 (1954), 1–13Google Scholar.

²¹⁸ See Musgrave (n. 202), 40.

²¹⁹ Ibid., 14.