¹ Cf. a preliminary report: ADeltxxxiii B (1978) (in press), with pictures different from those given here. I am deeply grateful to my friend. Sinclair Hood, for reading and correcting my English manuscript. The plans are due to Mrs Niki Kritsotaki-Zographou, architect.

² It has sometimes been suggested, e.g. recently by Faure, Paul, La vie quotidienne en Crète au temps de Minos (1973) 217Google Scholar, that the openings of kilns were invariably directed towards the prevailing wind; but this cannot have been the case with our kiln, and it was probably not so in the case of most of the other kilns in Crete.

³ This was wisely done in a very similar case by the excavators of an Archaic kiln at Lato: Ducrey, P. and Picard, O., ‘Recherches à Latôo.’ BCH xciii (1969) 793Google Scholar, figs. 5–6. This being the weakest point in the whole of the permanent part of the construction, it is possible that the arched entrance to our kiln was originally longer, forming a kind of short barrel-vaulted channel or flue, like the entrance to the LH kiln at Berbati: Åkerström, Å., Bericht VI. Intern. Kongress für Archäologie, Berlin (1939) 296–98Google Scholar, pl. 20a; Davaras, , “Μινωική χάμινος είς Στυλον Χανίων” AE 1973, 80Google Scholar, No. Γ3. This is indicated by the smoothness of the soil which continues on the level of the floor of the kiln in front of the entrance, but there is no other certain evidence. A channel or flue in front of the entrance would have greatly facilitated the draught.

⁴ Levi, Doro, Annuario xxvii–xxviii (1965–1966) 351–54Google Scholar, figs. 43–44, pl. IV; cf. Davaras, op. cit. 79, No. A 6. Cf. also below.

⁵ This was also the case with the LH kiln at Tiryns: cf. Dragendorff, H., AM xxxviii (1913) 339 f.Google Scholar, figs. 3–4; Davaras. op. cit. 80. No. Γ 5; add Jantzen, U. (ed.), Führer durch Tirytis (Athens, 1975) 40.Google Scholar

⁶ Davaras, op. cit. 75–80, fig. 1, pls. 39–42. To n. 3 on p. 79, referring to the doubtful traces of a MM or LM kiln near Stavrakia, I should have added another doubtful instance at Malia, Quartier XXVIII, of MM III times: Chapouthier, and Demargne, , Mallia, Palais iii (Etudes crét. vi, 1942) 16Google Scholar, n. 1. To the Aegean examples should be added the Late Mycenaean pottery kiln found in 1955 near the Temple of Athena at Miletos: Weickert, C., 1st. Mitt. vii (1957) 112 f.Google Scholar, fig. 5.

⁷ Cook, R.M., ‘The “double stoking tunnel” of Greek kilns’, BSA lvi (1961) 64–67.Google Scholar This list is not complete, as the author himself remarks; nevertheless, it covers a broader chronological horizon since the Greek Mainland before and after the Bronze Age is considered. To his Byzantine examples add some kilns at Levkadia near Naoussa: Stikas, E., Ergon 1959, 65Google Scholar, fig. 63; PAE 1959, 87, fig. 1er, pl. 80a-b. For the Pella kiln cf. Papakonstantinou-Diamantourou, D., Πελλα i (1972) pl. 21b.Google Scholar For the Aulis kiln (Cook, op. cit. 67, No. J 5) cf. also: I. Threpsiades, PAE 1959, 31 f., pl. 29b (basic preliminary publication). For a new Graeco-Roman kiln at Megara cf. Liangouras, A., ADelt xxix (1973–1974) 81Google Scholar, figs. 34–35, pl. 71a-e.

⁸ “Κεϱαμεική Κάμινος εἰς Ἴστϱωνα Ἀνατολικης Κϱήτης”, ADelt xxviii A (1973) 110–15, figs. 1–2, pls. 62–67.

⁹ To them we can add the technically interesting Field Report 1977 in the series of Archaeometric Studies of Ancient Greek and Cretan Kilns, edited by the Department of Geophysics, Edinburgh University and the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh, a new field of research concerning palaeomagnetic measurements and associated thermolumin escence dating. The following kilns were examined and samples taken: Hagia Triada, Phaistos (three kilns), Kalo Chorio, Stylos, Zakros, and on the Greek Mainland, Dimini and Sesklo.

¹⁰ For the Mainland we can now add the interesting Neolithic kiln discovered at Dimini by Chourmouziades, G., AAA x (1977) 207–11Google Scholar, figs. 1–2. This is a circular construction made of clay, tiles and stones, sunk into the ground without a dome, but unusual in having the fire above and not below it.

¹¹ Platon, N., Ergon 1973, 106 f.Google Scholar, fig. 100; 1975, 180–81, figs. 179–80; PAE 1973, 150 f.; 1975, 345–50, fig. 1, pls. 269–70, suppl. pl. IB. Cf. his communication in the 4th International Cretological Congress in Herakleion, 1976 (in print).

¹² Tzedakis, I., Ergon 1977, 199 f.Google Scholar, fig. 140 (no measurements are given); PAE 1977, 457, fig. 1.

¹³ According to a friendly communication by letter: cf. Archaeol. Reports for 1978, 37: they were found in a sounding behind the Stratigraphical Museum. On the other hand, according to Levi, op. cit. 328, n. 11 (with a wrong reference to Hood, Archaeol. Reports for 1957, 24) we should perhaps count one Neopalatial kiln less at Knossos, near the ‘South-East House’, where the existence of two kilns had been reported (cf. Cook, op. cit. 65, No. D 3–4: ‘Two kilns (A and B)’; cf. also Davaras, op. cit. 79, No. A 4), as ‘che e il medesimo forno … non un altro, come crede il Cook …’. In fact there are two, both very small, but they are almost certainly not pottery kilns according to the excavator, Sinclair Hood: nothing except one lump of glaze-like material was found in them (communication by letter).

¹⁴ Levi, D., Festòs e la civiltà minoica (Incunabulá Graeca lx, 1976) 327 n. 9Google Scholar, found in the Quarter of Chalara and dating perhaps from the Mycenaean period. This kiln, rather similar to the Neopalatial Phaistos kiln, will be the subject of a special study together with the Geometric example, according to the excavator. About the latter (Davaras, op. cit. 80, No. B 3) cf. now Levi. op. cit. 146, 421, 425, fig. 651.

¹⁵ This kiln will be separately published in due course, as its excavator kindly informs me in a letter.

¹⁶ Platon, , PAE 1956, 238Google Scholar, fig. 1 right, pl. 113b; Davaras, op. cit. 79, No. A 2.

¹⁷ The other kiln at Zou, apparently inside Room Z 1 (and not inside Room ^Λ as I had mistakenly written in my list), is square and much smaller.

¹⁸ No measurements are given in the publications, but they can be approximately inferred from the scale of the small plan.

¹⁹ This hearth was possibly made after the abandonment of the kiln, either for purposes of cooking, or perhaps as a kind of small household furnace. N. Platon, in a communication by letter, agrees that the hearth was secondary, but insists that it must belong to a time before the final destruction of the villa, as nothing later was found there.

²⁰ Platon, N., PAE 1952, 646Google Scholar, plan fig. 25; Davaras, op. cit. 79, No. A 1.

²¹ The measurements of this kiln too are inferred from the scale of the plan.

²² According to a friendly communication by letter from N. Platon.

²³ Shelves on which the pots were arranged are also reported for the LH III kilns at Asine: Frödin, O. and Persson, A.W., Asine (1938) 67.Google Scholar But as the kilns are incompletely published, information about the shape and position of the shelves inside the kilns is not sufficiently detailed for them to be cited as parallels.

²⁴ For the main publication of this kiln cf. now Levi, op. cit. 318, 327 f., 509, figs. 494, 510–11, 784. The other better known kiln at Phaistos — inside Court 90 — must have been a metal foundry, although two potter's wheels were found here: Pernier, L., MonAnt xiv (1904) 366Google Scholar, fig. 21; Davaras, op. cit. 79, No. A 5; add Faure, op. cit. 210. Thus we already have examples of foundries from three of the palaces, Phaistos, Knossos and, recently, Zakros.

²⁵ Since this kiln came to light some years before the one at Stylos, the eminent Italian scholar had no parallels to complete the picture of the ruined construction he had found: thus he suggested that these small walls were used to support pithoi on top of them. But in his recent work (op. cit. 328) he says of the Phaistos kiln that it is a ‘forno del quale forse l'esemplare più simile è quello recetamente scoperto a Stylos’.

²⁶ In this case too it has been assumed that they supported the pots during the firing, which in a sense is true.

²⁷ S. Hood, Archaeol. Reports for 1957, 24; BCH lxxxii (1958) 783, fig. 12; Davaras, op. cit. 79, No. A 4. Cf. Levi, op. cit. 328, n. 11.

²⁸ But one of them had four flues.

²⁹ C. Blegen, The Palace of Nestor i, 18 f., 352 f.; AJA lxiv (1960) 155, pl. 40, 9; Davaras, op. cit. 80, No. Γ 7.

³⁰ This kiln is curiously reminiscent of an EM I/II-MM I tholos or circular tomb found at Kaminospilio in the Messara area with a similar partition inside it: Blackman, D. J. and Branigan, K., KretChron xxv (1973) 199–206Google Scholar, pl. Γ; cf. Pelon, O., Tholoi, tumuli et cercles funéraires (1976) 456Google Scholar, pl. CXXXIX 1.

³¹ Mylonas, G., Aghios Kosmas (1959) 51Google Scholar, pl. 16, fig. 30; Davaras, op. cit. No. Γ 2.

³² Frödin and Persson, op. cit. 67, 74 ff., figs. 53 and 67.

³³ Called today τουφέκια on the Mainland because of their cylindrical shape: cf. Rhomaios, K.A., ADelt ii (1916) 186 f.Google Scholar For modern pottery kilns in general see Xanthoudides, S., ‘Some Minoan Potter's Wheel Discs’, in Casson, S. (ed.), Studies in Aegean Archaeology presented to Sir A. Evans (1927) 126–27Google Scholar; mainly Hampe, R. and Winter, A., Bei Töpfern und Töpferinnen in Kreta, Messenien und Zypern (Mainz, 1962)Google Scholar; Bei Töpfern und Zieglern in Süditalien, Sizilien und Griechenland (Mainz, 1965).

³⁴ This was probably the case in both kilns, although it is not expressly stated for the second one.

³⁵ Ducrey and Picard, op. cit. 793 ff., figs. 5–6.

³⁶ Ducrey and Picard, op. cit. 805, figs. 14–17.

³⁷ Homann-Wedeking, B., BSA xlv (1950) 165Google Scholar, fig. 1; Davaras, op. cit. 79, No. B 2.

³⁸ Cf. Karagiorga, T., “Κϱαμειϰός ϰλίβνος εν Ἤλιδι”, AAA iv (1971) 27.Google Scholar

³⁹ In general cf. Orlandos, A.K., Τά ὑλιϰά δομῆς Τῶν Ἁϱχαίων Ἐλλήνων i (1955) 87 ff.Google Scholar; J.V. Noble. The Techniques of Painted Greek Pottery (1965) figs. 231–38.

⁴⁰ Papadimitriou, I., PAE 1954, 263 f.Google Scholar, fig. 13; Davaras op. cit. 80, No. Γ 4.

⁴¹ Frödin and Persson, op. cit. 67, fig. 67.

⁴² The fornax calcaria of the Romans: cf. a not very clear description of it by Cato, agr. 38.

⁴³ About kiln domes in general cf. Orlandos, op. cit. 91 f.; Davaras, op. cit. 77.

⁴⁴ In Kiln 1 at Lato the upper part of the dome above the bricks was made with ‘une armature de branchages recouverte d'argile’: Ducrey and Picard, op. cit. 802; this was the usual procedure for temporary domes on the Mainland as well: cf. Binns, in Richter, G., Attic Red-figured Vases (1946) 34Google Scholar; Orlandos, op. cit. 91.

⁴⁵ The diameter of the chimney should be a quarter to a fifth that of the kiln according to C. Scott, in Singer, C. (ed.), A History of Technology i (1954) 393Google Scholar, n. 31.

⁴⁶ In any case we cannot accept that the installation with the potter's wheel was far from the place where the kiln was set up.

⁴⁷ Marinatos, , PAE 1951, 271Google Scholar; 1955, 310, pl. 115c; Davaras, op. cit. 79, No. A 3.

⁴⁸ Cf. Hood, S., The Minoans (1971) 83.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Keramopoullos, A., AE 1909, 61 f.Google Scholar; Davaras, op. cit. 80, No. Γ 1.

⁵⁰ About the two kinds of earth needed for making pottery and the standard processing of it cf. Faure, op. cit. 216 f.

⁵¹ Cf. Xanthoudides, op. cit. 118, about modem temporary factories always being set up in suitable spots. Cf. Marinatos, , PAE 1951, 271Google Scholar; Davaras, , ADelt xxviii A (1973) 112.Google Scholar

⁵² Cf. Ventris, and Chadwick, , Documents in Mycenaean Greek ² (1973) 123Google Scholar, 575, who suggest that a man's trade, purkawoi (‘fire-kindlers’) is possibly a religious title, cf. πυϱκαεύς, Soph. etc.

⁵³ According to the recent excavators: cf. Popham, M., Kadmos v (1966) 21.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ The Neolithic kilns at Sesklo and Dimini described above, together with that at Olynthos: Mylonas, G., Olynthus i, The Neolithic Settlement (1929) 12–18Google Scholar, figs. 11–18; Heurtley, W.A., Prehistoric Macedonia (1939) 5–7Google Scholar, fig. 6; Cook, op. cit. 65, Nos A 1, B 1–2.

⁵⁵ Some of these Greek words being modern archaeological terms as well, we do not know the exact ancient nomenclature: cf. the discussion about the legality of using such terms in modern Greek texts: Davaras, , AE 1977, 109 ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Unless I have been misled by certain publications, the term for this part of the kiln is sometimes a misnomer, since it implies perhaps that the firewood was stacked here, which was not always the case. Thus, I never meant that the Stylos kiln was not ‘un forno a riverbero, ma a cottura diretta’, as Levi, op. cit. 328, n. 11 has thought.

⁵⁷ Cf. Scott, op. cit. 392 f.

⁵⁸ For the kilns of Classical times this is estimated to be 900–950° C. during the second phase of firing: cf. Belshé, J.C., Cook, K. and Cook, R.M., BSA lviii (1963) 8Google Scholar, n. 3. For Minoan times it has been estimated that a temperature of more than 600°C. was maintained over a period of five to twelve hours: cf. Faure, op. cit. 217 f. The Firing temperature was as high as 1200°C. in the kilns of Arpachiya and Carchemish, where the beautiful Halafian pottery was made: cf. Tobler, , Excavations at Tepe Gaura ii (1950) 160Google Scholar; Childe, Gordon, New Light on the Most Ancient Near East ⁶ (1964) 111 and n. 1.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ For this effect the circular kiln shape was more successful than the rarer rectangular one in Classical times: cf. Fiandra, E. and Pelagatti, P., ACl xiv (1962) 22Google Scholar; Davaras, op. cit. 77.

⁶⁰ Which in modern Greek is called παπᾶς, obviously because of its shape which somewhat resembles a man wearing a robe: cf. Rhomaios, op. cit. 186 f., fig. 9, discussing a Classical trapezoidal kiln at Thermos in Aitolia, an example which could be added to the list of Cook, op. cit. 66, G.

⁶¹ Cf. Caskey, , Hesperia xxv (1956) 158Google Scholar; Syriopoulos, K.. Ἠ ποϊστοϱ τῆς Πελοποννήςου (1964) 306Google Scholar, No. XI 19, The contemporary horseshoe-shaped construction at Lerna, with an internal wall dividing it, has been interpreted as a foundry.

⁶² The Palaikastro kiln is strongly reminiscent of the Prepalatial Tholos B at Archanes with its 0.50 metre high Postpalatial shelf around the inside of the circular chamber: cf. Sakellarakis, I., PAE 1966, 176Google Scholar, pl. 146a; 1971, 277. fig. 1; Pelon, op. cit. 14 f., pls. VI and CXLIV 1–3.

⁶³ Characteristically cf. a LM IIIA-B tomb which we have excavated at Galia Kamouriou in the Messara Plain (fig. 12): ADelt xxix B (1964) 441. For other similar examples in tombs cf. S. Alexiou, Ὑστεϱομινωικοί τάφοι λιμένος Κνώσου (Κατοαμπᾶ) 21. fig. 17; Karetsou, A., PAE 1975 B, 522.Google Scholar In general cf. Shaw, J., ‘Minoan Architecture’, Annuario xlix (1971) 68 f.Google Scholar, fig. 55. For similar tool marks in Tell ed-Duweir, Palestine, cf. Antiquity xiii (1939) 88 f., pl. VI.